Abstract: Regeneration of an ion exchange resin used as a sugar decolorizer by passing a low sodium chloride concentration aqueous solution followed by passing higher sodium chloride concentration aqueous solution through the ion exchange resin and recycling at least a part of the effluent from the higher sodium chloride concentration aqueous solution.

Abstract: A method of removing undesirable material from water-soluble polysaccharide ethers, such as water-soluble cellulose ethers, via contact of an aqueous solution of the water-soluble polysaccharide ether with an anion exchange resin. Anion exchange resins that are useful in the invention are derived from epoxy resin polymers, acrylic based copolymers or a copolymer of styrene-divinylbenzene. The method significantly reduces the amount of colored bodies in the polysaccharide ether.

Abstract: A method of extruding clay and then treating the clay with acid to beneficiate the clay for increased capacity of filtration of oil-soluble colorant compounds from oil. The clay is first extruded through one or more die openings to align some of the clay platelets and to form the clay into cylindrical pellets. The extruded clay pellets then are acid treated, either before or after grinding, in an aqueous acid solution to form an acid slurry of the clay. The acid slurry of the clay is agitated for a time sufficient and at a temperature sufficient so that the acid reacts with a portion of the clay and, thereafter, the acid treated clay is separated from the acid solution; the clay then is washed to remove most of the acid solution from the clay; filtered and thereafter dried.

Abstract: A water clarification apparatus (10) and method for removing dye and other organic matter from waste water within a dye lagoon (11) or other reservoir. The water clarification apparatus (10) comprises at least one first electrode (12) for being immersed in the waste water (32) within the reservoir (11), and at least one second electrode (14) for being immersed in the waste water (32) at a preselected distance from the first electrode (12). The apparatus further comprises a DC power supply means (20) to which the first and second electrodes are connected such that the first electrode defines an anode (12) and the second electrode defines a cathode (14).

Abstract: A process for purifying a waste effluent from the bleaching of wood pulp by contacting the effluent with an adsorbent resin, wherein the adsorbent resin is a macroporous copolymer being post-crosslinked in a swollen state in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst and functionalized with hydrophilic groups prior to contact with the waste effluent.

Abstract: A method for removing color from the caustic effluent produced during kraft pulping and bleaching is characterized by heating the caustic effluent to a temperature and under a pressure sufficient to cause an alteration in the chemical structure of the lignin chromophores in the effluent. The cooked effluent is cooled and has its pressure reduced to near atmospheric pressure. An acid material, such as chlorine extract from the bleaching process, is added to the effluent to lower the pH of the effluent to between 2.6 and 3.8 to initiate flocculation of the altered chromophores of the effluent. During flocculation, the chromophores are continuously separated from the effluent in order to produce a relatively clean and color-free liquid which may be deposited in the sewer system of the pulp mill.

Abstract: Carbon absorbents are used to remove color bodies from paper mill waste waters. A preferred embodiment of the process utilizes pretreatment of the paper mill waste waters with cationic flocculants.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal or reduction of inorganic contaminants, hardness, radionuclides, organic contaminants, odor, turbidity, discoloration, and objectionable taste from water, subjects the water to lime-phosphate softening, aeration, sedimentation, filtration and ion exchange in an automatic cycle especially suited for home and small commercial usage. The raw water, such as well water, is first subjected to a cold lime softening and aeration treatment, then to a phosphate treatment followed by settling and filtering. The thus treated water is supplied to a pressurized tank feeding a conventional ion exchange water softening unit as the water is tapped for use. No heat input is needed but the treated water can be heated as desired for use. An electrical control system regulates the water and chemicals input agitation, aeration, the time of chemical treatment in successive stages and the maintenance of a desired head pressure for the treated water.

Abstract: A process to decolorize and stabilize nitro compounds by contacting the nitro compound with an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite particulate material.

Abstract: An improved method and system for reclaiming waste printing ink is disclosed. The inventive method is characterized by the initial heating and agitation of a quantity of undiluted waste ink. Such heating and agitation is carried out at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to (a) volatilize water, and/or other liquids contained therein; and (b) reduce the viscosity of the waste ink to a viscosity which is suitable for subsequent processing. After the period of heating and agitation, the waste ink is centrifuged to separate paper lint and other fibrous particulate contaminants from the ink. The reclaimed clarified ink is then blended with virgin ink at a ratio which provides a press-ready reclaimed ink/virgin ink blend. The system of the present invention provides a system of vessels, lines, valves, pumps and attendant apparatus whereby the inventive method may be practiced.

