Abstract: A wastewater treatment system. Toilet, kitchen, commercial, and industrial process waste is segregated from the total wastewater stream and treated in order to reduce the total nitrogen, phosphorous, pathogens, household hazardous and hazardous wastes and organic carbon released into the environment. Release of treated toilet, kitchen, commercial, and industrial process liquid waste is eliminated. Segregation of toilet, kitchen, and commercial and industrial process wastewater from non-toilet, kitchen, commercial and industrial process wastewater requires separate sewer plumbing and separate storage of the toilet, kitchen, commercial and industrial process wastewater. The non-toilet, non-kitchen, non-commercial & non-industrial process wastewater can be released via a traditional septic tank and drain field or processed for reuse.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of wastewater treatment station sludge first performs wastewater purification with fixed biological cultures from which excess sludge is extracted intermittently during phases of washing and unclogging. Then, the water from the washing phase that provides fixed biological cultures is subjected to biological activated sludge treatment, the outlet of this stage does not recycle effluent to the front end of the water treatment line. The wastewater is then subjected to a stage of reduced sludge production (RPB), selectively, by thermophilic enzymatic action or by partial oxidation by ozone introduced by mechanical stirring, this stage being supplied by quantities of sludge from the step of biological treatment by activate sludge, the substrate source for the bacteria of the biological treatment including organic material derived from lysed bacterial cells induced during the RSP stage.

Abstract: This invention is a system and method for bioremediation of hydrocarbon and organic pollution in fresh and salt water. Hydrocarbon and organic pollution digesting microbes are placed in a floating carrier where the microorganisms are exposed to the pollution and the pollution is digested. The floating element may be a block of polymeric foam. The microbes may be supported on powder such as clay minerals, and the powder may be formed into pellets held in slits in the foam.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for treating wastewater. The system includes a microorganism clad structure positioned in a body of wastewater such that the microorganism clad structure is at least partially submerged in the body of wastewater. The apparatus also includes an aeration device, such as a propeller-type, surface mounted aeration device, supplying a horizontal flow of oxygenated water to the microorganisms attached to the microorganism clad structure such that the microorganisms may carry out a biological process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the collection of alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes and use of said microbes in water glass wastewater treatment. The wastewater is treated directly with alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes cultured on granular activated carbon without any prior pH adjustment. Subsequently, water glass is separated from the biotreated water by lowering its pH. Alternatively, water glass is separated from biotreated water by distilling the water as water and water glass have different boiling points.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a water treatment system (2) for treating and/or keeping clean water (1), in particular from swimming facilities (4), whereby the water (1) is pre-cleaned in a first step in at least one mechanical cleaning device (5, 8) and in a second step is put through a biological cleaning process in at least one biological cleaning device (12, 13). The water (1) is transported between the cleaning steps by force of gravity and the cleaned water (1) is optionally returned to the swimming facility (4).

Abstract: A method and a plant to remove metals by biosorption from mining or industrial effluents comprising: (a) subject the effluent to at least one first stage of pre-treatment, selecting among: precipitation by pH rising, solvent extraction or solvent extraction on emulsified membranes in order to reduce its load of metals to a concentration level that allows it to be treated by the next stage of biosorption, and (b) subject the liquid that has been previously in the stage of pre-treatment to a second stage of continuous metals removal by biosorption.

Abstract: The wastewater treatment systems have a plurality of treatment modules between the inlet and the outlet, each for treating water with a selected process. Influent is directed to a covered anaerobic reactor, and then to an attached growth pretreatment filter that is at least intermittently exposed to atmospheric oxygen. Following the filter is a hydroponic reactor followed by a vertical-flow wetland. A second embodiment includes, following the filter, a tidal vertical-flow wetland and a pump for recycling water exiting the wetland upstream of the filter.

