Abstract: An imaging processing device and an imaging processing method that can solve a problem generated in visible light photographing in a case where DBPF is used instead of an infrared cut filter. An imaging sensor includes a color filter, and DBPH that has a transmission characteristic in a visible-light band, blocking characteristic in a first wavelength band adjacent to a long-wavelength side of the visible-light band, and transmission characteristic in a second wavelength band that is a part of the first wavelength band. A signal processing unit subtracts an infrared signal, which is output from an infrared pixel, from each color signal output from a pixel in each color of visible light in the imaging sensor. Here, in a case where each color signal reaches a pixel saturation level, control of performing correction in such a manner that an infrared signal subtracted from each color signal is lowered is performed.

Abstract: Infrared radiation fire detector, comprising a curved support surface and a plurality of infrared radiation sensors arranged on the support surface. Each sensor comprises a planar array of infrared radiation-sensitive elements, having a respective sight direction and a solid angle of view defined around the sight direction, which define a field of view associated to the sensor. The sight directions of the sensors intersect with one another at a central point and the sensors are spaced apart from one another by a given angular distance referred to the central point, the solid angles of view of the sensors having a same narrow width so that the fields of view of the sensors are non-intersecting with one another.

Abstract: The Hybrid Photonic Plasmonic Interconnect (HyPPI) combines both low loss photonic signal propagation and passive routing with ultra-compact plasmonic devices. These optical interconnects therefore uniquely combine fast operational data-bandwidths (in hundreds of Gbps) for light manipulation with low optical attenuation losses by hybridizing low loss photonics with strong light-matter-interaction plasmonics to create, modulate, switch and detect light efficiently at the same time. Initial implementations were considered for on-chip photonic integration, but also promising for free space or fiber-based systems. In general two technical options exist, which distinguished by the method the electric-optic conversion is executed: the extrinsic modulation method consists of an continuous wave source such as an LED or laser operating at steady power output, and signal encoding is done via an electro-optic modulator downstream of the source in the interconnect.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device tier determining a concentration of a chemical substance dissolved in a liquid, which chemical substance absorbs light (10) of an absorption wavelength, wherein the device comprises: at least one flow-through chamber (2) having at least one inlet opening (4), at least one outlet opening (6), and at least one peripheral wall (24); at least one laser (8) for emitting light (10) of the absorption wavelength; and at least one detector (18) for detecting the emitted light (10); wherein the laser (8) and the detector (18) are arranged in such a way that the light (10) emitted by the laser (8) is conducted through the flow-through chamber (2) along at least two different paths before said light hits the detector (18), and wherein the device has two lasers (8) which emit light of different wavelengths. The invention further relates to a method for producing a flow-through chamber for such a device.

Abstract: Passive detector structures for imaging systems are provided which implement unpowered, passive front-end detector structures with direct-to-digital measurement data output for detecting incident photonic radiation in various portions (e.g., thermal (IR), near IR, UV and visible light) of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Abstract: A device may include a first infrared sensor, a second infrared sensor, a temperature detecting component, and an occupancy detecting component. The first infrared sensor may connect to the temperature detecting component through a first temperature signal path and the occupancy detecting component through a first occupancy signal path. The second infrared sensor may connect to the temperature detecting component through a second temperature signal path and the occupancy detecting component through a second occupancy signal path. The temperature detecting component may determine a temperature measurement by calculating an average of a value received from the first temperature signal path and a value received from the second temperature signal path. The occupancy detecting component may determine an occupancy measurement by calculating a difference of the value received from the first occupancy signal path and the value received from the second occupancy signal path.

Abstract: An Integrated Dewar Detector Assembly (IDDA) is presented. The IDDA comprises: a cold finger base; an elongated Dewar envelope having a proximal end associated with the cold finger base and a distal end comprising an optical window; an elongated tubular cold finger located inside said elongated Dewar envelope and having a proximal end at the cold finger base and a distal end for carrying a detector so as to expose the detector to incoming radiation through said optical window; an internal front support member extending from an inner surface of the Dewar envelope at its distal end to the distal end of the cold finger; and at least one wideband dynamic vibration absorber assembly located outside the Dewar envelope and attached to at least one location on an exterior surface of the Dewar envelope, said dynamic vibration absorber thereby attenuating vibration of the cold finger and the detector.