Abstract: A method for treating the combined ink and starch wastes from a paper converting plant by adding a cationic polymer flocculation adjuvant to the wastewater to form a sludge and then treating the sludge with a cementitious material to yield a stabilized solid safe for disposal by landfill.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for destroying polynitrophenols or their salts in an aqueous waste by treating with at least two moles of hydrogen peroxide per mole of polynitrophenol in the presence of from 0.002 to 0.7 moles of an iron salt per mole of polynitrophenol. The destruction takes place at a pH lower than 4 and a temperature greater than 65.degree. C.

Abstract: A paint spray booth detackifying composition which includes mixtures of; melamine-formaldehyde polymers and polyvinyl alcohol polymers; and mixtures of melamine-formaldahyde polymer, polyvinyl alcohol polymer and styrene-acrylate polymer.

Abstract: A process for treating effluent water of a poultry processing plant for reuse in that plant. According to the present invention, a treatment of the effluent with a strong oxidant and with a substance to reduce the pH to less than 5.2 pH units, and preferably about 3.0.+-.0.5 pH units causes a floc to form together with a destruction of bacteria and a breaking of the oils and greases. The floc contains the impurities such that the water separated from the floc is sufficiently purified for reuse in certain processing steps in the plant. In the case of treating effluent water from the poultry chiller tank(s), the product water can be reused in the tank(s). In the preferred form of the process, formation of the floc is enhanced by the addition of an anionic polymer or other thickener/strengthener, and separation is achieved by dissolved air flotation techniques. A final filtration can be utilized after a readjustment of the pH to near neutral to match new water to be used in the plant.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for purifying/decolorizing dyeing wastewaters that have been adjusted in a pretreatment step to a pH in the range from 4 to 9 by addition of acid or alkali by means of a membrane separation process. The concentrate obtained after the first step is further decolorized and deionized in the second step. The permeate of the second step is recycled to the pretreatment step, while the permeate of the first step and the concentrated wastewater obtained after the second step are disposed of in conventional manner.

Abstract: A method of conditioning sludge formed in paint spray booths, where the detackifier is a melamine-formaldehyde, polyvinyl alcohol and styrene-acrylate paint detackier by adding a water conditioner that includes acrylamide/dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methylsulfate quat.

Abstract: A waste-treatment process for water-based printing operations which employ inks comprising aqueous dispersions of polyester or polyesteramide materials containing water solubilizing sulfo-salt groups, comprising providing in an agitated vessel a substantially homogenous system of water and multi-valent cation, adding the waste aqueous dispersion of polyester or polyesteramide material from the printing operation to the vessel, allowing ion interchange and insolubilization of the material in the water to occur, and physically separating the water from the insolubilized material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gel having excellent separation ability, operability and a long life, for separating useful components from a rhodanate-containing detoxication treated liquid. The gel consists of a cross-linked polymer with more than 50 weight % of repeating units which are composed of 2,3-dioxypropyl (meth)acrylate or 2,3-dioxypropyl (meth)allyl ether, and whose average particle diameter is more than 10.mu. and gel water content is from 30 to 150%. The present invention also provides a method of separation using said gel.

Abstract: An aqueous glyoxal solution is decolorized by a process in which the said solution is passed over granulated active carbon which is arranged in a fixed bed and whose differential pore radius distribution has a maximum of from 10 to 100 A, the Peclet number being from 500 to 5000, the decolorized glyoxal solution is discharged, the active carbon bed is then regenerated by treating it with an aqueous solution of an alkaline agent and then with an aqueous acid, and further glyoxal solution to be decolorized is passed over the active carbon regenerated in this manner.

Abstract: A process for the decolorization of alkaline pulp such as that derived from paper waste water wherein the waste water is contacted with a strong mineral acid, contacted with a coagulated agent and then the solid coagulum is separated and neutralized to liquify the color bodies in concentrated form.

Abstract: A process for decolorizing iron-caused yellow color in brine solutions comprising adding a small amount of a soluble metal salt such as alugenite to the brine solution, neutralizing the solution and then filtering the solution to obtain a solution of a desired degree of clarity.

Abstract: Wastewater from various sources may be purified by contacting it with sludge derived from an oxidative biological water purification process and subsequently subjected to a complete anaerobic fermentation step followed by a dying-off step. A variety of contaminants such as metals, colorants, detergents, phenols and the like may be absorbed by the sludge in this way and removed from the wastewater by separating the sludge and wastewater after contact. The process may serve as an introductory step to a normal oxidative biological water purification process. In a special embodiment, cationic contaminants are removed from the wastewater with the aid of a sludge of the aforesaid type, while anionic contaminants are removed with the aid of a sludge of the same type that has been pretreated with a cationic detergent.

