Abstract: An occupancy sensing electronic thermostat is described that includes a thermostat body, an electronic display that is viewable by a user in front of the thermostat, a passive infrared sensor for measuring infrared energy and an infrared energy directing element formed integrally with a front surface of the thermostat body. The passive infrared sensor may be positioned behind the infrared energy directing element such that infrared energy is directed thereonto by the infrared energy directing element. The thermostat may also include a temperature sensor and a microprocessor programmed to detect occupancy based on measurements from the passive infrared sensor.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting a device, such as a cell phone, by transmitting signals in various formats and detecting a response from the device. In general, different devices respond to different signal formats. Upon detecting the device, an alert can be generated.

Abstract: An infrared sensor allows for a large temperature difference between a temperature sensor for the detection of infrared rays and a temperature sensor for temperature compensation; a reduction in size; and a low manufacturing cost. The infrared sensor comprises: an electrical insulating film sheet; first temperature sensor and second temperature sensor which are provided on one side of the electrical insulating film sheet, and are located at a distance from each other; first foil conductor patterns formed on one side face of the electrical insulating film sheet, and are connected to the first temperature sensor; second foil conductor patterns formed on the one side of the electrical insulating film sheet, and are connected to the second temperature sensor; and an infrared reflector film provided on the other side of the electrical insulating film sheet, and is opposite the second temperature sensor across the electrical insulating film sheet.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes determining environmental conditions associated with operation of a chip having multiple device types, accessing a table stored in the chip based on the determined environmental conditions, and dynamically operating the chip at a bias point accessed from the table based on the determined environmental conditions.

Abstract: An inexpensive thermopile temperature detector is particularly adapted to monitoring of electrical equipment, such as a power bus bar, within an enclosed area such as a cabinet. The detector may have a plastic housing, a thermopile sensor and a plastic Fresnel lens. Each sensor also includes a calibrated element such that, but for calibration, the same sensor may be used for various applications for different target sizes and distance or, more generally, with respect to effective target percentage of field of view.

Abstract: A dual-switching sensing device includes two sensor modules and a dual-function switching circuit with an operational amplifier and two integrator modules. Each of the integrator modules includes a transistor, an integrator capacitor and a switching unit. Through control of the switching unit, each of the integrator modules may operate in different modes, so that the dual-switching sensing device may be used to sense different targets.

Abstract: A photo detector is disclosed. The photo detector comprises a substrate, a flat metal layer, a dielectric layer, a patterned metal layer, and a semiconductor film. The flat metal layer is formed on the substrate. The dielectric layer is formed on the flat metal layer. The patterned metal layer is formed on the dielectric layer. The patterned metal layer comprises a first interdigitated electrode and a second interdigitated electrode. The first interdigitated electrode is adjacent to the second interdigitated electrode. The semiconductor film is formed on the dielectric layer and covering the first interdigitated electrode and the second interdigitated electrode. When the semiconductor film receives an incident light, the flat metal layer and the patterned metal layer are operated in a localized surface plasmon mode or a waveguide mode for absorbing a certain narrow bandwidth radiation light of the incident light.

Abstract: A collector mirror of an extreme ultraviolet light source is cleaned by removing the collector mirror from a chamber of the extreme ultraviolet light source; mounting the collector mirror to a carrier; inserting the carrier with the collector mirror into a cleaning tank; applying a cleaning agent to a reflective surface of the collector mirror by spraying the cleaning agent through a plurality of nozzles directed toward the collector mirror reflective surface until the collector mirror reflective surface is clean; rinsing the applied cleaning agent from the collector mirror reflective surface; and drying the collector mirror reflective surface.

Abstract: An infrared (IR) sensor package includes a heat sink defining a first interior space and a radiation trap adjacent the first interior space. An IR sensor having a radiation-sensitive region which detects IR radiation is arranged within the first interior space of the heat sink. A first optical element and a second optical element are arranged at respective ends of the radiation trap. The radiation trap is configured to allow for the passage of a first portion of IR radiation incident the second optical element, through the first optical element, and into communication with the IR sensor element, and to absorb a second portion of IR radiation incident the second optical element.

