Abstract: A process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil is provided in which the heavy oil is hydrorefined in the presence of a hydrorefining catalyst at conditions to convert a portion of the heavy constituents of the oil, followed by cracking the hydrorefined oil in the presence of the hydrogen donor diluent. The hydrorefining and cracking stages are conducted at a relatively low hydrogen partial pressure while obtaining a high level of conversion of the heavy constituents of the oil.

Abstract: A process for the cracking of carbonaceous liquid feedstock employing a hydrogen donor solvent, derived from the feedstock, in a two-stage cracking operation is disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process for hydrocracking petroleum residuals wherein total conversion and the yield of lower boiling range products are increased. The hydrocracking is accomplished in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent and molecular hydrogen. The conversion is accomplished at a pressure within the range from about 1500 to about 2500 psig and at a temperature within the range from about 800.degree.to about 850.degree. F. Operation at these conditions is essential to achieving the increased conversion and the increased yield of lower boiling liquid products.While the present invention has been described and illustrated by reference to particular embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the same lends itself to variations not necessarily illustrated herein. For this reason, then, references should be made solely to the appended claims for purposes of determining the true scope of the present invention.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor diluent cracking process in which the pitch fraction from the cracking step is heat soaked in the presence of hydrogen donor solvent and then returned to the cracking coil.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of hydrogenated aromatic compounds and mixtures thereof by thermal treatment of aromatic oils or mixtures, derived from coal or petroleum, wherein the improvement over the prior art resides in thermally treating aromatic oils of boiling range 280.degree.-450.degree. C., with residues from the processing of liquid coal conversion products and/or petroleum refining, for up to 10 hours in a temperature region between 200.degree. and 380.degree. C. and at a pressure of maximum 15 bar, with good inter-mixing of the reaction components, and thereafter separating the products by distillation from the pitch-like residue.

Abstract: An improved process for hydrocracking petroleum residuals wherein total conversion and the yield of lower boiling range products are increased. The hydrocracking is accomplished in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent comprising substantially all of the liquid product having an initial boiling point substantially equal to the final boiling point of the liquid product recovered from the hydrocracked product and, generally, within the range from about 600.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F. and molecular hydrogen. The conversion is accomplished at a pressure within the range from about 1500 to about 2500 psig and at a temperature within the range from about 800.degree. to about 880.degree. F. Operation at these conditions is essential to achieving the increased conversion and the increased yield of lower boiling liquid products.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least two metal contaminants selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron, and where these contaminants become deposited on the catalyst. The method comprises passing catalyst from the reaction zone through a regeneration zone operated under net reducing conditions and through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to at least partially passivate the catalyst.

Abstract: An improved hydrogen donor for hydrogen donor diluent cracking is provided by extraction with naphtha from the cracked product and hydrogenation by hydrogen transfer from a lower boiling hydrogen donor such as tetralin.

Abstract: A process for converting high-boiling crude oil having a high content of nondistillable residue which crude oil contains metals and asphaltenes by donor solvent hydrovisbreaking is disclosed wherein the process is carried out near the carbonization temperature limit in the presence of a hydrogen donor. The hydrogen donor can be one derived from the crude itself, from a similar crude oil, or from the distillate product of said donor solvent hydrovisbreaking.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least two metal contaminants selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron, and where these contaminants become deposited on the catalyst. The method comprises adding a hydrogen donor material to the reaction zone and passing the catalyst from the reaction zone through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to at least partially passivate the catalyst.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least one metal contaminant selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron and where the contaminant becomes deposited on the catalyst such that at least 50 wt. % of the total of the metal contaminants comprises only one of the metal contaminants. The method comprises adding a hydrogen donor material to the reaction zone, monitoring the composition of the metal contaminant on the catalyst, adding an effective passivating amount of at least one of the metal contaminants which is not the major contaminant on the catalyst and passing the catalyst from the reaction zone through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of hydrogen and coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least one metal contaminant selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron and where the contaminant becomes deposited on the catalyst such that at least 50 wt. % of the total of the metal contaminants comprises only one of the metal contaminants. The method comprises monitoring the composition of the metal contaminant on the catalyst, adding an effective passivating amount of at least one of the metal contaminants which is not the major contaminant on the catalyst and passing catalyst from the reaction zone through a regeneration zone operated under net reducing conditions and through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon oil to motor fuel products.The heavy hydrocarbon oil is admixed with a metal halide catalyst and a solvent component under supercritical conditions to form (1) a dense-gas solvent phase which contains refined hydrocarbon crackate, and which is substantially free of metal halide catalyst content; and (2) a residual asphaltic phase.