Abstract: Water treatment, e.g. antiscaling, polymer compositions are marked or labelled with activated groups which are attached to the polymer chain backbone by carbon-carbon bonds. These activated groups are subjected to color forming reactions, e.g. by reaction with a diazonium aromatic compound, thus enabling the polymers to be detected at very low concentrations in water.

Abstract: A process for the decolorization of pulp mill process streams is described. The effluent from the process contains color bodies and organic materials, and is first fed to an acidification reactor where the pH is reduced. This causes a portion of the color bodies to precipitate. A flocculant is added to coagulate the precipitated lignins, and the solution is filtered. The filtrate then passes through a series of chambers where it is contacted with activated carbon in an advanced separation device (ASD). The regeneration of the carbon occurs simultaneously in other chambers of the ASD. The treated filtrate with significantly lower color bodies passes out of the ASD in a substantially continuous stream.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for reducing organic color contamination in influent water are disclosed. The methods comprise adding to the influent water powdered activated carbon and a water soluble or water dispersible cationic polymer. The polymers are chosen from: (a) polyquaternary ammonium polymers formed from reaction of a secondary amine with an epichlorohydrin or epoxide (b) cross-linked polyquaternary ammonium polymers formed from reaction of a secondary amine, epichlorohydrin or epoxide, and a third reactant selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, alkylenediamines and polyamines and (c) substantially linear high molecular weight polyquaternary ammonium polymers of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,288,770, such as polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride. Compositions comprise a slurry comprising powdered activated carbon and at least one polymer chosen from the (a) (b) and (c) groupings and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Methods for reducing organic color contamination in influent water are disclosed. The methods comprise adding to the influent water powdered activated carbon and a water soluble or water dispersible cationic polymer. The polymers are chosen from: (a) polyquaternary ammonium polymers formed from reaction of a secondary amine with an epichlorohydrin or epoxide (b) cross-linked polyquaternary ammonium polymers formed from reaction of a secondary amine, epichlorohydrin or epoxide, and a third reactant selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, alkylenediamines and polyamines and (c) substantially linear high molecular weight polyquaternary ammonium polymers of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,288,770, such as polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride. In a particularly unique aspect of the invention, the P.A.C. component is provided in the form of a slurry comprising a polysaccharide material such as a hydroyethyl or carboxymethyl cellulose material.

Abstract: Blood products and other substances colored by tetrapyrrole compounds such as porphyrins or metalloporphyrins, in an aqueous solution, are decolored by contacting the aqueous solution with an adsorbent selected from among alumina, magnesia, and magnesium silicate, and the resulting colorless solution is then collected. The solution to be decolored can be adjusted to a pH of 2 to 6, and can be at a temperature in the range of 0.degree. to 60.degree. C., but is usually decolored at ambient temperature.

Abstract: A process for treating high strength BOD containing liquors includes the step of mildly mixing and contacting the liquors with anaerobic bacteria and a powdered adsorbent support medium to remove a substantial portion of the organic matter and generate a methane fuel gas. Use of the powdered support medium at 0.1-20 g/l enables high removal of BOD in short treatment times, rapid clarification of treated liquors, and increased adsorbability of liquor color.In a subsequent decolorizing embodiment, digested and clarified liquors are contacted with reduced concentrations of powdered color adsorbent to produce a treated liquor low in dissolved organic matter and color.The spent streams of powdered adsorbent support medium-biomass and/or powdered color adsorbent are preferably regenerated and reused.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating sludges that have resulted from chemical treatment of sulfuric acid wastes with lime are shown. The sludges are subjected to fluidization, dilution, and acidification to solubilize solids, clarification to concentrate solids for reacidification and produce a supernatant for carbon adsorption to remove organics and color, with regeneration of spent carbon including incineration of solids, and finally incineration of the spent carbon and all other remaining unsolubilized solids.

Abstract: Polluted industrial waste water having a high chemical demand for oxygen and fine particles in suspension is purified using the following steps: directly heating and evaporating the polluted water without subjecting it to the usual prior steps of mechanical separation such as sieving or decanting; separating sludges from the evaporated water; condensing the evaporated water; subjecting the condensed evaporated water to a physico-chemical purifying process of the coagulation-flocculation type; and filtering the purified condensed evaporated water. The purified water is pure enough to be recycled through a dyeing works. The installation includes an evaporator (10) which is preferably built in several stages with the vapor from each stage other than the first being used to evaporate the polluted water in the next stage.