Abstract: An optical sensor arrangement includes two sensors arranged one behind the other. The operational spectral ranges of the sensors match, and the first sensor forms an attenuation filter for the second sensor, which is arranged behind the first sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for improving the performance of systems for generating and detecting electromagnetic radiation at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Embodiments of the systems and methods include the fabrication and use of coupling tapers to provide efficient transfer of THz radiation between a photomixer and a waveguide that supports a propagating THz mode. A representative system comprises of a photomixer to convert high-frequency components of an optical pump signal into corresponding electrical THz frequencies, a waveguide that supports a propagating THz mode, and a matching taper that effectively converts the highly localized currents generated by the photomixer to the mode supported by the waveguide.

Abstract: Means are provided for the support of the automated process of supplying beverages. More particularly, the detection of the presence and the contents of exchangeable supply packs in beverage dispensing machines is automated. A pack-in-place detection is provided by emitting light and measuring the presence of the emitted light on one light detector, the system determines the absence or the correct/incorrect placement of the supply pack. A product availability detection is provided by detecting the intensity of light coming through a transparent element in the supply pack by another light detector, the system identifies the degree of product presence in the supply pack.

Abstract: A microbolometer is disclosed, including a bottom multilayered dielectric, having a first silicon oxynitride layer and a second silicon oxynitride layer disposed above the first silicon oxynitride layer, the first and second silicon oxynitride layers having different refractive indices. The microbolometer further includes a detector layer disposed above the bottom multilayered dielectric, the detector layer comprised of a temperature sensitive resistive material, and a top dielectric disposed above the detector layer.

Abstract: Hoteling systems for open work areas are provided that may be used track occupancy of work spaces within the work area. These systems include a plurality of infrared sensor arrays that are mounted above the work area. Each infrared sensor array includes a two-dimensional array of infrared emission sensors. The field of view patterns of at least some of the infrared emission sensors project into the work spaces. These systems further include a controller that is remote from at least some of the infrared sensor arrays. The controller is configured to determine an occupancy state of each of the work spaces based at least in part on information received from the infrared sensor arrays.

Abstract: In one embodiment, A MEMS sensor assembly includes a substrate, a first sensor supported by the substrate and including a first absorber spaced apart from the substrate, and a second sensor supported by the substrate and including (i) a second absorber spaced apart from the substrate, and (ii) at least one thermal shorting portion integrally formed with the second absorber and extending downwardly from the second absorber to the substrate thereby thermally shorting the second absorber to the substrate.

Abstract: A device and method for inspecting the deposition of hot melt onto an object to be assembled. A comparison is made between sensed images of the object after application of the hot melt and a predetermined standard to determine if the construction integrity of the object made with the hot melt is within the range established by the standard. Composite images from a sensor operating in the infrared band and another sensor reveal physical features of the object, as well as provide registration information about the placement of the hot melt on the assembled object. Composite images also present a way to visually ascertain ongoing or past production operations in order to trace problems with the raw material used for the object, as well as for the construction process of the object with the hot melt.

Abstract: According to the invention, a PIR sensor system (100) comprises a first PIR sensor (1) associated with a first sensing region (11) and a second PIR sensor (2) associated with a second sensing region (12). The first and second sensing regions partially overlap and are divided into detection cells (46a-46f) and (45a-45d). Each detection cell is represented by predetermined characteristics of first and second output signals, which signals are based on input signals from first and second sensing elements (4-7) of each PIR sensor. Thereby different detection cells are encoded by a certain combination of signal characteristics (amplitude and sign) of the first and second output signals. Further, the PIR sensor system comprises a processing unit (15) configured to associate the characteristics of the first and second output signals with one of the detection cells for determining in which of the detection cells a heat source is positioned.

Abstract: A monolithic focal plane array (FPA) of an imaging system includes an array of multiple pixel unit cells disposed on a substrate. Each pixel unit cell includes: a first array of THz antennae disposed on a top layer of the substrate, and a second array of context imaging pixels disposed on the top layer of the substrate. The first and second arrays are interleaved on the top layer of the substrate. In addition, each THz antenna in the first array is shaped either in a bow-tie, circular or tuned waveguide configuration, and each context imaging pixel in the second array is shaped in a circular, or rectangular configuration.

