Abstract: In order to provide a high accuracy radiation dose rate measurement system by good energy characteristics without deteriorating the original energy characteristics of a low dose rate range due to widening range, the dose rate measurement system is composed of: a radiation detector which sends a discrete current pulse having electric charge proportional to incident radiation energy and a DC voltage in which a DC current proportional to the radiation energy is converted; a high voltage power source which supplies a high voltage that operates the radiation detector; and a measurement unit in which the current pulse and the DC voltage are applied from the radiation detector to be converted to a low range dose rate and a high range dose rate respectively, and the low range dose rate and the high range dose rate are switched to be sent depending on the dose rates.

Abstract: A device is described that includes sensors that are sensitive to displacement damage, and can be configured to display a characteristic damage curve. The sensors, or diodes, can be made of one or more semiconductor materials that are sensitive to displacement damage, and can be operated in dark illumination conditions. The sensors can have multiple shields of a specific or varied thickness. The shields can be formed in different configurations, though the shielding thickness can be designed to change the level of displacement damage absorbed by the sensors. The characteristic damage curve can provide a sensor response variable that displays a functional dependence on displacement damage. For example, the characteristic damage curve can provide a sensor response variable that is one or more currents measured at one or more fixed voltages, or one or more voltages measured at one or more fixed currents.

Abstract: A detector array and method for making the detector array. The array includes a substrate including a plurality of trenches formed therein, and includes a plurality of collectors electrically isolated from each other, formed on the walls of the trenches, and configured to collect charge particles incident on respective ones of the collectors and to output from said collectors signals indicative of charged particle collection. The array includes a plurality of readout circuits disposed on a side of the substrate opposite openings to the collectors. The readout circuits are configured to read charge collection signals from respective ones of the plurality of collectors.

Abstract: A detector array and method for making the detector array. The detector array includes a substrate including a plurality of trenches formed therein, and a plurality of collectors electrically isolated from each other, formed on the walls of the trenches, and configured to collect charged particles incident on respective ones of the collectors and to output from the collectors signals indicative of charged particle collection. In the detector array, adjacent ones of the plurality of trenches are disposed in a staggered configuration relative to one another. The method forms in a substrate a plurality of trenches across a surface of the substrate such that adjacent ones of the trenches are in a staggered sequence relative to one another, forms in the plurality of trenches a plurality of collectors, and connects a plurality of electrodes respectively to the collectors.

Abstract: A system and method is shown for receiving microwave/millimeter-wave signals. The system and method are balanced and can be effectively implemented on a silicon substrate using single pole double throw switches.

Abstract: A radiation detector employed in a radiation detection apparatus and a fluorescent X-ray analyzer includes: a first circuit board on which a semiconductor radiation sensor is mounted and which is cooled by a Peltier device (an electronic cooling unit); and a second circuit board set apart from the first circuit board. A plurality of lead pins are joined to the second circuit board. Then, the first circuit board and the second circuit board are wire-bonded to each other. In comparison with conventional wire bonding performed onto the tips of lead pins, the work of connection is easy, the productivity is high, and the reliability of connection is high. Further, the second circuit board not requiring cooling is set apart so that cooling is concentrated on the first circuit board. This permits size reduction of the radiation detector.

Abstract: A radioactive substance detection device that detects a radioactive substance being present in a specified direction. A radiation detection element having a thickness that stops and detects a characteristic X-ray arriving from a radioactive substance being present in the specified direction that radiates both gamma rays and the characteristic X-rays, and allows the gamma ray arriving from the radioactive substance to pass through. A screening body having a thickness that screens out characteristic X-rays of radiation which arrives from directions other than the specified direction and allows gamma rays of radiation which arrives from directions other than the specified direction to pass through.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a radiation sensor having one or more radiation sensors and an on-board power harvester.

Abstract: A citrate detector is provided for use in combination with a blood processing system and replacement fluid tubing or conduit of a disposable set. The citrate detector comprises a light source and a light detector. The light source is configured to emit a light having a wavelength absorbed by citrate, but at least partially transmitted by the replacement fluid conduit of the disposable set. The light detector is configured to receive at least a portion of the light from the light source and generate a signal indicative of the presence or absence of citrate in the replacement fluid conduit based, at least in part, on the amount of light received from the light source. A blood processing system incorporating such a citrate detector may include a flow detector for determining whether fluid is present in the conduit prior to checking for the presence of citrate.