Abstract: A system for treating wastewater includes a basin to contain wastewater, an aerator provided in the basin to mix the wastewater, and a cover system to cover a surface of the wastewater contained in the basin. The cover system includes a plurality of hollow bodies disposed on the surface of the wastewater. Each hollow body is adapted to float on the wastewater's surface, and has a contiguous outer surface and a sufficient mass so that 30 to 70 percent of the hollow body's outer surface is exposed to atmosphere during use. A method of treating wastewater is further disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are planctomycetes sp. which convert ammonia to nitrogen under anaerobic conditions, filtration and aquaculture systems comprising said bacteria, filtration media comprising said bacteria, and methods of filtration using said bacteria.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for supplying oxygen to a water purification process, said method comprising providing an oxygen carrier of at least one copolymer of dimethylsiloxane, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, adding said oxygen carrier to the water purifying process, and contacting said oxygen carrier with an oxygen containing gas. The invention further relates to the use of at least one copolymer of dimethylsiloxane, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, as an oxygen carrier in a water purification process.

Abstract: The present invention describes novel biological systems for efficiently reducing nitrate levels and otherwise conditioning aquarium water and water in similar environments.

Abstract: A biological system for removing selenium from waste water comprises a first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) and a selenide removal module. The first ICB comprises a chamber having a substrate housed therein and situated to contact the waste water flowing therethrough during use. Anaerobic microorganisms are supported on the substrate, and comprise selenium respiring bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium and/or sulfate reducing bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium or to soluble selenides. The selenide removal module includes metallic or oxidized iron compounds capable of chemically reacting with selenide or sulfide compounds in the waste water to form iron selenide or iron sulfide precipitates.

Abstract: A membrane supported biofilm reactor uses modules having fine, hollow fibres, for example, made from melt spun thermoplastic polymers treated after spinning to increase their permeability to oxygen, used, for example, in tows or formed into a fabric. In one module, one or more sheets of the fabric are potted into a module to enable oxygen containing gas to be supplied to the lumens of the hollow fibres. Various reactors and processes, for example to treat wastewater, using such modules are described. Mechanical, chemical and biological methods, for example endogenous respiration, are used to control the thickness of the biofilm.

Abstract: A membrane supported biofilm reactor uses modules having fine, hollow fibres, for example, made from melt spun thermoplastic polymers treated after spinning to increase their permeability to oxygen, used, for example, in tows or formed into a fabric. In one module, one or more sheets of the fabric are potted into a module to enable oxygen containing gas to be supplied to the lumens of the hollow fibres. Various reactors and processes, for example to treat wastewater, using such modules are described. In one process, oxygen travels through fibers, optionally through an attached biofilm, to oxygenate surrounding water. Mechanical, chemical and biological methods, for example endogenous respiration, are used to control the thickness of the biofilm.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for treating wastewater using contact media. The water treatment apparatus includes a biofilm reactor (13) including first and second biofilm contact layers (2 and 3) alternately arranged in a hopper, a precipitator (9) for receiving wastewater from a wastewater collecting tank and purified wastewater from a collecting hopper (4), and precipitating sludge contained in the wastewater, the precipitator (9) being connected with a sludge discharge pipe (8), and a wastewater circulating unit (11) for recycling decant water in the precipitator (9) into the biofilm reactor (13), using a circulating pump (10). By this arrangement, it is possible to achieve a considerable enhancement in wastewater purification efficiency while achieving compactness of the installation because sewage, sanitary sewage, and wastewater can be purified by the alternating biofilm contact layers vertically arranged in pairs to form a multi-stage laminated structure.

Abstract: Submerged media useful with or without aeration and/or mixing to enhance an aquatic environment by promoting and retaining biogrowth. The media takes the form of a cluster of individual flexible elements having free ends. The media are submerged in a liquid such as a water or wastewater treatment basin or an aquaculture environment. The media are characterized by the ability to promote and retain microbial growth. The media clusters have substantial flow through thicknesses to provide a three dimensional effect along with baffling for increased contact with the liquid being treated. The media may be thin strips constructed to avoid sticking together to allow maximum exposed surface area. The media clusters can create oxic, anoxic and anaerobic environments for maximum treatment during flow through the media cluster. The flexibility of the media elements and their free ends automatically dislodges excessive biomass buildup to avoid clogging of the media.