Abstract: A sensor and associated methods wherein a bolt or rod stem includes a flow path through and across the stem. A source of radiation within the stem is configured to direct radiation through the flow path and a detector subsystem in the stem is configured to detect radiation passing through the flow path. A head includes electrical conductors for the radiation source and detector subsystem resulting in a compact, inexpensive sensor.

Abstract: A material property measuring apparatus includes a radiation source irradiator configured to irradiate a measurement target material with radiation beams having n different wavelengths, a detector configured to detect intensities of radiation beams having the respective wavelengths after the irradiation of the measurement target material, and a processing unit configured to correct the detected intensity of the radiation beam having at least a part of the respective wavelengths using a correction coefficient in which rows and columns are respectively represented by a matrix of an order of n or less, and to calculate an index value indicating a property of the measurement target material on the basis of relative intensities of the radiation beams having the respective wavelengths after the correction.

Abstract: A detection system includes a chassis, at least three sensors housed in the chassis, and first, second, and third lenses that are coupled to the chassis. The first lens is configured such that radiation from outside the chassis that originates from a direction that is perpendicular to the first lens is received by a first sensor over a first horizontal coverage angle of at least 120 degrees. The second lens is configured such that radiation from outside the chassis that originates from a direction that is perpendicular to the second lens is received by a second sensor over a second horizontal coverage angle of at least 120 degrees. The third lens is configured such that radiation from outside the chassis that originates from a direction that is perpendicular to the third lens is received by a third sensor over a third horizontal coverage angle of at least 120 degrees.

Abstract: A system for providing an improved image of daytime and nighttime scene for a viewer within a vehicle is provided herein. The system includes: a pixel array sensor having a fully masked gate-off capability at a single pixel level, wherein the pixel array sensor is provided with an inherent anti-blooming capability at the single pixel level; wherein each pixel is gated by a corresponding transfer gate transistor having high transfer gate efficiency. The system further includes a gating unit configured to control the transfer gate transistors with pulsed or continuous wave modulated active and passive light sources, to yield a synchronized sensing signal from the sensor, wherein a single pulse is sufficient to cover the entire field of view of the sensor and the entire depth of field of the illuminated scene; and a processing unit configured to receive the synchronized sensing signal and process it.

Abstract: An electronic device may be provided with proximity sensor capabilities for monitoring for the presence of nearby external objects. The electronic device may make temperature measurements such as measurements involving the monitoring of nearby objects for emitted blackbody light indicative of whether or not the external object is a heat-emitting object such as a human body part. The same sensor that is used in gathering temperature readings may be used in gathering proximity sensor data or separate temperature sensor and proximity sensor detector structures may be used. Motion sensor capabilities may be provided using sensor structures having an array of heat sensing elements. Signals from the array of heat sensing elements may be used in making temperature measurements and in gathering proximity sensor readings. Sensor structures may operate at wavelengths longer than 3 microns such as wavelengths from 3-5 microns or 10-15 microns.

Abstract: An electronic device for detecting presence and motion includes a housing, a first infrared (“IR”) sensor, and a second IR sensor. The housing includes a first corner having a first plurality of openings formed thereon, and a second corner having a second plurality of openings formed thereon. The first IR sensor is disposed proximate to the first corner and has an unobstructed path and line of sight to outside of the electronic device via the first plurality of openings. The second IR sensor is disposed proximate to the second corner and has an unobstructed path and line of sight to outside of the electronic device via the second plurality of openings. The openings of the first plurality of openings are oriented toward the first IR sensor in different directions. The openings of the second plurality of openings are oriented toward the second IR sensor in different directions.

Abstract: An electronic device for detecting presence includes a housing and an infrared (“IR”) sensor. The housing includes an outer surface having an opening formed thereon. The IR sensor is disposed in the housing and adjacent to the opening. The IR sensor has an unobstructed path and line of sight through the opening to outside of the housing. The IR sensor is configured to receive heat emitted by a person from outside of the housing via the opening and to generate a signal in response thereto.