Abstract: An ion energy analyzer for determining an ion energy distribution of a plasma and comprising an entrance grid, a selection grid, and an ion collector. The entrance grid includes a first plurality of openings dimensioned to be less than a Debye length for the plasma. The ion collector is coupled to the entrance grid via a first voltage source. The selection grid is positioned between the entrance grid and the ion collector and is coupled to the entrance grid via a second voltage source. An ion current meter is coupled to the ion collector to measure an ion flux onto the ion collector and transmit a signal related thereto.

Abstract: Described herein is a gas meter system (5) for detecting toxic gas combinations including a housing (10) having an opening (20), a measuring cell (15) enclosed by the housing and comprising a plurality of gas sensors (17) in fluid communication with the environment via the opening in the housing, and an evaluating circuit (32). The gas sensors detects a concentration of a first gas and a concentration of a second gas so the evaluating circuit can identify a hazard due to an additive or synergistic toxic effect upon combined exposure to the first gas and the second gas. Related apparatus, systems, methods and/or articles are described.

Abstract: There is provided a monitoring apparatus that monitors abnormalities in a system including a plurality of components or products. The plurality of components or products respectively include a plurality of types of microcapsules that release, due to specific causes, a plurality of marker chemical substances respectively, the marker chemical substances having respectively different ion mobilities. The monitoring apparatus includes an ion mobility sensor that detects the plurality of marker chemical substances. By detecting the marker chemical substances, the monitoring apparatus is capable of identifying the occurrence of an abnormal state, the type of abnormal state, the occurrence location, the extent of the abnormal state, and the like.

Abstract: Conjointly provided are a first correcting unit (13A, 13B) to estimate, on the basis of the whole sum of counting rates determined by a counting unit (10A, 10B), a peak position in an energy spectrum obtained in the counting unit (10A, 10B) and to output an initial value which is a gain value required to render the estimated peak position to coincide with a reference position, and a second correcting unit (14A, 14B) to detect, in the energy spectrum obtained in the counting unit (10A, 10B), the peak position within a predetermined energy range containing the reference position and to output a dynamic gain correction value which is a gain value required to render the detected peak position to coincide with the reference position.

Abstract: A preamplifier is provided for correction of overshoot or undershoot effects present in a signal received from a charged particle detection electrode. The preamplifier is ground-isolated from the charged particle detection electrode and comprises: a main amplification stage, configured to receive and amplify the isolated signal; a feed-forward stage, configured to generate a compensation signal from the amplified ground-isolated signal, the compensation signal being generated to mirror the overshoot or undershoot effects; and an output, arranged to provide an output signal that is a combination of the amplified ground-isolated signal and the compensation signal. A charged particle detection arrangement comprising the preamplifier is also provided.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for improving performance of a reflective type energy filter for a charged particle beam, which employs a beam-adjusting lens on an entrance side of a potential barrier of the energy filter to make the charged particle beam become a substantially parallel beam to be incident onto the potential barrier. The method makes the energy filter have both a fine energy-discrimination power over a large emission angle spread and a high uniformity of energy-discrimination powers over a large FOV. A LVSEM using this method in the energy filter can obviously improve image contrast. The invention also provides multiple energy-discrimination detection devices formed by using the advantages of the method.

Abstract: A radiation detecting device of a cassette type having flexibility includes a deformation maintaining mechanism configured to maintain a state of the radiation detecting device that is deformed to match an arbitrary surface profile of a subject. The deformation maintaining mechanism is arranged on at least one of a surface of a sensor panel on a sensor substrate side and a surface of the sensor panel on a scintillator side.

Abstract: An interferometer includes a diffraction grating that forms a first pattern by diffracting X-rays; a shield grating that forms a second pattern by blocking one or more of the X-rays forming the first pattern; a detector that detects information on the second pattern by detecting X-rays from the shield grating; and a scanning unit that shifts relative positions of an object and a measurable range. In the interferometer, the detector acquires a first detection result by performing a detection while the measurable range and the object take first relative positions and acquires a second detection result by performing a detection while the measurable range and the object take second relative positions. In the interferometer, the scanning unit shifts the relative positions of the measurable range and the object so that a pattern of the first detection result and a pattern of the second detection result pattern have continuity.