Abstract: A method for monitoring quality of a water flow in a pipe, by diverting a flow into a laser particle counter to count particles within a particle size interval in the water, to continuously determine the number of particles within the size interval, comparing the count with a reference value and taking a sample of the water from the pipe when the count exceeds a threshold value, and also diverting a flow of water from the pipe into a unit that separates the flow into fractions, and taking a sample of at least one of said fractions when the count exceeds a threshold value, and also sending an alarm signal when the count exceeds a threshold value. When the count exceeds at threshold value, the water is treated with ozone.

Abstract: A compact Dewar for imaging systems having multiple detector elements to support multiple imaging systems.

Abstract: A method that includes: illuminating a wafer with excitation light having a wavelength and intensity sufficient to induce photoluminescence in the wafer; filtering photoluminescence emitted from a portion of the wafer in response to the illumination; directing the filtered photoluminescence onto a detector to image the portion of the wafer on the detector with a spatial resolution of 1 ?m×1 ?m or smaller; and identifying one or more crystallographic defects in the wafer based on the detected filtered photoluminescence.

Abstract: In medical imaging, a fiducial marker facilitates tissue image correlation that allows for image analysis, normalization and correction of the optical exposure and spectral and spatial distribution in order to compensate for the surface reflections, sub surface tissue interactions and spatial orientation of the excitation and imaging axes to the subject tissue. Using a cross comparison, clinicians can model tissue image data in different forms in order to reference and compare data from various spectral components and or from different images. This may enhance human interpretation between images including the variations between images even when the spectral, spatial and optical conditions or the image resolution or sensitivity are compromised. Such may be used to assess cosmetic, moisturizing, therapeutic materials and treatments.

Abstract: Disclosed are optical devices and methods of manufacturing optical devices. An optical device can include a substrate; an optical emitter chip affixed to the front surface of the substrate; and an optical sensor chip affixed to the front surface of the substrate. The optical sensor chip can include a main sensor and a reference sensor. The optical device can include an opaque dam separating the main optical sensor and the reference sensor. The optical device can include a first transparent encapsulation block encapsulating the optical emitter chip and the reference optical sensor and a second transparent encapsulation block encapsulating the main optical sensor. The optical device can include an opaque encapsulation material encapsulating the first transparent encapsulation block and the second transparent encapsulation block with a first opening above the main optical sensor and a second opening above the optical emitter chip.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to a substrate temperature monitoring system in a substrate support assembly. In one embodiment, the substrate support assembly includes a support plate and a substrate temperature monitoring system. The support plate has a top surface configured to support a substrate. The substrate temperature monitoring system is disposed in the substrate support plate. The substrate temperature monitoring system is configured to measure a temperature of the substrate from a bottom surface of the substrate. The substrate temperature monitoring system includes a window, a body, and a temperature sensor. The window is integrally formed in a top surface of the support plate. The body is embedded in the support plate, through the bottom surface. The body defines an interior passage. The temperature sensor is disposed in the interior passage beneath the window. The temperature sensor is configured to measure the temperature of the substrate.

Abstract: A spectral sensor includes a Fabry-Perot interference filter which is provided with an opening to pass light transmitted according to a distance between a first mirror and a second mirror along a facing direction; a light detector which has a light reception unit to receive the light having passed through the opening; a wiring substrate on which the light detector is mounted; and a plurality of spacers which support the filter on the wiring substrate, such that a second space continuous with a first space in the opening and including the first space when viewed from the facing direction is formed between the filter and the wiring substrate. The light detector is disposed in the second space. The light reception unit is disposed in a region corresponding to the first space in the second space, when viewed from the facing direction.

Abstract: In an imaging device, a plurality of first photoelectric conversion units generate a first signal based on first visible light and infrared light. A plurality of second photoelectric conversion units generate a second signal based on only second visible light. An infrared absorption layer absorbs the infrared light and transmits only the second visible light. A plurality of third photoelectric conversion units generate a third signal based on the infrared light. A signal processing circuit generates a fourth signal by correcting the first signal using the third signal. The signal processing circuit generates a visible light image signal on the basis of the second signal and the fourth signal. The signal processing circuit generates an infrared light image signal on the basis of the third signal.