Abstract: An apparatus for the fixed-film anaerobic digestion of flushed livestock manure includes an enclosed digester tank (fixed or flexible roof), internal media for biofilm development, a biogas collection and flare system, various pumps, and hydraulic control systems. The preferred media has substantially vertically-oriented, uninterrupted channels to promote enhanced bacterial attachment and biofilm development. The immobilization of microbial biomass within the reactor as a biofilm allows effective treatment of the wastewater at ambient and higher temperatures, as well as reasonable hydraulic retention times. The composition and concentration of bacterial groups in the biofilm developed on the media in the fixed-film digester result in a significantly enhanced anaerobic degradation process. This novel fixed-film digester design expands the potential application of anaerobic digestion to dilute livestock waste with significant levels of suspended solids.

Abstract: Raw water containing ammonium-nitrogen is introduced into a nitrification tank and nitrification of nitrite-nitrogen by nitrite oxidizing bacteria is inhibited according to inhibition of the ammonium-nitrogen, thereby conducting stable nitrification of nitrous acid type at a high load by the action of ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Carbonate and/or bicarbonate are added into the nitrification tank 1. The inorganic carbon concentration in the nitrification tank 1 is maintained at 35 mg-C/L or more. The nitrified liquid thus obtained is introduced into a denitrification tank and denitrification reaction is conducted by the action of denitrifying bacteria with the remaining ammonium-nitrogen as an electron donor and the nitrite-nitrogen as an electron acceptor.

Abstract: A waste treatment system suitable for domestic use and capable of producing water suitable for recycling within the household. The system includes a bioreactor (30) and a decomposition chamber (16). The bioreactor (30) is adapted to digest liquid-base waste material using bacteria and is operable under anaerobic, anoxic and/or aerobic conditions. The decomposition chamber (16) decomposes substantially solid waste generated in the bioreactor. The bioreactor and decomposition chamber are in fluid communication such that substantially solid waste material generated in the bioreactor can be transferred to the decomposition chamber for further treatment. Resulting solids may optionally be forwarded to a vegetation cell (24) and the liquid (34) leaving the bioreactor may be optionally passed to a membrane treatment unit (40) and a disinfection unit (50).

Abstract: A bioremediation system using inorganic oxide-reducing microbial consortia for the treatment of, inter alia coal mine and coal yard runoff uses a containment vessel for contaminated water and a second, floating phase for nutrients. Biodegradable oils are preferred nutrients.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a biological membrane filtration wastewater treatment system including a porous biological filtration bed zone and a membrane separation zone. The porous biological filtration bed zone has the dual function of providing biological treatment and higher filtration rates, wherein a fixed bed or moving bed is utilized so that the porous biological filtration bed zone has the advantages of high loading rates, high removal efficiencies, high stability and ease of operation. The membrane separation zone utilizes a membrane filtration module to filter an effluent from the porous biological filtration bed zone, so that solid particles therein are separated and remain in the system. Therefore, a high quality of effluent is obtained.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the treatment of waste water comprising an organic nutrient. According to the invention, the waste water is in a first step fed to sludge granules, after the supply of the waste water to be treated the sludge granules are fluidised in the presence of an oxygen-comprising gas, and in a third step, the sludge granules are allowed to settle in a settling step. This makes it possible to effectively remove not only organic nutrients but optionally also nitrogen compounds and phosphate.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system may reduce contaminants in water. A system may include a biofilm in a container. The biofilm may be formed from one or more bacteria coupled to one or more substrates. The bacteria may be selected to maximize the reduction of contaminants in water. The system may include one or more bacteria generators to provide bacteria to the biofilm and/or one or more air sources to provide an air bubble stream to the container and/or the bacteria generator. In some embodiments, bacteria may be preserved in a starvation phase. Bacteria may be incubated until they reach a starvation phase. The bacteria may then be preserved as beads or immobilized on a substrate. The preserved bacteria may be used in a system for the reduction of contaminants in water.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system may reduce contaminants in water. A system may include a biofilm in a container. The biofilm may be formed from one or more bacteria coupled to one or more substrates. The bacteria may be selected to maximize the reduction of contaminants in water. The system may include one or more bacteria generators to provide bacteria to the biofilm and/or one or more air sources to provide an air bubble stream to the container and/or the bacteria generator. In some embodiments, bacteria may be preserved in a starvation phase. Bacteria may be incubated until they reach a starvation phase. The bacteria may then be preserved as beads or immobilized on a substrate. The preserved bacteria may be used in a system for the reduction of contaminants in water.