Abstract: An ion detection assembly is described that includes a drift chamber, an inlet assembly, and a collector assembly. The drift chamber is formed of substantially non-conductive material and/or semi-conductive material. A patterned resistive trace is deposited on one or more of an interior surface or an exterior surface of the drift chamber. The patterned resistive trace is configured to connect to a source of electrical energy. The inlet assembly and the collector assembly are in fluid communication with the drift chamber. The inlet assembly includes an inlet for receiving a sample, a reaction region for ionizing the sample, and a gate for controlling entrance of the ionized sample to the drift chamber. The collector assembly includes a collector plate for collecting the ionized sample after the ionized sample passes through the drift chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods including calibrating a radiotherapy machine to identify an effective radiation source size of a radiation source contained within the radiotherapy machine, the radiation source having a nominal radiation source size, to improve accuracy of a predicted dose profile for one or more radiation beams from the radiation source to further improve accuracy of radiation dose calculation and treatment delivery.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a reflectance image from a plurality of thermal images utilizes a technique of A) obtaining a first thermal image of a subject, the first image containing both temperature and reflectance data; B) changing the environmental temperature of the scene, C) obtaining a second thermal image of the subject, the second image containing both temperature and reflectance data from the scene with said changed environmental temperature; and D) deriving a third image from the first and second images, that third image being essentially a reflectance image. In one embodiment, the third image is derived by subtracting the data in the first image from the data in the second image, or subtracting the data in the second image from the data in the first image. In another embodiment, either of the first or second images are processed along with the third image to produce a temperature image substantially devoid of reflectance information. A system for performing such techniques is also disclosed.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: a signal generation unit configured to generate a signal value corresponding to charges detected by a radiation detector; an acceleration detection unit configured to detect acceleration applied to the radiation imaging apparatus; a noise measurement unit configured to measure a noise value based on the detected acceleration; a reduction unit configured to reduce the noise value from the signal value; and a radiation irradiation determination unit configured to determine radiation irradiation based on the noise-reduced signal value.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus includes a casing having an opening at a portion other than a radiation receiving surface thereof, a cover member attached to the opening, and a first seal member for effecting sealing between the interior of the radiation imaging apparatus and the opening arranged at the peripheral edge portion of the opening. By attaching the cover member, the hermeticity of the radiation imaging apparatus due to the first seal member is improved.

Abstract: A method for measuring the neutron flux in the core of a nuclear reactor, the method including several steps recurrently performed at instants separated by a period, the method comprising at each given instant the following steps: acquiring a total signal by a cobalt neutron detector placed inside the core of the reactor; assessing a calibration factor representative of the delayed component of the total signal due to the presence of cobalt 60 in the neutron detector; assessing a corrected signal representative of the neutron flux at the detector from the total signal and from the calibration factor; assessing a slope representative of the time-dependent change of the calibration factor between the preceding instant and the given instant; the calibration factor at the given instant being assessed as a function of the calibration factor assessed at the preceding instant, of the slope, and of the time period separating the given instant from the preceding instant.

Abstract: An imaging operation includes a first imaging operation for outputting image data according to irradiation to the detector with radiation or light in an irradiation field A corresponding to a part of the plurality of pixels, and a second imaging operation for outputting image data according to irradiation to the detector 104 with radiation or light in an irradiation field B wider than the irradiation field A, wherein, responsive to a changing from irradiation in the irradiation field A to irradiation in the irradiation field B, an operation of the detector is controlled so that the detector performs an initializing operation for initializing conversion elements during a period between the first and second imaging operations.

