Abstract: A stable colloidal suspension of carbon-based nanomaterials in a solvent has a stable colloidal suspension of nanodiamond particles having at least one additional carbon-based electromagnetic radiation attenuating nanomaterial nanomaterials disbursed and agitated into the solvent to produce said suspension. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

Abstract: This invention relates to reformer distillates as gassing additives for transformer oils. The reformer distillates have a 1-ring and 2-ring aromatics content of at least 98%, and are added such that the transformer oil contains less than 10 wt % of reformer distillate. The invention also relates to a method for preparing transformer oils containing reformer distillates and having excellent gassing tendency, oxidative stability, viscosity and volatility.

Abstract: Provided herein are dielectric fluids comprising at least one estolide compound of formula: in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R3 and R4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided herein are uses of dielectric fluids and electrical devices such as transformers that comprise a dielectric fluid comprising at least one estolide compound.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, n-butane or isobutane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media. Also disclosed is a process of extinguishing or suppressing a fire by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.

Abstract: Insulation fluids comprising polytrimethylene ether glycol esters are provided. The insulation fluids can be used in electrical apparatuses.

Abstract: An electronic device, such as a thin-film transistor, includes a substrate and a dielectric layer formed from a dielectric composition. The dielectric composition includes a dielectric material, a crosslinking agent, and a thermal acid generator. In particular embodiments, the dielectric material comprises a lower-k dielectric material and a higher-k dielectric material. When deposited, the lower-k dielectric material and the higher-k dielectric material form separate phases. The thermal acid generator allows the dielectric layer to be cured at relatively lower temperatures and/or shorter time periods, permitting the selection of lower-cost substrate materials that would otherwise be deformed by the curing of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a base agent for electrical insulating oils, which mainly contains an esterified product of glycerin and a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 6-14, preferably 8-12 carbon atoms. This base agent for electrical insulating oils is excellent in electrical characteristics, oxidation stability, cooling characteristics, flame retardance and safety. In particular, this agent for electrical insulating oils can meet energy/environmental problems by using an edible oil and fat, which is obtained by using a fatty acid derived from a vegetable oil as a raw material, as the linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 6-14 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process, comprising: a. selecting a kinematic viscosity; b. feeding an olefin feed comprising a propylene to an oligomerization zone; c. tuning an oligomerizing step to produce a base oil having the kinematic viscosity and a viscosity index from 20 to 90. A process, comprising: a. selecting a kinematic viscosity that is greater than 20 mm2/s; b. feeding a feed comprising propylene to an oligomerization zone; and c. adding a Brönsted acid to produce a base oil. A process, comprising tuning a step in an oligomerization zone comprising a propylene and an ionic liquid catalyst to produce a base oil having: a. a high kinematic viscosity; b. a viscosity index from 25 to 90; and c. a low pour point. A base oil, comprising oligomerized olefins, wherein the base oil has: a. a high kinematic viscosity; b. a viscosity index from 25 to 90; and c. a low pour point.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with ethanol, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, methanol, E-1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene, 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, methyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, n-hexane or 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid is provided. The electrorheological fluid includes polarizing particles and a dispersion medium in which the polarizing particles are dispersed. The polarizing particles may include silica particles. The dispersion medium may include silicon oil. The silicon oil may be modified silicon oil including at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH group), an amine group (—NH2 group), a mercapto group (—SH group), and a carboxy group (—COOH group).

Abstract: A dielectric fluid comprising hydrocarbon liquid admixed with an ester-based compound, wherein the ester-based compound is present in an effective amount to impart breakdown inhibiting properties to a paper insulation material when the dielectric fluid is in contact with the paper material.

Abstract: Provided are azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions comprised of chlorotrifluoropropene, particularly 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd) and iso-pentane, n-pentane, cyclo-pentane and mixtures thereof, and uses thereof.

Abstract: A stable colloidal suspension of carbon-based nanomaterials in a solvent has a stable colloidal suspension of nanodiamond particles having at least one additional carbon nanomaterials disbursed and agitated into the solvent to produce said suspension. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

Abstract: Provided are azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 2,3-dichloro-3,3-difluoropropene (HCFO-1232xf) and hydrogen fluoride (HF).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are azeotrope and near-azeotrope compositions comprising E-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene (E-HFC-1225ye) and hydrogen fluoride. The azeotrope and near-azeotrope compositions are useful in processes to produce and in processes to purify E-HFC-1225ye and/or Z-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene (Z-HFC-1225ye). Also disclosed are processes for the extractive distillation to separate E-HFC-1225ye from Z-HFC-1225ye.