Abstract: An optical cell comprises first and second opposed reflecting elements, an entrance aperture in the first reflecting element and an exit aperture in the second reflecting element, wherein the entrance and exit apertures are configured such that, in operation, light introduced into the cell via the entrance aperture is reflected at least once by the second reflecting element and at least once by the first reflecting element before leaving the cell via the exit aperture.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present invention embodies both the method and apparatus for converting a pattern of irradiation to a visible image. An embodiment of the present invention provides an array of micro-electro-mechanical sensors with each sensor includes a deflectable micro-cantilever, responsive to absorbed incident radiation and to an applied repulsive electrostatic field. Associated circuitry senses a change in an output signal of the sensor as it responds to incident radiation incident upon the cantilever and provides a biasing force to deflect the cantilever and maintain the detector output signal at a desirable level. The biasing element may be a piezoelectric element, a heater or a pair of electrodes and the corresponding biasing stimulus may be stress (expansion), heat, or electrostatic change. The stimulus compensates for the effect of the infrared radiation and maintains the chosen detector output level at the same level.

Abstract: Methods of characterizing ion-exchanged chemically strengthened Li-containing glasses include: a) measuring a mode spectrum of the glass sample; b) using the mode spectrum, estimating a first contribution to the center tension associated with a spike region and estimating a second contribution to the center tension due to a deep region only, wherein the deep region is assumed to follow a power-law stress profile; and c) determining a total center tension by adding of the first and second contributions to the center tension. The methods can be used for quality control during manufacturing of glass samples by comparing the total center tension to a center tension specification that provides optimum strength and durability.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for preventing solar damage, and other heat-related damage, to uncooled microbolometer pixels. In certain examples, at least some of the pixels of an uncooled microbolometer are configured with a bimetallic thermal shorting structure that protects the pixel(s) from excessive heat damage. In other examples a thermochroic membrane that becomes highly reflective at temperatures above a certain threshold is applied over the microbolometer pixels to prevent the pixels from being damaged by excessive heat.

Abstract: An infrared (IR) detector comprises a radio frequency (RF) resonator including a bottom electrode to provide acoustic excitation, a piezoelectric layer connected to the bottom electrode and suspended over a cavity defined within a semiconductor substrate, and a top layer comprising a mid-IR metamaterial and which is connected to the piezoelectric layer of the RF resonator. The top layer and the piezoelectric layer are sized to impedance match with a particular IR wavelength, to minimize reflection and maximize absorption of a particular IR wavelength, and thus make the top layer polarization sensitive to the particular IR wavelength.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatus, and computer program products are provided for identifying assets (e.g., mobile assets and/or personnel assets). A mobile asset is uniquely identified from RFID tags. Additionally, mobile assets and personnel assets are identified from captured image data. After identification, it can be determined whether the asset (e.g., mobile asset and/or personnel asset) is authorized for one or more activities and a corresponding perceivable indication can be generated.

Abstract: Various aspects of this disclosure provide a bolometer including a substrate and a ring resonator structure over the substrate. The bolometer may also include a silicon oxide layer in thermal contact with the ring resonator structure. The bolometer may further include a first waveguide over the substrate and coupled to the ring resonator structure, the first waveguide configured to couple an infrared light to the ring resonator structure so that the infrared light generates a temperature increase in the silicon oxide layer. The bolometer may additionally include a second waveguide over the substrate and coupled to the ring resonator structure, the second waveguide configured to couple a probe light input to the ring resonator structure so that a probe light output is generated from the probe light input, the probe light output having a change in a characteristic from the probe light input based on the temperature increase.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device having a first wall that includes a first opening having a first edge, and a first aperture through the first wall. The first edge may be positioned at least partially within a first plane, the first wall and the first plane may define a first space positioned within the first wall, and the first aperture may have a second edge with at least a portion of the second edge positioned outside of the first plane. The device may be utilized to shield one or more sensors from radiation, to insure measurements made by the one or more sensors more accurately represent the actual environmental conditions.

Abstract: An optical device includes a carrier including a light transmitting layer and a light shielding layer disposed on the light transmitting layer. The optical device further includes a light emitter disposed on the carrier and a light detector disposed on the carrier. The optical device further includes a light transmitting encapsulant encapsulating the light emitter and the light detector, and a light shielding wall disposed in the light transmitting encapsulant and in contact with the light transmitting encapsulant and the light shielding layer.