Abstract: An information obtaining apparatus includes a splitting unit, a terahertz wave generation unit, a terahertz wave detection unit, a fiber, a changing unit that changes an optical path length difference between optical path lengths of pump light and probe light by changing an optical path length of the fiber, a waveform construction unit, and an obtaining unit that obtains information related to the optical path length of the fiber. The obtaining unit includes a splitting unit that splits the pump or probe light before propagating through the fiber into first light and second light, a formation unit that forms interfering light, and an optical detection unit that detects an intensity of the interfering light. The waveform construction unit constructs a terahertz wave time waveform by extracting a detection result of the terahertz wave detection unit based on a detection result of the optical detection unit.

Abstract: An infrared sensor device includes a plurality of infrared sensors that is provided in a plurality of divided areas in which an infrared-receiving area is radially divided in one plane; a detector that detects presence or absence of movement of an object in the infrared-receiving area for each of the divided areas based on an output of the infrared sensor; and a determiner that determines whether the object is in a detection area in a predetermined distance range from the infrared sensor, based on an arrangement pattern of the divided areas in which the movement of the object is detected, in an alignment of the divided areas in the infrared-receiving areas.

Abstract: Thermo-optical array devices and methods of processing thermo-optical array devices are disclosed. One method of processing thermo-optical array devices includes forming an (001) oriented titanium dioxide material on a bolometer material, and forming a vanadium dioxide material on the (001) oriented titanium dioxide material. One thermo-optical array device includes a bolometer material, a titanium dioxide material on the bolometer material, and a vanadium dioxide material on the titanium dioxide material, wherein the vanadium dioxide material has an optical transition temperature of less than 67 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A signal detecting circuit of an infrared sensor includes: a cell array in which bolometers sensing infrared rays and outputting signal currents are arranged in an N×M format; a level generator that outputs a plurality of bias voltages corresponding to a plurality of bias levels; N resistor non-uniformity correcting circuits that are located in a column direction of the cell array and supply different bias voltages to each of the bolometers; M resistor non-uniformity correcting circuits that are located in a row direction of the cell array and supply different bias voltages to each of the bolometers; a control unit that sets a bias voltage level of each resistor non-uniformity correcting circuit to correct the resistor non-uniformity of the cell array; and N integrators that integrate the signal currents output from the cell array.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a millimeter wave holographic scan imaging apparatus for inspecting a human body. The apparatus includes a first millimeter wave transceiver device (40) comprising a first millimeter wave transceiver antenna array (41) for transmitting and receiving a first millimeter wave signal; a second millimeter wave transceiver device (40?), which comprises a second millimeter wave transceiver antenna array (41?) for transmitting and receiving a second millimeter wave signal, and is configured in opposite direction with relation to the first millimeter wave transceiver device; a connection member (26, 27) for connecting the first millimeter wave transceiver device (40) to the second millimeter wave transceiver device (40?); and a drive device (50), which drives one of the first and the second millimeter wave transceiver devices such that the first millimeter wave transceiver device (40) and the second millimeter wave transceiver device (40?) move in opposite directions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for slaving the activation of a set of infrared emitters of a sensor of venous networks to the presence of a living body between this set and an image acquisition means of the sensor. The method is characterized in that each infrared emitter (E) is activated if the presence of a part of the living body (CV) is detected by at least one presence detector (DP) which is associated therewith and each infrared emitter (E) is deactivated as long as the presence of a part of the living body (CV) is not detected.

Abstract: A multiple field-of-view telescope and optical sensor system and imaging methods using the system. In one example, an optical sensor system includes a primary imaging detector having a first field of view, a telescope configured to receive and focus electromagnetic radiation onto the primary imaging detector along a primary optical axis, a secondary detector having a second field of view different from the first field of view, and relay optics configured to direct and focus a portion of the electromagnetic radiation onto the secondary detector. In certain examples, the system further includes a fold mirror positioned to reflect the portion of the electromagnetic radiation to the relay optics.

Abstract: The light receiving device of the present invention includes a circuit pattern including first and second light receiving parts and first and second output terminals, each of the first and second light receiving parts having a semiconductor layered part forming a photodiode structure having first and second conductivity type semiconductor layers, and first and second electrodes respectively connected to the first conductivity type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity type semiconductor layer, wherein the first electrodes of the first and second light receiving parts are connected to each other, the second electrode of the first light receiving part is connected to the first output terminal, the second electrode of the second light receiving part is connected to the second output terminal, and a difference between signals generated in the first and second light receiving parts are output between the first and second output terminals.