Abstract: A method is provided that includes providing a resin in liquid form. The resin can be partially cured, and subsequent to partially curing the resin, the resin can be mixed with filler particles. The resin and filler particles can be mixed, say, in a planetary mixer, and can be exposed to an ambient pressure less than atmospheric pressure during mixing. Subsequent to mixing the resin and filler particles, the resin can be fully cured. The fully-cured resin can be disposed between first and second conductive components configured to be maintained at different potentials, such as between a phase conductor and a ground conductor.

Abstract: A process for making CHF?CFCF3 is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting CCl2FCF2CF3 with H2 in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of hydrogenation catalyst to form CH2FCF2CF3; and (b) dehydrofluorinating CH2FCF2CF3 from (a) to form CHF?CFCF3. Also disclosed are compositions including CCl3CF2CF3 and HF, wherein the HF is present in an effective amount to form an azeotropic combination with the CCl3CF2CF3; and compositions including CCl2FCF2CF3 and HF, wherein the HF is present in an effective amount to form an azeotropic combination with the CCl2FCF2CF3.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, n-butane or isobutane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media. Also disclosed is a process of extinguishing or suppressing a fire by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, pentane, 2-methylbutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, dimethoxymethane, or cyclopentane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: Provided are a method of fabricating an electrophoretic ink, the electrophoretic ink formed using the method, and an electrophoretic display having the same. The method of fabricating the electrophoretic ink includes dispersing a pigment particle into a dielectric fluid for the electrophoretic ink and adding at least monomer and initiator to the dielectric fluid to form a polymeric membrane surrounding the pigment particle. Since the pigment particle surrounded by the polymeric membrane and the dielectric fluid in which the pigment particle is dispersed can be utilized as the electrophoretic ink as they are, the method of fabricating the electrophoretic ink is simplified.

Abstract: Variable liquid crystal devices for controlling the propagation of light through a liquid crystal layer use a frequency dependent material to dynamically reconfigure effective electrode structures in the device. The frequency of a drive signal that generates an electric field in the device may be varied, and the frequency dependent material has different charge mobilities for the different frequencies. At a low charge mobility, the frequency dependent material has little effect on the existing electrode structures. However, at a high charge mobility, the frequency dependent material appears as an extension of the fixed electrodes, and may be used to change the effective electrode structure and, thereby, the spatial profile of the electric field. This, in turn, changes the optical properties of the liquid crystal, thus allowing the optical device to be frequency controllable.

Abstract: A dielectric composition which is adapted for combining with a supporting material ( e.g., fiber-glass cloth) to form a dielectric layer usable in circuitized such as PCBs, chip carriers and the like. As such a layer, it includes a resin, a predetermined percentage by weight of a filler, and, significantly, only a minor amount of bromine. A circuitized substrate comprised of one or more of these dielectric layers and one or more conductive layers is also provided.

Abstract: There are provided methods and systems for precisely controlling the surfactant concentration and character of ferroelectric nanoparticles in a ferroelectric liquid crystal dispersion. In an aspect, the invention provides an efficient FTIR technique to characterize the status and measure the distribution of the surfactant in ferroelectric particle dispersion. This allows for establishing a reproducible fabrication process for ferroelectric nanoparticle liquid crystal dispersions. The methods also maintain the nanoparticles ferroelectricity, which is provided by the addition of surfactant during a comminution process. The invention therefore optimizes both the milling time (to achieve small particle size and narrow size distribution) and surfactant concentration (to maintain the ferroelectricity during milling).

Abstract: Insulation fluids comprising polytrimethylene ether glycol esters are provided. The insulation fluids can be used in electrical apparatuses.

Abstract: The electrical contact enhancing coating is a composition that includes finely divided precious metal particles mixed with a dielectric carrier to form a coating. The dielectric carrier is a vegetable oil (preferably soybean-based) carrier of the type used as a dielectric coolant in power transformers, and is preferably high in antioxidant content. In a first embodiment, the precious metal is 100% silver having an average particle size of about 5-10 ?m. In a second embodiment, the precious metal is about 65-85% silver and 15-35% gold (average particle size 0.5-1.8 ?m), by weight. In a third embodiment, the precious metal is about 65-85% silver, 12.5-30% gold, and 2.5-5% palladium (average particle size 0.5-1.8 ?m), by weight. The precious metals may be cryogenically treated prior to mixing with the dielectric carrier.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides a dielectric fluid for use in electrical equipment comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable oil blend. In another aspect the invention provides devices for generating and distributing electrical energy that incorporate a dielectric fluid comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable oil blend. Methods of retrofilling electrical equipment with vegetable oil based dielectric fluids also are provided.