Abstract: An optical sensor device which measures in a spatially resolving manner is disclosed. In order to devise such a sensor device with which a contacting measurement of the article to be measured can be carried out and which can be mass-produced, the sensor device is designed such that a transfer of the calibration onto individual sensor devices is possible with high accuracy. According to certain embodiments of the design of the sensor device and of the evaluation methods, interferences with the measurement of the amount of the target substance are minimized.

Abstract: An inexpensive thermopile temperature detector is particularly adapted to monitoring of electrical equipment, such as a power bus bar, within an enclosed area such as a cabinet. The detector may have a plastic housing, a thermopile sensor and a plastic Fresnel lens. Each sensor also includes a calibrated element such that, but for calibration, the same sensor may be used for various applications for different target sizes and distance or, more generally, with respect to effective target percentage of field of view.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for detecting presence and motion by an electronic device are disclosed. In an example device, the device includes a housing defining an opening, an infrared (“IR”) sensor located within the housing and generating an indication signal when the IR sensor detects an IR signal. The example device may further include a mirror disposed within the housing and having an unobstructed path and line of sight to outside of the electronic device via the opening and oriented to direct the first IR signal towards the IR sensor.

Abstract: An electronic device includes an outer case, a circuit substrate, a thermopile sensor chip, a filter structure, and a waterproof structure. The outer case has an opening. The circuit substrate is disposed inside the outer case. The thermopile sensor chip is disposed on the circuit substrate. The filter structure is disposed above the thermopile sensor chip. The waterproof structure is surroundingly connected between the filter structure and the outer case for sealing up the opening of the outer case, wherein the waterproof structure has a through hole for exposing the filter structure and communicated with the opening of the outer case.

Abstract: Determining ambient noise in a device under test electromagnetic compatibility test environment is presented herein. A method can include determining, by a system comprising a processor via a radio frequency input port of the system, an ambient electromagnetic noise corresponding to the system; and in response to determining, by the system via the radio frequency input port, a radio frequency signature of a device under test, subtracting, by the system, the ambient electromagnetic noise from the radio frequency signature to obtain a normalized value representing an electromagnetic emission of the device under test. In an example, an antenna/coaxial cable has been connected to the radio frequency input port, the ambient electromagnetic noise can be determined using the antenna/coaxial cable, and a radiated/conducted electromagnetic characteristic of the device under test representing the radio frequency signature of the device under test can be determined using the antenna/coaxial cable.

Abstract: Various techniques are provided for an infrared sensor assembly having a hybrid infrared sensor array. In one example, such a hybrid infrared sensor array may include a plurality of microbolometers and a non-bolometric infrared sensor. The non-bolometric infrared sensor may be a thermopile or other type of infrared sensor different from a bolometer-based sensor. The non-bolometric infrared sensor may be utilized to provide a more accurate and stable temperature reading of an object or area of a scene captured by the array. In some embodiments, the non-bolometric infrared sensor may also be utilized to perform a shutter-less radiometric calibration of the microbolometers of the array. An infrared sensor assembly may include, for example, the hybrid infrared sensor array, as well as a substrate including bond pads and/or appropriate circuits to obtain and/or transmit output signals from the non-bolometric infrared sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for an optical in-situ gas analysis includes a housing; a measuring lance whose one first end is connected to the housing and whose other second end projects into the gas to be measured; a light transmitter that is arranged in the housing and whose light is conducted into the measuring lance and is reflected by a reflector arranged at the second end onto a light receiver, and the optical path defines an optical measurement path within the measuring lance; a gas-permeable filter that is held in the measuring lance and in whose interior the measurement path is located: and an evaluation device for evaluating received light signals of the light receiver. It is proposed to be able to reduce the consumption of test gas that the measuring lance has coaxially arranged inner and outer pipes and the outer pipe has openings for the gas to be measured.

Abstract: An IC for heating includes a semiconductor substrate on which a diffusion layer is formed; a first pad and a first via that apply a power voltage to the diffusion layer; and a second pad and a second via that apply a ground voltage to the diffusion layer. The vias overlap with an area on which the diffusion layer is formed in a plan view, the first pad overlaps with the first via in a plan view, and the second pad overlaps with the second via in a plan view. The current flowing through the first pad and the first via, the second pad and the second via, and the diffusion layer flows between an upper surface of the first pad and a lower surface of the first via, and a lower surface of the second via and an upper surface of the second pad.