Abstract: A system simultaneously tracks multiple objects. All or a subset of the objects includes a wireless receiver and a transmitter for providing an output. The system includes one or more wireless transmitters that send commands to the wireless receivers of the multiple objects instructing different subsets of the multiple objects to output (via their respective transmitter) at different times. The system also includes object sensors that receive output from the transmitters of the multiple objects and a computer system in communication with the object sensors. The computer system calculates locations of the multiple objects based on the sensed output from the multiple objects.

Abstract: An active heterodyne detection system comprises a continuously tuneable laser source (1) emitting infra-red radiation, means (8) to split the infra-red radiation into a first part and a second part, means (4) to provide a frequency shift between the first part and the second part, means (8, 9) to direct the first part of the infra-red radiation to a target (2), means (4) to provide the second part of the infra-red radiation as a local oscillator, means (8, 9) to collect a scattered component of the first part of the infra-red light from the target (2), and means (5) to mix the scattered component and the local oscillator and route them to a detector (3) for heterodyne detection over a continuous spectral range. A method of active heterodyne detection over a continuous spectral range is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus including a detector comprising a microbolometer, and a power converter operably connected to the detector and a power source. Also a method of operating a detector in a hazardous environment, the method including the steps of providing a detector comprising a microbolometer, a power source, and a power converter operably connected to the detector and the power source; supplying power from the power source to an input of the power converter; converting the power using the power converter to produce an output power; and supplying the output power to the detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method of retrofitting an existing single-beam infrared scanner assembly for detecting the temperature of an object. The method may include removing optics and optoelectronic components contained within an existing housing of the single-beam infrared scanner assembly. The optics and optoelectronic components of the single-beam infrared scanner assembly may be replaced with optics and optoelectronic components for a multi-beam infrared scanner assembly. The replacement optics and optoelectronic components for the multi-beam infrared scanner assembly may be installed in the existing housing of the single-beam infrared scanner assembly.

Abstract: An illumination device with an integrated thermal imaging sensor and method for using the same are disclosed. The device includes a solid state illumination source, and a thermal imager comprising a multi-pixel heat sensing device. A controller is configured to control the thermal imager, and a power source is configured to supply power to the illumination source, the thermal imager, and the controller.

Abstract: An ultraviolet radiation sensor includes an ultraviolet pass filter. A first photodiode senses light passing through the ultraviolet pass filter and provides an indication of ultraviolet light. A second photodiode provides an indication of infrared radiation. A correction circuit corrects the indication of ultraviolet light sensed by the first photodiode using the indication of infrared to account for infrared radiation that passes through the ultraviolet pass filter. Additional photodiodes may be used to correct for leakage current in the first and second photodiodes and stray infrared radiation that may affect the output of the first and second photodiodes.

Abstract: A low-power 4×4-pixel THz camera with responsivity greater than 2.5 MV/W and sub-10 pW/?Hz NEP at 0.25 THz is integrated in 130 nm silicon without using either high-resistivity substrates or silicon lenses. Imaging results with a fully integrated radiating CMOS power source demonstrate the first entirely silicon-based THz imager.

Abstract: A terahertz wave detecting device includes: a substrate; and a plurality of detection elements that is arranged above the substrate, wherein the detection element includes an absorbing section that absorbs a terahertz wave to generate heat, and a converting section that converts the heat generated in the absorbing section into an electric signal, wherein the absorbing section includes a dielectric layer, a first metal layer that is provided on a surface of the dielectric layer, and a second metal layer that is provided on the other surface of the dielectric layer, and wherein the plurality of detection elements is arranged so that the terahertz wave that is diffracted between the adjacent absorbing sections is incident onto the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A digitally scanned multi-cell EO sensor comprises a low-resolution multi-cell imaging detector. An array of optical focusing elements decomposes the sensor's FOV into at least four sub-fields. A sub-field directing array and focusing optic direct the optical radiation onto the imaging detector. In a first tilt mode, the optical radiation from the sub-fields is directed into at least four spatially separated sub-regions that each map to a different detector cell. A high-resolution spatial light modulator (SLM) digitally scans the FOV to select different portions of the FOV to map onto the different detector cells to time demultiplex spatially overlapping portions of the FOV onto each detector cell to stitch together a sub-image of a selected area of the FOV up to the native resolution of the SLM.

