Abstract: A shell and tube heat exchanger reactor with forced circulation is used to improve heat and mass transfer for exothermic liquid-liquid, gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactions. Enhanced productivity and selectivity are obtained.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections crosscurrently to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: To improve both heat transfer and evaporation in a heat exchanger (10, 25, 42) of an air cooler, there are provided a number of spaced narrow wet wicks (13) over which air flows transversely, and those wicks (13) are sandwiched between impervious spacer sheets (11, 12), the surface configuration of the spacer sheets (11, 12) being non-planar so as to increase the areas of the wicks (13) over which air flows, and also to increase air turbulence and thereby mixing, the increased mixing not only assisting in the evaporation of water from wicks (13) but also assisting in the heat transfer through the spacer sheets (11, 12) which define the air passages containing the wicks (13).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cross flow type cooling tower with which it is possible to prevent the emission of white vapor in cold weather with certainty. In order to accomplish the above object, the cooling tower of the present invention comprises: a heat dissipation unit having filling plates arranged vertically and parallel with each other so as to form dry air passages and moist air passages therebetween, each of the dry air passages and the moist air passages having inner surfaces; water supply means for supplying water to be cooled to the inner surfaces of the moist air passages for cooling the water by contact with air passing through the moist air passage; and water invasion stoppers provided at side ends of the filling plates for preventing the water flowing down the inner surfaces of the moist air passages from invading the dry air passages.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cross flow type cooling tower with which it is possible to prevent emission of white vapor in cold weather. In order to accomplish the above object, the cooling tower of the present invention is constructed of heat exchange units each of which having plates arranged vertically and parallel from each other so as to form passages therebetween, which are separated into wet air passages and switchable air passages capable of switching from dry air passages and wet air passages; a water bath divided into upper and lower baths by a partition plate with holes, the upper bath is provided with spray nozzles for spraying water into the switchable passages, the lower bath provided with spray nozzles for spraying water into the wet passages.When the weather is warm, hot water is supplied into the upper bath, and both the upper and lower baths are filled with water and cooling is performed in every passage.

Abstract: An absorber for absorbing a vapor into a sorbent liquid comprised of a sequential plurality of highly effective and intensified locally cocurrent sorptions, but with non-cocurrent flow of vapor and liquid between the individual sorptions. The structure containing the locally cocurrent upflow is preferably comprised of enhanced heat transfer surface, making the sorption diabatic, further enhancing the intensification, and improving the sorption efficiency. Referring to FIG. 1, vertical cylinders (1) and (2) form an annulus which is divided into multiple compartments by partitions. Vapor is injected into the bottom portion of each compartment by injection ports (10), resulting in cocurrent upflow absorption. The compartments are pressure equalized with a common vapor space via equalization ports (6). This approach to absorption can be accomplished in a vertical cylindrical annulus as described above, in a horizontal cylindrical annulus, in plate fin exchangers, and others.

Abstract: An evaporative air cooler evaporates water in multistages by passing air across a series of spaced parallel wetted wicks (11) which repeatedly interrupt air flow. This enhances both evaporation and heat transfer rates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat dissipation unit for cross flow type cooling tower with which it is possible to prevent the emission of white vapor without lowering the cooling power of the cooling tower, and also without requiring troublesome routine operation. In order to accomplish the above object, the heat dissipation unit of the present invention comprises filling plates arranged vertically and parallel with each other so as to form spaces therebetween, each of the filling plates having uneven surfaces down which water to be cooled flows when water to be cooled is supplied onto the filling plates, and cowl members disposed between neighboring filling plates, each of the cowl members including a pair of side plate portions having upper ends and a roof portion connecting the upper ends of the side plate portions.

Abstract: A fluid dynamic crossflow cooling tower has a tower body. In the upper portion of the tower body, there is a horizontally disposed injection tubular element which has a plural number of spaced nozzles disposed on the lateral side. Heated fluid is pumped into the injection tubular element and is ejected out through the nozzles and forms a continuous screen of high velocity liquid flow into a horizontal diffuser. Outside cooling air is drawn into the tower through the air inlet located the lower portion of the tower body. The cooling air then mixes with heated liquid in the diffuser to perform heat exchange process. The liquid and air mixture then pass through a mist eliminator which separates liquid from the air. The air is then discharged out of the tower body, liquid is cooled and falls into a water dispersing trough and then passes through a heat radiator for the second pass heat exchanging process, and finally drops into a water tray at the bottom of the tower body.