Abstract: Described herein are adaptors and other devices for radiation detectors that can be used to make accurate spectral measurements of both small and large bulk sources of radioactivity, such as building structures, soils, vessels, large equipment, and liquid bodies. Some exemplary devices comprise an adaptor for a radiation detector, wherein the adaptor can be configured to collimate radiation passing through the adapter from an external radiation source to the radiation detector and the adaptor can be configured to enclose a radiation source within the adapter to allow the radiation detector to measure radiation emitted from the enclosed radiation source.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging apparatus includes a radiographic-image detecting unit configured to detect radiation and convert the detected radiation to an image signal; a wireless transmission unit configured to wirelessly transmit the image signal to an external device; and a housing configured to cover the radiographic-image detecting unit and the wireless transmission unit, wherein a first side surface of the housing has a first opening for wireless transmission performed by the wireless transmission unit, and a second side surface of the housing adjoining the first side surface has a second opening for wireless transmission by the wireless transmission unit.

Abstract: A sensor head for an X-ray detector is specified. The sensor head includes a first conductor carrier having a frontal face, and a sensor element sensitive to X-ray radiation. The sensor element is arranged on the frontal face of the first conductor carrier, is electrically conductively connected to conductors of the first conductor carrier and has a detection area. Furthermore, the sensor head includes contact elements electrically conductively connected to the sensor element via the first conductor carrier and bonding wires that electrically conductively connect the first conductor carrier to the contact elements. The sensor element is electrically conductively connected to the contact elements. In a plan view of the detection area, the detection area at least partly covers the bonding wires.

Abstract: Described is a radiation dosimeter including multiple sensor devices (including one or more passive integrating electronic radiation sensor, a MEMS accelerometers, a wireless transmitters and, optionally, a GPS, a thermistor, or other chemical, biological or EMF sensors) and a computer program for the simultaneous detection and wireless transmission of ionizing radiation, motion and global position for use in occupational and environmental dosimetry. The described dosimeter utilizes new processes and algorithms to create a self-contained, passive, integrating dosimeter.

Abstract: For ion mobility spectrometry applications, a desired shape of a sensor structure may be created by forming a desired shape from a ceramic material, such as aluminum nitride. In various embodiments, the sensor structure may be formed using discrete individual ceramic sheets and/or from a preformed ceramic tube. Via holes are formed into the sensor structure to provide for efficient circuitry configurations of the IMS drift tube and/or providing electrical connections between the interior and exterior of the drift tube.

Abstract: A novel electron multiplier that regulates in real time the gain of downstream dynodes as the instrument receives input signals is introduced. In particular, the methods, electron multiplier structures, and coupled control circuits of the present invention enable a resultant on the fly control signal to be generated upon receiving a predetermined threshold detection signal so as to enable the voltage regulation of one or more downstream dynodes near the output of the device. Accordingly, such a novel design, as presented herein, prevents the dynodes near the output of the instrument from being exposed to deleterious current pulses that can accelerate the aging process of the dynode structures that are essential to the device.

Abstract: A process by which an ion energy analyzer is manufactured includes processing a first substrate to form an entrance grid having a first channel and a first plurality of openings extending therethrough. A second substrate is processed to form a selection grid having a second channel therein and a second plurality of openings extending therethrough. A third substrate is processed to form an ion collector having a third channel therein. The entrance grid is operably coupled to, and electrically isolated from, the selection grid, which is, in turn, operably coupled to, and electrically isolated from, the ion collector.

Abstract: A radiation detector device is provided that is capable of distinguishing between full charge collection (FCC) events and incomplete charge collection (ICC) events based upon a correlation value comparison algorithm that compares correlation values calculated for individually sensed radiation detection events with a calibrated FCC event correlation function. The calibrated FCC event correlation function serves as a reference curve utilized by a correlation value comparison algorithm to determine whether a sensed radiation detection event fits the profile of the FCC event correlation function within the noise tolerances of the radiation detector device. If the radiation detection event is determined to be an ICC event, then the spectrum for the ICC event is rejected and excluded from inclusion in the radiation detector device spectral analyses. The radiation detector device also can calculate a performance factor to determine the efficacy of distinguishing between FCC and ICC events.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for transmission of register contents of a CT detector with hierarchical hardware structure, wherein the first hierarchy level is formed by a control unit containing a register table for the read-out register contents of FPGAs lying lower down in the hierarchy and an intermediate register store for register contents to be written. With each new reading, the new register contents for FPGAs lying lower down in the hierarchy arriving during the respective preceding reading from the central control at the control unit are forwarded to the next hierarchy level. With each new reading, the register contents of all FPGAs lying lower down in the hierarchy are re-entered into the register table of the control unit. Finally, in the event of a readout command transferred asynchronously from the central control, the register contents are read out exclusively from the register table.