Abstract: An organic and animal waste treatment apparatus (1) comprising a container (10) with substantially torus shaped bio-film media (200) provided primarily by tires (72) formed in multiple layers. A layer proximal the bottom (20) is at least one first layer of bio-film media (70) or at least one first layers of tires (72) having a first layer top (80) and forming a Loose Density Zone (300). A next layer on top of the first layer top (80) is at least one second layer of bio-film media (90) or at least one second layer of tires (92) having a second layer top (100) and forming a Transition Density Zone (320). A next layer on top of the second layer top (100) is at least n subsequent layers (110) or at least n subsequent layers of tires (112) and forming a Compact Density Zone (340). The Loose Density Zone (300) covers between 20% to 40% of the bottom surface area (60). The Transition Density Zone covers between 30% to 50% of the first layer top surface area (85).

Abstract: The invention relates to agents for the removal or reduction of inorganic nitrogen compounds, especially nitrate, from biological aquarium waters, containing a biologically degradable polymer, preferably polycaprolactone (PCL) and to the utilization of said agents.

Abstract: A method of treating wastewater using an anaerobic bioreactor which contains a “bio-nest” structure to retain the microbial content and improve digestion efficiency is disclosed. The bionest system results in a longer SRT, good sludge mixing, and reduced wash-out of sludge. The system is particularly useful for treatment of lipid rich wastewater such as dairy wastewater.

Abstract: A reactor chamber for placement in a wastewater treatment system, where the reactor chamber has a chamber formed from a sidewall which forms an interior of the chamber. The sidewall has a top portion and a bottom portion and fixed channel growth media positioned in the interior of the chamber. The fixed channel growth media is positioned below the top of the sidewall, so that when positioned in a treatment system, most of the growth media is located below the water level in the treatment system. The top of the sidewall near the water level (when positioned in a treatment system) is substantially impermeable to wastewater. The reactor includes an air distribution manifold system having a series of air release sites positioned below the fixed channel growth media and adapted to release air which disperses upwardly through the fixed channel growth media. Influent is discharged into the treatment tank near the air discharge sites.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of sludge recycling by utilizing an existing facility as it is, degrading sludge efficiently and simply, and producing useful recycled water from treated water separated from the sludge, and an apparatus for sludge recycling. The present invention provides a method of sludge recycling including the steps of: bringing sludge into contact with a sludge degrading agent containing, as an active ingredient, microorganisms containing an actinomyces belonging to Streptomyces; degrading the sludge; separating the degraded sludge into a solid content and a liquid content; and producing recycled water from the liquid content.

Abstract: A method for biological purification of water such as wastewater using a carrier material is disclosed, wherein the water is treated in a reactor containing carriers for biofilm growth. These carriers are kept in movement in the water and are designed so that they have well-defined passages or compartments providing a surface for biofilm growth, which is protected against collision with the surfaces of other carriers. The carriers have a width or diameter greater than 20 mm, the protected area is larger than 1000 m2/m3 carrier element volume, the length of the passages or the depth of the compartments in the carrier elements as a mean value is smaller than 6 mm or smaller than 3 mm, respectively, and the ratio between the passage lengths or compartment depths and the longest dimension of the inlet openings to the passages or compartments, respectively, is smaller than 3.

Abstract: A membrane filtration system comprising one or more submerged ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane assemblies at ambient pressure, each membrane assembly positioned 100–240 mm from a nearest wall, baffle, or adjacent membrane assembly and no more than 1 meter above a floor and at least 150 mm below the liquid level. Mixed liquor is discharged underneath each membrane assembly to create a vertical flow velocity in a range of 1–8 mm/second along an entire length of the membrane assembly. In a sequenced batch reactor system, a coarse bubble air diffuser for scouring each membrane assembly is supplied with air only during the backwash cycle of the filtration system and not during the filtration cycle. In a membrane bioreactor system, the biological treatment section is physically separated from the filtration section and fine bubble air diffusion is used in the biological treatment section.