Abstract: A device is provided for mixing two fluids, one a liquid, the other a gas, where apertures are provided in channel tubes to mix the fluids in the individual channels. The mixing device provides a two fluid admixture for passage to downstream processing, most preferably the tubeside of a shell and tube heat exchanger. The vessel is equipped with a gas inlet means located below a liquid inlet means with respect to the height of the vertical vessel. A distributor plate is situated substantially perpendicular to said channel or channels at a point in said vessel below said apertures for influx of the liquid into the gas phase. The apparatus provides uniform distribution of gas and liquid to all parallel channels.

Abstract: The performance of a compact heat exchanger in which a flow of air is employed to cool a flow of water can be enhanced by spraying water as a fine mist into the stream of coolant air. The water droplets, preferably less than 100 microns in diameter, coat the heat exchanger surface on the air side of the heat exchanger and provide evaporative cooling. The preferred form of heat exchange surface has strip fins.

Abstract: In a method for degassing make-up water for a water-steam-circuit of a steam turbine process make-up water is introduced at a location of introduction into an exhaust steam pipe of the steam turbine so as to form a water film. A connector of the exhaust steam pipe is positioned in the vicinity of the location of introduction and connected to an evacuating device. The gases released from the make-up water are removed via the connector and the evacuating device. The device for performing the method has an exhaust steam pipe with an inner wall and free ends. At least one overflow trough including a deflecting shield is connected to the inner wall of the exhaust steam pipe. Closure plates are connected to the free ends of the exhaust steam pipe. The deflecting shield, the closure plates, the inner wall, and the overflow trough delimit a chamber having an opening toward the interior of the exhaust steam pipe only at the lower free edge of the deflecting shield.

Abstract: A semi-passive cooling system for an armored vehicle includes an intermittent pressure source, an accumulator for storing pressurized fluid from the intermittent source, and a mechanism to control the pressure in the accumulator. The system also includes a water reservoir and automatic controls for stabilizing pressure in the reservoir at a level lower than the accumulator's pressure. A sheet of water-absorbent, wicking skin on an exterior zone of the vehicle receives pressurized water from the reservoir in response to signals from a heat sensor at the exterior zone. The sensors signals open a valve in a supply line connected between the reservoir and the sheet, the valve remaining open for a predetermined interval.

Abstract: A vaporizer (film evaporator) (13) for halide-free, silicon-containing liquid reactants used in producing preforms is provided. The vaporizer includes a plurality of packed-bed columns (22) surrounding a central tube (24). A mixture of liquid reactant, e.g., octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane, and gas, e.g., oxygen, is sprayed onto the top surfaces (54) of the columns (22) by a set of spray nozzles (32). The liquid reactant and the gas flow downward together through the columns and are heated by hot oil (28) which flows around the columns' walls (50). The liquid reactant evaporates into the gas until the dew point temperature is reached, at which point all of the liquid reactant will have been converted into vapor. The vapor/gas mixture exits the bottom surfaces 56 of columns (22), where its direction of flow changes from downward to upward. This change in flow direction separates higher molecular weight species (46) from the vapor/gas mixture.

Abstract: A system for treating a flue gas includes a first condensing heat exchanger located in the housing for removing heat from flue gas as the flue gas is downwardly passed therethrough. A first collection tank is located in the housing below the first heat exchanger for collecting liquid and particulate. A second heat exchanger is located in the housing for condensibly removing pollutants from the flue gas as the flue gas is upwardly passed through the second heat exchanger. A second collection tank is located in the housing below the second heat exchanger for collecting liquid and particulate.

Abstract: A liquid vaporizing apparatus includes a container for holding a liquid at a constant temperature with a temperature adjustment unit and a gas that does not react with the liquid is bubbled through the liquid in the container to vaporize the liquid. The container for holding the liquid has an internal space above the liquid and a second temperature adjustment unit for controlling the temperature of the internal space separately from the temperature of the liquid in the container. Since the internal space is maintained at a constant temperature, higher than the temperature of the liquid, the quantity of the vaporized liquid produced is stable.

Abstract: Water to be cooled is sprayed through water spray ports at a bottom of an upper water vessel into a filler unit having a plurality of heat exchange surface members extending in parallel with each other to define flow passages between them and concurrently ambient air is sucked transversely into the flow passages. Thus, the water flowing down over the heat exchange surface members is cooled by the ambient air in a cross flow manner. In such cooling of water, some of the flow passages are sectioned so as to supply the water in the upper water vessel to some of flow passages so that in a normal condition with no fear of white smoke being generated, the water is sprayed over all of the heat exchange surface members and direct cooling is effected in every flow passage by the ambient air.