Abstract: Various technologies for measurement of properties of a particulate suspended in a gas phase via laser-induced incandescence (LII) are described herein. A beam of light can be emitted into a multi-pass optical cell using a laser. The multi-pass optical cell comprises a system of one or more mirrors that repeatedly reflects the beam through a measurement region, stimulating incandescence of particulates present in the measurement region. An LII detection system having a field of view that encompasses the measurement region then receives blackbody or quasi-blackbody radiation emitted by the incandescing particles and outputs data indicative of one or more properties of the particulates in the measurement region.

Abstract: Resonant-cavity infrared photodetector (RCID) devices that include a thin absorber layer contained entirely within the resonant cavity. In some embodiments, the absorber region is a single type-II InAs—GaSb interface situated between an n-type region comprising an AlSb/InAs n-type superlattice and a p-type AlSb/GaSb region. In other embodiments, the absorber region comprises one or more quantum wells formed on an upper surface of the n-type region. In other embodiments, the absorber region comprises a “W”-structured quantum well situated between two barrier layers, the “W”-structured quantum well comprising a hole quantum well sandwiched between two electron quantum wells. In other embodiments, an RCID in accordance with the present invention includes a thin absorber region and an nBn or pBp active core within a resonant cavity.

Abstract: A Ge-on-Si photodetector constructed without doping or contacting Germanium by metal is described. Despite the simplified fabrication process, the device has responsivity of 1.24 A/W, corresponding to 99.2% quantum efficiency. Dark current is 40 nA at ?4 V reverse bias. 3-dB bandwidth is 30 GHz.

Abstract: A measurement device is disclosed, having a receiver/transmitter with extended instantaneous dynamic range. The receiver/transmitter includes at least one input port, which is configured to receive signals; a primary receiver/transmitter coupled to the input/output port via a primary path; and a plurality of auxiliary receivers/transmitters. The plurality of auxiliary receivers/transmitters are coupled to the input/output port via secondary paths. The attenuation of each of the secondary paths is higher than the attenuation of the primary path.

Abstract: An infrared focal plane readout integrated circuit that includes a unit bias circuit, an integrating circuit, and an on-chip analog-to-digital conversion circuit, where the integrating circuit includes a first switch tube, a second switch tube, and an integrating capacitor; an output end of the unit bias circuit is connected to an input end of the first switch tube; an input end of the second switch tube is connected to a set terminal; both an output end of the first switch tube and an output end of the second switch tube are connected to one end of an integrating capacitor and an input end of the on-chip analog-to-digital conversion circuit; the other end of the integrating capacitor is grounded; and the on-chip analog-to-digital conversion circuit includes a first inverter, a second inverter, a third inverter, an exclusive-OR gate, a built-in sequence counter, and a register.

Abstract: The techniques herein improve the performance of Trickle-based asynchronous broadcasts in a channel-hopping network, such as a low-power and lossy network (LLN). In particular, a plurality of channels in a channel-hopping network on which a plurality of nodes communicate is determined, and an asynchronous broadcast message is identified to transmit from a particular node. Additionally, a plurality of time-based events is determined, and in response to each time-based event, the asynchronous broadcast message is transmitted on a single selected channel of the plurality of channels per time-based event.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, ambient backscatter transceivers, and methods for modulating a backscatter of an ambient RF signal are described. An example system may include an ambient backscatter transceiver comprising an antenna that is configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal. The ambient backscatter transceiver is configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal to retrieve first data. The backscattered ambient RF signal is generated by backscattering an ambient RF signal at a first frequency. The ambient RF signal is encoded with modulated to provide second data at a second frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a base, a body coupled to the base and having slopped sidewalls, and imprinted glass marbles carried by the body. Each imprinted glass marble is configured to transmit terahertz frequencies from 300 GHz to 3 THz. The slopped sidewalls direct the transmitted terahertz frequencies above the body.

Abstract: An augmented reality surgical system includes a head mounted display (HMD) with a see-through display screen, a motion sensor, a camera, and computer equipment. The motion sensor outputs a head motion signal indicating measured movement of the HMD. The computer equipment computes the relative location and orientation of reference markers connected to the HMD and to the patient based on processing a video signal from the camera. The computer equipment generates a three dimensional anatomical model using patient data created by medical imaging equipment, and rotates and scales at least a portion of the three dimensional anatomical model based on the relative location and orientation of the reference markers, and further rotate at least a portion of the three dimensional anatomical model based on the head motion signal to track measured movement of the HMD. The rotated and scaled three dimensional anatomical model is displayed on the display screen.