Abstract: There is provided a method for treating for-treatment waste water containing an organic matter and a nitrogen compound, which can quickly and efficiently treat the for-treatment water containing the organic matter and the nitrogen compound and greatly reduce a power consumption amount, and which can be achieved by a relatively compact apparatus. A gist is that in treatment of the for-treatment water containing the organic matter and the nitrogen compound, the followings are carried out: an electrochemical treatment step of immersing at least a pair of electrodes at least partially in the for-treatment water to treat the nitrogen compound thereof by an electrochemical technique; and a biochemical treatment step of biochemically treating the nitrogen compound in the for-treatment water after completion of the electrochemical treatment step.

Abstract: A hollow gas transfer fibre is arranged in tows and potted into a module. The module may be used to treat wastewater by supplying hydrogen containing gas via the interior of the fibers to a biofilm present on an exterior surface of the fibers.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a filter media tower assembly is provided comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is suspended within the second portion. The first portion is a removable media tower or cage for holding filter media, whereas the second portion is a media tower guide support structure that is mounted to a surface of a tank. In a second embodiment, a load cell or a weighing assembly is disposed above the removable media tower. The deployment of this weighing mechanism above the removable media tower provides constant monitoring of biomass build-up on the filter media.

Abstract: A membrane supported biofilm reactor uses modules having fine, hollow fibres, for example, made from dense wall Poly methylpentene (PMP) used in tows or formed into a fabric. In one module, one or more sheets of the fabric are potted into a module to enable oxygen containing gas to be supplied to the lumens of the hollow fibres. Various reactors and processes, for example to treat wastewater, using such modules are described. Mechanical, chemical and biological methods are used to control the thickness of the biofilm.

Abstract: This invention is a system and method for bioremediation of hydrocarbon and organic pollution in fresh and salt water. Hydrocarbon and organic pollution digesting microbes are placed in a floating carrier where the microorganisms are exposed to the pollution and the pollution is digested. The floating element may be a block of polymeric foam. The microbes may be supported on powder such as clay minerals, and the powder may be formed into pellets held in slits in the foam.

Abstract: A process for the production of highly purified water 44 from Fischer-Tropsch reaction water 12 includes distillation 14 as a primary treatment stage, biological treatment including anaerobic digestion 20 and aerobic digestion 22 as a secondary treatment stage, solid-liquid separation 32 as a tertiary treatment stage and a dissolved salt and organic removal stage 40 as final treatment stage.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system includes a septic tank having a discharge in flow communication with one or more biofilter containers having filter media therein. Wastewater or effluent from the septic tank is allowed to contact the filter media and each container includes an outlet for discharging the wastewater to the environment or transferred to other treatment facilities.

Abstract: A Catalytic Bioconversion (CB) process using kenaf core powder is used to promote an environmentally friendly method to biologically treat the petroleum contaminants in these wastes and waste waters while simultaneously producing a high energy solid fuel. The new process has very low capital and operating costs, treats and converts hazardous waste to non-hazardous waste, and can produce a viable solid fuel product instead of a waste. Typically, these petroleum-contaminated waste/wastewaters undergo some type of hydrocarbon separation and recovery via phase separation using heat and chemical treatment in storage tanks. The objective is to recover as much “good” hydrocarbon as possible and recycle it back to the production process. The material that is not recoverable, an emulsion of oil, water, and solids must be further processed and eventually discarded.

Abstract: A process for the production of purified water from Fischer-Tropsch reaction water wherein the purified water is an aqueous stream having a COD of between 20 and 500 mg/l, a pH of between 6.0 and 9.