Abstract: A water purifier consisting essentially of manganese dioxide particles having a 20 to 48 mesh size and macroscopic pores which are so large in size as to permit passage of water therethrough. The particles may have active sites of needle-like or columnar crystals of manganese dioxide on the surfaces thereof. A method for making such water purifier is also described.

Abstract: A process for removing or decreasing the amount of color in a solution such as an oil well brine by adding hydroxylamine or hydrazine. The hydroxylamine or hydrazine may be added in any form such as the pure compound, a salt, the hydrate or the like.

Abstract: Hot water is an important component in the recovery or extraction of bitumen and heavy oils. This hot water tends to form emulsions with the oil and when these emulsions are broken by demulsifiers and the oil separates, the remaining water retains a black color and cannot be recycled in the process. The black color has been most difficult to remove, but it has now been found that it can quite easily be removed by certain selected adsorbents. These include high ash coal rejects, fly ash from coking gas and red mud.

Abstract: A process for removing solids forming iron impurities from a high density brine. The presence of these impurities in the generally clear brine oftentimes results in a green or brown color. Zinc dust is added to the brine to precipitate the iron impurities.

Abstract: An adsorbent is provided for removing color precursors from detergent range alkyl benzene prior to sulfonation. The adsorbent provided is a bauxite clay having at least one material selected from the group consisting of ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, and zirconium oxide and which contain from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight of sulfuric acid, said bauxite clay then being calcined at a temperature and time sufficient to activate the adsorbent prior to use.

Abstract: Attapulgus clay rendered substantially non-swelling and non-gelling by calcination is treated with a large organophilic quaternary ammonium or phosphonium compound to yield a sorbent material effective for purifying liquids from inorganic and organic contaminants. Treatment of the mineral substrate may be accomplished by mixing in a liquid system or by spraying a solution of the quaternary ammonium surfactant onto the mineral. Surfactant on the mineral is present in quantities approximating the exchange capacity of the mineral.

Abstract: Extremely effective adsorbants are provided for removing color precursors from detergent range alkyl benzenes prior to sulfonation. The adsorbers provided are specific crystalline zeolites in a silica alumina matrix and bauxite clay having at least one material selected from the group consisting of ferric oxide, titanium dioxide and zirconium oxide which is activated by sulfuric acid then calcined to provide the effective adsorbant.

Abstract: A process for removing anionic compounds from water which is recycled in manufacturing processes, and from waste water, by adding (1) water-soluble products obtained by reacting an alkylating agent, having an aromatic substituent, with a cationic polyelectrolyte and (2) mineral adsorbents and/or a magnesium salt, aluminum salt or iron salt, with formation and flocculation of water-insoluble reaction products.

Abstract: A fluid treating apparatus and method are provided which employ finely subdivided surface active particles arranged in loose bed form and confined within a treating tank by means which prevent the escape of such particles but which permits fluid flow therethrough at a high rate with a minimum pressure drop. In an important embodiment, the apparatus and method of this invention are particularly directed to the treatment of water with fine mesh ion cation exchange resin particles of below 50 mesh size, and preferably 100 to 200 mesh or smaller, measured on a dry basis.

Abstract: Caramel color concentrates are prepared by subjecting a mixture of caramel color and water to ultrafiltration through a semi-permeable membrane, wherein the pH and/or ionic strength of the caramel color/water mixture, at all or particular stages of the ultrafiltration process, is regulated so as to obtain desirable processing and product attributes, such as increased retention of desired properties of the starting caramel color, increased removal of low molecular weight materials during ultrafiltration and increased rates of ultrafiltration.

Abstract: Iodine has long been known for its bactericidal, viricidal and cysticidal activities. Recently it has been attracting attention as an agent in water purification. Water purified with iodine is nevertheless subject to some objections. Because of its displeasing appearance iodine treated water is esthetically unacceptable. In the case of drinking water, color, odor and taste of water purified with iodine are even more detracting. The process herein overcomes these disadvantages, yet iodine, with its germicidal advantages, can still be used.

Abstract: Pink grapefruit juice or concentrate is decolorized by vacuum filtration through a bed of coarse diatomaceous earth particles at a pressure differential from 10 to 25 inches of mercury and at a flow rate from 0.1 to 0.5 gal/min/ft.sq. to form a product suitable for beverage use or for blending with white grapefruit juice for beverage use.