Abstract: A pixel circuit may include a detection circuit having first and second transistors coupled in series between differential output nodes of an antenna. The antenna may be configured to be sensitive to terahertz radiation. The pixel circuit may also include a capacitor coupled to an intermediate node between the first and second transistors, and control circuitry coupled to control nodes of the first and second transistors. The control circuitry may be configured for selectively applying to the control nodes a gate biasing voltage for biasing the control nodes of the first and second transistors during a detection phase of the pixel circuit, and/or a reset voltage for resetting a voltage stored by the capacitor.

Abstract: A patient support apparatus includes a monitoring system having a first detector and a controller. The first detector detects electromagnetic radiation from a first field of view of the first detector and providing a signal indicative of characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation. The controller includes a processor coupled to the first detector and a memory device including instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to processes the signal from the first detector, translate the signal into an array of data, and evaluate the data in the array to determine characteristics of a patient positioned in the first field of view.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave spectrum analyzer includes a plurality of resonance structures each having a different resonance frequency, a plurality of thermal legs configured to support the plurality of resonance structures, a substrate including circuit elements configured to detect resistance changes in the plurality of thermal legs, and a signal processing unit configured to analyze a spectrum of incident electromagnetic waves from the resistance changes. The plurality of thermal legs are formed of a thermistor material of which an electrical resistance is changed due to thermal energy of electromagnetic waves absorbed by the plurality of resonance structures.

Abstract: An imaging device has a pixel array that includes one or more depth pixels. The imaging device also includes a controller that can cause one or more of the depth pixels to image a depth of an object in a ranging mode. The controller can further cause the depth pixel(s) to image in one or more detection modes, with the appropriate control signals. The imaging device also includes a monitoring circuit that can detect a current drawn by the depth pixel(s) in the detection modes. A revert indication can be generated from the detected current. Depending on the control signals, the revert indication can serve as a proximity indication, or as a motion indication.

Abstract: An occupancy sensing electronic thermostat is described that includes a thermostat body, an electronic display that is viewable by a user in front of the thermostat, a passive infrared sensor for measuring infrared energy and an infrared energy directing element formed integrally with a front surface of the thermostat body. The passive infrared sensor may be positioned behind the infrared energy directing element such that infrared energy is directed thereonto by the infrared energy directing element. The thermostat may also include a temperature sensor and a microprocessor programmed to detect occupancy based on measurements from the passive infrared sensor.

Abstract: A bolometric detector of a terahertz radiation, including an assembly reflective for said electromagnetic radiation; at least one bolometric microbridge suspended above the reflective assembly and including a first bowtie antenna, a resistive load coupled with said antenna, and a thermometric element coupled with the resistive load. The reflective assembly includes a reflective layer; an insulating layer on the reflective layer; a periodic array of metallic patterns on the insulating layer, the thickness and the dielectric permittivity of the insulating layer, and the pitch and the filling factor of the array being selected to obtain a constructive interference at the level of said microbridge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bolometer (10) comprising a substrate (12), a first membrane (16) formed by removing a first sacrificial layer (14) on the substrate (12), the first membrane (16) comprising a measuring element (18) for measuring an amount of incident electromagnetic radiation (R), a second membrane (22) formed by removing a second sacrificial layer (20) on the first membrane (16), the second membrane (22) enclosing the first membrane (16), a first cavity (24) formed between the substrate (12) and the first membrane (16), and a second cavity (26) formed between the first membrane (16) and the second membrane (22). The present invention further relates to a method of manufacturing a bolometer, as well as a thermographic image sensor and medical device.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for proximity detection include a passive proximity detecting device for detecting humans within a detection area and controlling a controlled device. A sensor includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a substantially contiguous array. Each pixel is configured to detect infrared radiation emitted by an object in a predetermined temperature range within the detection area. In response to detecting the object a detection signal is generated having a signal level proportional to the infrared radiation emitted by said object received by the sensor. A processor in communication with the sensor is configured to receive said detection signal, to derive an object distance and a second object parameter using, a signal level of the detection signal.