Abstract: Heavy carbonaceous liquid having a melting point below 250.degree. C. is upgraded to lighter products by hydrogen donor solvent cracking, using recycled solvent derived at least in part from a middle distillate fraction of either the heavy carbonaceous liquid or from the cracked products which is subjected to one or more catalytic hydroprocessing steps before recycling.

Abstract: An FCC process in which hydrogen produced by water thermolysis adheres to the catalyst and is used in the reaction zone to achieve improved product selectivity and reduced coke production. The catalyst used is a crystalline aluminosilicate cation exchanged with transitional metal cations. The water thermolysis is carried out in the circulating catalyst upstream of the reaction zone at water thermolysis conditions.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbonaceous materials are converted to distillate products and pitch in a hydrogen donor diluent cracking process, and the pitch is utilized as feed to a delayed coker. Green coke is calcined in a vertical shaft kiln, and steam is injected into the bottom of the kiln to produce hydrogen by reaction of steam with coke. The hydrogen is drawn from the kiln and used to hydrogenate recycle donor solvent for the cracking step. High sulfur coke can be desulfurized in the kiln, and distillate products in addition to donor solvent can be hydrotreated using hydrogen from the kiln.

Abstract: The tar vapors from carbonizing coal, preferably in a fluidized bed, are treated by quenching with a hydrogen-donor solvent. Tar molecules prone to polymerization upon condensation and upon distillation are partially hydrogenated; the resulting tar solution is of lower viscosity and less likely to coke or form pitch.

Abstract: The specification discloses a desulfurization, demetalation and denitrogenation process for coal and coal liquid charge stocks. The process comprises contacting the charge stock in the absence of externally added hydrogen with a hydrogen donor solvent in the presence of a catalytic amount of naturally occurring porous metal ores such as manganese nodules, bog iron, bog manganese, nickel laterites, bauxite or spent bauxite.

Abstract: Hydrotreating and hydrocracking of heavy residual stocks are improved with respect to conversion, product distribution, product quality and system operability by mixing with the heavy charge a substantial proportion of an aromatic light distillate oil (light gas oil) of high nitrogen content.

Abstract: A hydropyrolysis process for upgrading heavy, high molecular weight feedstocks such as coal-derived liquids, petroleum crudes, tar sand bitumens, shale oils, bottom residues from process streams, and the like, to lighter, lower molecular weight liquid products. The process includes subjecting the feedstocks to pyrolysis in the presence of hydrogen under carefully controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. The process can be defined as hydrogen-modified, thermal cracking in the specific temperature range of 450.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. and in the hydrogen pressure range of about 120 psi to 2250 psi. The amount of hydrogen present can be varied according to the type of feedstock and the liquid product desired. Although the hydrogen is not consumed in large amounts, it does participate in and modifies the process, and thereby provides a means of controlling the process as to the molecular weight range and structural type distribution of the liquid products.

Abstract: An integrated upgrading process is disclosed which can be used to lower the specific gravity, viscosity and boiling range of heavy, viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil by means of fractionally distilling the oil, treating its residuum with a hydrogen donor material under hydrocracking conditions, fractionally distilling the effluent from the hydrocracking zone and rehydrogenating that portion boiling from about 180.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. for recycling to the hydrocracking zone. The liquid portion of the oil not recycled can be recombined into a reconstituted crude suitable for transporting by normal crude pipelines.

Abstract: The phenolic oxygen and/or the thiol sulfur present in the polycyclic aromatic compounds in a heavy oil, such as vacuum pipestill bottoms, crude oil, reduced crude, residual oil or tar sands oil, can be removed as H.sub.2 O and/or H.sub.2 S by contacting the heavy oil with a hydrogen donor at an elevated temperature in the presence of a specified catalyst.

Abstract: Heavy liquid hydrocarbon oil, such as petroleum derived tars, predominantly boiling over 425.degree. C., are upgraded to products boiling below 425.degree. C., without substantial formation of insoluble char, by heating the heavy oil with hydrogen and a hydrogen transfer solvent in the absence of hydrogenation catalyst at temperatures of about 320.degree. C. to 500.degree. C., and a pressure of 20 to 180 bar for 3 to 30 minutes. The hydrogen transfer solvents are polycyclic compounds free of carbonyl groups, e.g., pyrene, and have a polarographic reduction potential which is less negative than phenanthrene and equal to or more negative than azapyrene.