Abstract: MIR spectroscopy systems comprising hierarchical spectral dispersion that enables fine spectral resolution and high sensitivity spectroscopy are disclosed. Hierarchical spectral dispersion is derived by employing at least two diffractive lens arrays, located on either side of a test sample, each receiving input radiation having an input spectral range and distributing the input radiation into a plurality of output signals, each having a fraction of the spectral range of the input radiation. As a result, the signal multiplication factor of the two arrays is multiplied in a manner that mitigates the propagation of wavelength harmonics through the system. In some embodiments, an emitter array comprising a plurality of spectrally selective emitters provides the input MIR radiation to a spectroscopy system. In some embodiments, spectrally selective detectors are used to detect narrow spectral components in the radiation after they have passed through the test sample.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and apparatuses for rapidly detecting a cellular interaction, such as ligand:receptor interactions. For example, the disclosed methods and systems can be used to detect a cellular interaction within 15 minutes to 75 minutes. This allows cells to be used as biosensors to detect cell activating agents in a sample.

Abstract: A system and method for prognostic health monitoring of thermal barrier coatings is provided. The system may comprise monitoring a thermal barrier coated gas turbine engine component, and measuring the infrared radiation emitting from the component. The measured thermal radiation data may be analyzed and compared to known material thermal radiation data in order to determine the health of the thermal barrier coating. The compiled comparison results may be compared against a historical statistical study to then determine the overall health of the thermal barrier coating. The system may comprise generating a health monitoring alert in response to the health of the thermal barrier coating indicating an imminent failure.

Abstract: An image sensor including a semiconductor layer. A light absorber layer couples with the semiconductor layer at a pixel of the image sensor and absorbs incident light to substantially prevent the incident light from entering the semiconductor layer. The light absorber layer heats a depletion region of the semiconductor layer in response to absorbing the incident light, creating electron/hole pairs. The light absorber layer may include one or more narrow bandgap materials.

Abstract: An electronic device and methods of manufacture thereof. One or more methods may include providing a lid wafer having a cavity and a surface surrounding the cavity and a device wafer having a detector device and a reference device. In certain examples, a solder barrier layer of titanium material may be deposited onto the surface of the lid wafer. The solder barrier layer of titanium material may further be activated to function as a getter. In various examples, the lid wafer and the device wafer may be bonded together using solder, and the solder barrier layer of titanium material may prevent the solder from contacting the surface of the lid wafer.

Abstract: A light sensing device includes a substrate, a semiconductor device layer, a metal and insulation material stacked structure, and a light absorption layer. The substrate has a recessed portion. The semiconductor device layer is located on the substrate. The metal and insulation material stacked structure is located on the semiconductor device layer and includes a first interconnect structure, a second interconnect structure surrounding the first interconnect structure, and a device conductive line. The light absorption layer is located on the metal and insulation material stacked structure. The first interconnect structure is located between the light absorption layer and the semiconductor device layer, such that the light absorption layer and the semiconductor device layer located at different levels can be connected to each other and exchange heat.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first transmitting portion, N light-emitting portions, and a light-receiving portion. The first transmitting portion is disposed in the first substrate. The N light-emitting portions are disposed in the first substrate, and the N is an integer of 2 or more. The light-receiving portion is configured to receive light passing through the first transmitting portion and is disposed in the second substrate.

Abstract: A method for illumination and detection in RESOLFT microscopy using a pulsed or continuous light source for excitation light and switching light is characterized in that the excitation light (4) is irradiated in pulses and in that the pulse of the excitation light (4) is longer than 150 picoseconds, preferably up to a few hundred picoseconds, and even up to a few nanoseconds. A corresponding apparatus uses the method according to the present invention.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments relate to a glazing assembly including a first glass substrate. A radiation shield covering, directly or indirectly, at least a part of a peripheral edge area of the first glass substrate. A dual junction solid-state heat flux sensor includes a first junction oriented in the assembly at a first location at which radiation from a radiation source is receivable through the first glass substrate; a second junction oriented in the assembly at a second location that is blocked from the radiation source by the radiation shield; and circuitry configured to generate a signal based on a differential between transduced voltages respectively generated at the first and second junctions. A control module may be configured to receive the signal and selectively generate an action responsive thereto.