Abstract: A radiation detector module includes a radiation detector, power source and wireless communication elements all housed within a flame-proof enclosure. The enclosure has a portion through which wireless transmissions can pass. The radiation detector module may be suitable for use in a hazardous area containing a potentially explosive gas mixture.

Abstract: A radiation measurement apparatus includes a radiation sensor that generates a detection signal, a first counter unit that counts the number of the detection signal, an oscillator that generates periodic signal with predetermined period, an AND circuit that outputs logical product obtained by performing AND operation between the detection signal and the periodic signal, a second counter unit that counts the number of a signal output from the AND circuit, and a display unit that displays a value counted by the first counter unit when a value counted by the second counter unit is less than predetermined value and a value being different from the value counted by the first counter unit when the value counted by the second counter unit is not less than predetermined value.

Abstract: Provision is made in a method and a device for detecting elementary particles such as for example protons, ions, electrons, neutrons, photons or the like in a detector, wherein a charge pulse is generated in the detector when a particle passes through the detector and every charge pulse is subsequently converted into an electric signal and the signal is indicated and/or recorded in particular after amplification, for individual signals to be amplified in a first, fast amplifier and/or in each case a plurality of signals to be integrated in a second, slow amplifier, as a result of which it becomes possible for individual particles to be detected and in particular at increased signal or count rates for an integration thereof to be provided.

Abstract: The present invention involves the interaction of radiation with functionalized carbon nanotubes that have been incorporated into various host materials, particularly polymeric ones. The present invention is directed to chemistries, methods, and apparatuses which exploit this type of radiation interaction, and to the materials which result from such interactions. The present invention is also directed toward the time dependent behavior of functionalized carbon nanotubes in such composite systems.

Abstract: A mass analyser in which ions form packets that oscillate with a period has an ion detector comprising: a detection arrangement; and compensation circuitry. The detection arrangement may comprise: a plurality of detection electrodes detecting image current signals from ions in the mass analyser; and a preamplifier, providing an output based on the image current signals. The compensation circuitry provides a compensation signal to a respective compensatory part of the detection arrangement, based on one or more of the image current signals. A capacitance between each of the compensatory parts of the detection arrangement and a signal-carrying part of the detection arrangement affects the signal-to-noise ratio of the preamplifier output. A generator may provide a trapping field defining an ion trapping volume and a shielding conductor may be positioned between two detection electrodes, with a controller applying a voltage to the shielding conductor based on a detected image current.

Abstract: Described is a radiation dose calculation algorithm based upon the output of a radiation dosimeter including multiple sensor devices (including one or more passive integrating radiation sensors and optionally, a MEMS accelerometers, a wireless transmitters a GPS, a thermistor, or other chemical, biological or EMF sensors). The algorithm is used to convert the sensor output into dose values used to assess the exposure of personnel to ionizing radiation. Sensor output patterns are matched to stored empirically generated sensor outputs thru weighting and optimization calculation processes to determine personnel doses. Algorithm outputs can include personal dose equivalents, radiation types, radiation energy and radiation source identification. Dose calculations can be optimized for specific applications, and matched to different sets of measured data without changing the underlining software calculation programs.

Abstract: An instrument for assaying radiation includes a radiation sensor and a collimator that covers at least a portion of the radiation sensor. The collimator defines a first field of view to the radiation sensor. An insert in the collimator defines a second field of view to the radiation sensor that is less than the first field of view.

Abstract: In a preamplifier (amplifier) for detecting radiation, an output of the preamplifier is set as an output of the first amplifying circuit, a capacitor is connected in parallel to the first amplifying circuit, and the second amplifying circuit with a positive gain of less than onefold is connected between the output terminal and the input terminal of the first amplifying circuit through a switch. When the switch is closed, the capacitor is discharged and reset. As the gain of the second amplifying circuit is less than onefold, the gain of the preamplifier is less than the loop gain of the first amplifying circuit alone during the reset operation, making it harder for oscillation to occur. Accordingly, the preamplifier can reduce the compensation capacitance compared to a conventional case and can shorten the reset time, while preventing oscillation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation imaging device configuring a radiation imaging system. Specifically disclosed is a radiation imaging device wherein external force action mechanisms are capable of applying external force to the peripheral sections of a radiation conversion panel, or applying the external force while being laminated on the radiation conversion panel, or pressing the radiation conversion panel against the inner wall of a panel containing unit, which contains the radiation conversion panel, at least in imaging when radiation is applied.