Abstract: A process for thermally stimulating and upgrading oil production from a heavy oil reservoir wherein the heavy oil produced from the reservoir is combined with a hydrogen donor diluent and the mixture is subjected to thermal cracking to upgrade the heavy oil into more valuable hydrocarbon products. The cracked products are fractionated into a light end vapor fraction, an intermediate liquid fraction, a gas oil fraction and a pitch fraction, and at least a portion of the gas oil fraction is hydrogenated by contacting it with a hydrogen-containing gas stream to produce the hydrogen donor diluent combined with the heavy oil. The pitch fraction is subjected to partial oxidation to produce the hydrogen-containing gas stream and a by-product gas stream containing steam which is combined with additional steam and injected into the heavy oil reservoir to enhance the mobility of heavy oil contained therein.

Abstract: Conversion of coal to products soluble in common solvents and conversion of coal tar to products of lower molecular weight, effected in liquid or fused reaction medium using a hydrogenating reactant, are carried out employing hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide as the sole or major hydrogenating reactant, without need of elemental hydrogen or a hydrogen donor solvent.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating a petroleum hydrocarbon feed comprising admixing a quinone compound, or compounds, with said hydrocarbon feed, and contacting said admixture with hydrogen at elevated temperature, suitably at temperatures ranging from about 500.degree. F. to about 1050.degree. F., preferably from about 750.degree. F. to about 900.degree. F. The petroleum hydrocarbon feed is characterized generally as comprised of a full boiling range crude, an atmospheric or vacuum residum, an unconventional whole heavy crude, or fractions boiling within the gasoline and mid-distillate ranges.

Abstract: A delayed coking process in which the overhead vapors from a delayed coking drum are separated into light hydrocarbon products and a gas oil, and in which the gas oil is hydrotreated after being separated from the light hydrocarbon products. The hydrotreated gas oil is then combined with coker feedstock and fed to the coking drum. The process produces a coke capable of producing a graphitized product having a lower longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the coke product produced from the same feedstock by the same process but without the hydrotreating step.

Abstract: Low value heavy hydrocarbonaceous material such as a petroleum refinery vacuum residuum is converted to distillate products and pitch in a hydrogen donor diluent cracking process, and the pitch is utilized as feedstock to a delayed premium coker.

Abstract: A petroleum refinery vacuum residuum stream is subjected to hydrogen donor diluent cracking, the liquid cracking effluent is hydrodesulfurized, the hydrodesulfurizer effluent is fractionated, and the fractionator bottoms stream is fed to a delayed coker where premium type delayed coke is produced. The gas oil boiling range fraction from the fractionator is utilized as the donor diluent in the cracking step.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for catalytically hydroconverting asphalt in a first reactor in the presence of a hydrogenated middle distillate and hydrogen under conditions effecting both hydroconversion of the asphalt and dehydrogenation of said distillate, fractionating the reaction product into at least one distillate fraction and a residual fraction, catalytically hydrogenating the middle distillate fraction in a second reactor and circulating at least part of the second reaction product to the first reactor, and circulating hydrogenation catalyst between the first and second reactors.

Abstract: Coal or other solid carbonaceous material is contacted with an organic solvent containing both hydrogen and a transition metal catalyst in solution to hydrogenate unsaturated bonds within the carbonaceous material. This benefaction step permits subsequent pyrolysis or hydrogenolysis of the carbonaceous fuel to form gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon products of increased yield and quality.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor diluent cracking process for upgrading a heavy liquid hydrocarbon wherein pitch fractionated from the cracked products is subjected to a partial oxidation process to reduce the amount of pitch and to provide hydrogen for hydrogenation of hydrogen donor diluent for the cracking step.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor diluent cracking process for converting hydrogen deficient residual petroleum oils to more valuable distillates. A premium coker gas-oil is utilized as the hydrogen donor diluent.

Abstract: An operation is described which involves the catalytic cracking of high boiling hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen contributing fragments in the presence of particularly crystalline zeolite conversion catalysts promoting the chemical reactions of cracking, hydrogen redistribution, olefin cyclization and chemical reactions providing mobile hydrogen in one of several different forms and suitable for completing desired hydrogen transfer reactions. The chemical reactions desired are particularly promoted by a mixture of large and smaller pore crystalline zeolites in the presence of hydrogen contributing materials such as methanol or mixed with one or more reactants which will form methanol under suitable reaction conditions.

Abstract: An improved hydrogen donor diluent cracking process for upgrading hydrogen deficient hydrocarbonaceous materials such as petroleum residua to more valuable liquid distillates. The hydrogen donor diluent, which is a material that has been partially hydrogenated and which readily gives up hydrogen under thermal cracking conditions, is injected into the cracking unit at a plurality of points so that the ratio of the rate of hydrogen transfer to the rate of cracking is more uniform throughout the cracking unit than if all the hydrogen donor diluent is injected with the feed charge to the cracking unit.