Abstract: A dielectric layer for an electronic device, such as a thin-film transistor, is provided. The dielectric layer comprises a molecular glass. The resulting dielectric layer is very thin, pure, and stable. Processes and compositions for fabricating such a dielectric layer are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-performance dielectric oil comprising approximately 75 to 95% by volume of a naphthenic oil and approximately 5 to 25% by volume of an ester oil, in particular a synthetic ester oil and more preferably an oil of the family of polyolesters. The high-performance dielectric oil may be used in high-voltage electrical equipment such as power, measurement, distribution or traction transformers, tap changers, bushings, distributors, oil-immersed circuit breakers, power capacitors, cables, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrophoretic display, comprising electrodes and cells containing at least one kind of ionic, monochrome particles, a non-polar liquid and a dispersant, wherein the ionic, monochrome particles of at least one kind are essentially aggregates consisting of a carbon containing pigment and an anionic pigment or anionic pigment derivative, and the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polyesters, polyurethanes and copolymers. In general, the whole quantity of the pigment and the main part, preferably at least 80%, most preferred from 95% to 100%, of the whole anionic pigment or anionic pigment derivative present within the cells is comprised in the aggregates, with essentially no pigment and only a minor part of the anionic pigment or anionic pigment derivative physically distinct from the aggregates.

Abstract: A dielectric fluid comprising hydrocarbon liquid admixed with an ester-based compound, wherein the ester-based compound is present in an effective amount to impart breakdown inhibiting properties to a paper insulation material when the dielectric fluid is in contact with the paper material.

Abstract: A two-phase mixed media insulator having a dielectric fluid filling the interstices between macro-sized dielectric beads packed into a confined volume, so that the packed dielectric beads inhibit electro-hydrodynamically driven current flows of the dielectric liquid and thereby increase the resistivity and breakdown strength of the two-phase insulator over the dielectric liquid alone. In addition, an electrical apparatus incorporates the two-phase mixed media insulator to insulate between electrical components of different electrical potentials. And a method of electrically insulating between electrical components of different electrical potentials fills a confined volume between the electrical components with the two-phase dielectric composite, so that the macro dielectric beads are packed in the confined volume and interstices formed between the macro dielectric beads are filled with the dielectric liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are azeotrope compositions comprising 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene and hydrogen fluoride. The azeotrope compositions are useful in processes to produce and in processes to purify 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene. Additionally, disclosed herein are azeotrope and near-azeotrope compositions comprising 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane and hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are azeotrope and near-azeotrope compositions comprising E-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene (E-HFC-1225ye) and hydrogen fluoride. The azeotrope and near-azeotrope compositions are useful in processes to produce and in processes to purify E-HFC-1225ye and/or Z-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene (Z-HFC-1225ye). Also disclosed are processes for the extractive distillation to separate E-HFC-1225ye from Z-HFC-1225ye.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, n-butane or isobutane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media. Also disclosed is a process of extinguishing or suppressing a fire by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.

Abstract: A process for purifying monoterpenes, including the steps of: providing a monoterpene comprising alpha terpinene of about 90% or greater purity and comprising an oxygen-containing impurity compound selected from the group consisting of 1,8-cineole, 1,4,-cineole, and mixtures thereof; providing an activated silica gel preparative chromatographic column; contacting the monoterpene with the column, wherein the oxygen-containing impurity compounds are retained on the column; recovering monterpenes depleted of oxygen-containing impurity compounds from the column by applying a pressure above atmospheric from a gas source without the use of a solvent; and removing the oxygen-containing impurity compounds by contacting the column with an alcohol.

Abstract: A column 1 is formed which includes a first column 10 in which an upper layer 14 made of sulfuric acid silica gel and a lower layer 15 made of silver nitrate silica gel are stacked and packed and a second column 20 packed with an alumina layer 23 and connected detachably to the lower end part of the first column 10. An oily liquid containing polychlorinated biphenyls, such as an electric insulating oil, is added to the upper layer 14 and then kept for a predetermined time in a state heated to at least 35° C. An aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent such as n-hexane is supplied to the upper layer 14 having been cooled to ordinary temperature. As a result, polychlorinated biphenyls captured by the first column 10 are dissolved in the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent and then flows to the second column 20. The polychlorinated biphenyls are captured by that part of the alumina layer 23 which is located near the inlet of the second column 20. The second column 20 is then detached from the first column 10.

Abstract: This invention relates to reformer distillates as gassing additives for transformer oils. The reformer distillates have a 1-ring and 2-ring aromatics content of at least 98%, and are added such that the transformer oil contains less than 10 wt % of reformer distillate. The invention also relates to a method for preparing transformer oils containing reformer distillates and having excellent gassing tendency, oxidative stability, viscosity and volatility.