Abstract: A radiation-monitoring diagnostic hodoscope system for producing an approximate image of radiation-detecting components within or external to a pressure vessel of an operating, damaged, or shutdown nuclear-power plant.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and systems for an apparatus for the detection of ions that include a housing containing a top portion and a bottom portion, wherein the bottom portion contains a base that extends to an outer edge from which first and second pairs of spaced-apart, opposed sidewalls project upwards from the outer edge to collectively form an interior storage compartment therein. The sidewalls each have an inner and outer sidewall surfaces and each of the second pair of sidewalls interconnect the first pair of sidewalls to define corners and an interior storage compartment and an upper rim is contained on each sidewall for engaging and supporting the top portion. A circuit board is contained within the interior storage compartment, and an antenna for detecting the ions extends from the top portion.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for measuring a property of a gas, such as the amount of liquid in a stream of the gas. The apparatus comprises a source of beta particles (20), a detector (23) capable of detecting beta particles, means (18) to support said source and said detector spaced apart from each other such that gas may enter the space between the source and detector and that the source is positioned to emit beta particles towards said detector; wherein said detector comprises a scintillation material in optical communication with a photodetector (26), and means (24) to physically isolate said photodetector from said gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition having a first response to a first electromagnetic radiation and, after intermediate exposure to a second electromagnetic radiation, a second response to the first electromagnetic radiation, different from the first response. In one aspect, the composition exhibits a regenerated first response to the first electromagnetic radiation after exposure to a third electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A method and system for acquiring spectral information from an energy sensitive nuclear detector is disclosed. The method includes detecting nuclear radiation at a detection device and generating an electronic input pulse indicative of energy deposited in the detection device. The method further includes integrating the electronic input pulse at an integrating device to produce an integrated output signal and digitally sampling the integrated output signal of the integrating device at intervals to produce a stream of digital samples. The method further includes resetting the integrator synchronously with a sampling clock when a limit condition is reached.

Abstract: The application describes an X-ray detector for use in a medical equipment, wherein the detector comprises an unit for transforming X-ray radiation into electrical charge, a first capacitor for being charged by an electrical charge, wherein the first capacitor is electrically connected to the unit for transforming, a second capacitor for being charged by an electrical charge, and a first gain switching gate, wherein the second capacitor is electrically connected with the unit for transforming if the first gain switching gate is in on-state, wherein the detector is adapted to switch on the first gain switching gate for short periods. Further the application describes an X-ray system comprising a detector according to the invention, wherein the system is adapted for gain selection, wherein the detector is adapted to switch on the first gain switching gate for short periods.

Abstract: An embodiment of a digital rate meter is connected to a digital detection unit that measures radiation based on a detector signal output from a radiation detector and transmits, for each transmission period, a transmission signal including a count value. The digital rate meter has a reception section that receives the transmission signal including the count value; a count extraction section that extracts, for each transmission period, the count value and outputs an extraction count value; a pulse generation section that converts, for each transmission period, the extraction count value output into a pulse train of a corresponding pulse number and outputs the obtained pulse train; a rate calculation section that performs rate calculation based on the extraction count value to calculate a dose rate; and a recorder output section that outputs the dose rate.

Abstract: The present invention includes, in various aspects and embodiments, a method and apparatus for guiding a laser guided munition to an offset aim point relative to the laser spot. In one aspect, the laser guided munition comprises a propelled explosive ordnance; an optical sensor; means for indicating an offset from a laser designation; and a flight control system. The flight control system is responsive to an output from the optical sensor to: home on the laser designation during the descent of an arcing trajectory for the propelled explosive ordnance; determine that the propelled explosive ordnance traversed a predetermined point in the descending trajectory; and upon traversing the predetermined point, guide the propelled explosive ordnance to the position defined by the offset indicator. In a second aspect, the laser guided munition is deployed as part of a system that also includes a laser designator.