Abstract: Highly porous, beads are comprised of a polymer and a second compound mixed into it. The second compound, an amendment, is either a nutrient or a compound having high affinity to one or more nutrients. A plurality of these beads may be exposed to an aqueous environment, usually a body of water. Bacteria and other microorganisms rapidly enter and remain within the nutrient filled interior space of the beads. Any of a number of various detection methods may then be used to characterize, detect and/or identify the microorganisms.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for biological treatment of an effluent in order to purify it comprising treating said effluent in a first step which consists in an anaerobic biological treatment (13), with sulphate-reducing biomass fixed on a mobile support (13), producing a first effluent, then treating the first effluent in a second which consists in an anoxic biological treatment (14), with stationary sulphur-oxidizing biomass (14), producing a second effluent, and finally treating the second effluent in a third step which consists in an aerobic biological treatment (15), with stationary nitrifying biomass, producing a third purified effluent. Said method further comprises recycling part of the effluent present in the third step to the second step. The biomass present in the first step comprises sulphate-reducing bacteria, the biomass present in the second step comprises sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and the biomass present in the third step comprises nitrifying bacteria.

Abstract: The present invention provides a digester for handling waste or contaminated materials. A process and an apparatus for processing are disclosed. A Dry Cycle Anaerobic Digester (DCAD) uses tanks to perform aerobic and anaerobic digestion to eliminate the waste, while producing little or no sludge.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the continuous microbial remediation of organic wastes in sewers and other waste-laden environments utilizing in-situ microbial seeding. A bio-reactor containing inoculated carrier media is suspended within a sewer wet-well or other similar environment, and is at least partially immersed in the waste-laden fluid to be treated. Air and nutrients are continuously supplied to the bio-reactor via conduit from a remote, easily accessible location. Beneficial microbial populations are permitted to thrive and spread throughout the waste-laden environment, mineralizing organic wastes and eventually becoming dominant within the subject environment.

Abstract: This invention relates to a denitrifying composition which is a material to be used for decomposing nitrates nitrogen in effluent by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that consume sulfur and carbonate as nutrients and is characterized by containing particles of calcium carbonate dispersed in sulfur. Preferably, the composition contains 10 parts by weight of sulfur coexisting with 10-15 parts by weight of calcium carbonate and 1-3 parts by weight of a microporous substance. This denitrifying composition can be prepared by heating powder of calcium carbonate and sulfur thereby melting the sulfur, dispersing the powder of calcium carbonate in liquid sulfur and solidifying the dispersion by rapid cooling. The composition simultaneously contains nutrients and alkali source and hence enables denitrification to proceed stably without addition of other components.

Abstract: A process and system for treating excess sludge produced from a biological treatment system. The process includes biologically treating water or wastewater and producing excess sludge. The excess sludge is directed to a solubilizer where the sludge is solubilized. The solubilized sludge is directed to a liquid/solid separator, which separates the solubilized sludge into a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. The process further includes at least partially digesting the liquid fraction and directing the partially digested liquid fraction to the biological treatment system where the liquid fraction is subjected to further treatment. Finally, the solid fraction is subject to further solubilization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of controlling contaminant flow into a water reservoir, reducing bacterial counts in a water reservoir, and reducing a count of dissolved constituents in a water reservoir, which methods include installing within a reservoir, about an inlet thereof, a boom comprising a support system and a curtain connected to the support system, the curtain being formed of a flexible fabric that allows movement of water therethrough and the curtain having a lower end and an upper end, the boom defining an artificial settling pond into which water, dissolved constituents and particulate matter from the inlet enters. The installation allows for settling of particulate matter larger than a minimum size and consumption of organic materials and dissolved constituents by aquatic vegetative flora and/or bacteria within the artificial settling pond.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of sludge recycling by utilizing an existing facility as it is, degrading sludge efficiently and simply, and producing useful recycled water from treated water separated from the sludge, and an apparatus for sludge recycling. The present invention provides a method of sludge recycling including the steps of: bringing sludge into contact with a sludge degrading agent containing, as an active ingredient, microorganisms containing an actinomyces belonging to Streptomyces; degrading the sludge; separating the degraded sludge into a solid content and a liquid content; and producing recycled water from the liquid content.

Abstract: A beam is pivotally supported at a fixed pivot support, the beam movable in cyclic tilting motion such that ends of the beam move vertically in mutually opposing directions. The ends of the beam are pivotally engaged with vertical arms extending downwardly. The arms terminate with mixing plates immersed within the fluid so that the mixing plates cause fluid mixing as the tilts. A fixed film biomass is engaged with the surfaces of the plates for improved bio-processing within the tanks.