Abstract: An uninhibited electrical insulating oil is prepared by blending a severely hydrotreated naphthenic distillate base oil having a viscosity of from about 50 to about 80 SSU at 38° C. and an aniline point from about 63° to about 84° C. with a solvent extracted, non-hydrogenated paraffinic distillate having at least 9.0 wt. % aromatic content.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus comprising a device and a mechanism for heat transfer comprising a hydrofluoroether heat-transfer fluid wherein the heat transfer fluid is represented by the following structure: Rf—O—Rh—O—Rf? wherein O is oxygen; Rf and Rf? are, independently, a fluoroaliphatic group, wherein each Rf and Rf? contain 1 hydrogen atom; Rh is independently a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene group having from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and at least 4 hydrogen atoms, and wherein the hydrofluoroether compound is free of —O—CH2—O—. Another embodiment of the present invention is a method therefor.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides a dielectric fluid for use in electrical equipment comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable oil blend. In another aspect the invention provides devices for generating and distributing electrical energy that incorporate a dielectric fluid comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable oil blend. Methods of retrofilling electrical equipment with vegetable oil based dielectric fluids also are provided.

Abstract: A method of treating an electrically insulating oil, wherein the oil includes at least one reactive organic sulphur compound. A chemical agent causing a reaction with the reactive organic sulphur compound is added to the oil. The chemical agent includes an elementary halogen or a halogen compound.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a sol-gel film composition for use in a thin film transistor is disclosed. The method BB includes fabricating the sol-gel dielectric composition by solution processing at a temperature in the range 60° C. to 225° C. The sol-gel film made by the method, and an organic thin-film Si wafer Si wafer transistor incorporating the sol-gel film are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable sediment dispersion which can be used above all as electrorheological (ERF) and/or magnetorheological fluid (MRF), a method for production thereof and also use thereof.

Abstract: Materials and methods for fabricating and using negative index materials are disclosed. A negative index material comprises a three-dimensional volume including a bulk solution and a plurality of unit cells disposed in the bulk solution in a substantially random pattern. Each unit cell comprises a periodic hole array pattern on a substrate or a resonator formed on a first surface of a substrate, and a thin wire pattern formed on a second surface of the substrate. The combination of the unit cells in the bulk solution produces a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity over a frequency band of interest for the three-dimensional volume. The negative index material may be used to focus radiation by directing an incident radiation at the negative index material and generating a focused radiation by a negative refraction of the incident radiation in the negative index material.

Abstract: Polar molecules dominated electrorheological fluids mainly comprising a mixture of dispersed phase of solid particles and/or dispersing liquid medium. The dispersed phase solid particles, on the surface, or the liquid dispersing medium contain polar molecules or polar groups, the dipole moment of which is 0.5-10 deb and the size is between 0.1 nm and 0.8 nm. Dispersed phase solid particles are spherical or nearly spherical, of which the size is 10-300 nm and dielectric constant is higher than 50. The conductance rate of the liquid dispersing medium is lower than 10?8 S/m, and the dielectric constant is lower than 10. The PM-ER fluids possess the characteristics of high yield strength, high dynamic shear strength, low leakage current, the linear dependence of yield strength on electric field, and high yield strength at low electric field, etc. The yield strength improves to almost 100 times of that of ordinary ER fluids and reaches to more than 200 Kpa.

Abstract: A dielectric fluid comprising hydrocarbon liquid admixed with an ester-based compound, wherein the ester-based compound is present in an effective amount to impart breakdown inhibiting properties to a paper insulation material when the dielectric fluid is in contact with the paper material.

Abstract: Dielectric fluids comprising oil fractions derived from highly paraffinic wax are provided. Further provided are processes for making these dielectric fluids comprising oil fractions derived from highly paraffinic wax. The dielectric fluids are useful as insulating and cooling mediums in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, circuit breakers, switchgear, underground electrical cables, and attendant equipment.

Abstract: Electrical apparatuses and a method for their production, the apparatuses containing electrical insulation fluids comprising polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol having a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than about 30 kV, wherein from about 50 to 100 mole percent of the repeating units of the polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol are trimethylene ether units. An electrical insulation fluid comprising (a) polytrimethylene homo- or copolyether glycol having trimethylene ether units at about 50 to 100 mole percent of the repeating units and (b) a blending component selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, mineral oil, poly alpha olefins, synthetic esters, and silicone fluids, and mixtures thereof, wherein the electrical insulation fluid has a dielectric breakdown voltage of greater than about 30 kV.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil composition is prepared from an isomerized base oil. The electrical insulating oil composition in one embodiment exhibits excellent sulphur corrosion protection property with a sulphur level of <5 ppm; excellent gassing tendency of <30 ?L per minute as measured according to ASTM D-2300-1976, and a rotary pressure vessel oxidation stability (RPVOT) value of at least 400 minutes as measured according to ASTM D 2272-02.

Abstract: An electrical device having therein a dielectric fluid composition, wherein the dielectric fluid composition includes at least one refined, bleached and deodorized vegetable oil and at least one antioxidant, wherein the dielectric fluid composition has a pour point of less than about ?20° C. as measured according to either of ASTM D97 or ASTM D5950.