Abstract: Water to be cooled is sprayed through water spray ports at a bottom of an upper water vessel into a filler unit having a plurality of heat exchange surface members extending in parallel with each other to define flow passages between them and concurrently ambient air is sucked transversely into the flow passages. Thus, the water flowing down over the heat exchange surface members is cooled by the ambient air in a cross flow manner. In such cooling of water, some of the flow passages are sectioned so as to supply the water in the upper water vessel to some of flow passages so that in a normal condition with no fear of white smoke being generated, the water is sprayed over all of the heat exchange surface members and direct cooling is effected in every flow passage by the ambient air.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved heat transfer device, such as the heat exchanger included in a system for cooling and conditioning air in a textile mill, the system having an air washer and the heat exchanger operating to cool water to be used in the air washer. Water is circulated through a chilling basin where it is cooled by a refrigeration system having evaporator panels in the basin, and the water flows through the basin from a supply inlet to a discharge outlet. Bubbler tubes discharge streams of air bubbles so that the air bubbles flow along the evaporator panels in close proximity thereto. Preferably, the streams of air bubbles are discharged from the bubbler tubes under pressure supplied by an air blower, with a manifold and connecting pipes supplying the pressurized air to the bubbler tubes. The bubbler tubes are preferably spaced from the outlet so that air bubbles do not enter the discharge outlet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for achieving an optimal energy exchange in regenerative heat exchange between the combustion air and precooled, wet flue gases from a cooling device. By letting the moisture in said flue gases be condensed on the heat transfer surfaces the moisture will be transferred over to the air side where it is vaporized, resulting in some advantages, e.g. an increased energy exchange. According to the invention it has turned out to be possible to achieve a further increase of the energy exchange in a simple way by ensuring that the heat transfer surfaces of the flue gas side become really water-soaked when on the flue gas side, e.g. by letting the condensed water from the precooling device (15) drip or flow down onto the heat transfert surfaces such that said surfaces will remain wet during the entire passage through the combustion air side (10).

Abstract: Water to be cooled is sprayed through water spray ports at a bottom of an upper water vessel into a filler unit having a plurality of heat exchange surface members extending in parallel with each other to define flow passages between them and concurrently ambient air is sucked transversely into the flow passages. Thus, the water flowing down over the heat exchange surface members is cooled by the ambient air in a cross flow manner. In such cooling of water, some of the flow passages are sectioned so as to supply the water in the upper water vessel to some of flow passages so that in a normal condition with no fear of white smoke being generated, the water is sprayed over all of the heat exchange surface members and direct cooling is effected in every flow passage by the ambient air.

Abstract: According to the invention, a first air stream is directed over a first surface of a heat exchange member. The first surface includes a dry area and a moist area. The first stream is directed primarily over the dry area followed by the moist area. A second air stream is directed over a second surface of the heat exchange member perpendicular to the first stream. The second surface is opposite the first surface and has a dry region that is opposite the moist area of the first surface and a moist region that is opposite the dry area of the first surface. The second stream is directed over the dry region followed by the moist region. When the first stream is directed over the first surface, it will be cooled without changing its moisture content due to the cooling of the heat exchange member caused by the second stream passing simultaneously along the moist region on the opposite side.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: A contactor for the transfer of matter and heat between gas and liquid comprising a helical support of heat conductive material allowing the flow of a liquid to be treated, a wall of heat conductive material and in thermal contact with the said support, separating in sealing-tight manner the said liquid and a heat exchanging fluid, characterized in that the said support and the said wall are formed by a vertical stack of open work plates of a heat conductive material, offset angularly in respect of one another by rotation according to the axis of the said support, each plate thus forming an element of the said support, like a step of a spiral staircase, and an element of the said wall, in such a way as to obtain an economical and efficient evaporator or absorber.

Abstract: An air cooling method and apparatus in which air to be cooled is directed through the dry channel to sensibly cool the air. Wet channels are arranged adjacent the dry channels and a portion of the air exiting the dry channels is provided as cooled supply air and a portion is redirected through the wet channels countercurrently to the flow in the dry channels. Heat exchange elements extend between the wet and dry channels. A portion of the dry channels includes an adiabatic cooling zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing pressurized air with pressurized waste liquor at the inlet of a wet oxidation system heat exchanger device is disclosed. The apparatus is a T-shaped piping member with an inline first inlet and outlet and a second inlet oriented at about a right angle to said inline first inlet. The outlet is connected to an inlet tube of a tube and shell heat exchanger. A conduit supplies a pressurized waste liquor stream to the piping member through the second inlet. An oxygen-containing gas supply conduit, with circumferential sealing means, extends from exterior the T-shaped member, through the first inlet and terminates at a point beyond the intersection of the first and second inlets. The circumferential sealing means seals to the first inlet. The liquor entering the T-shaped member is heated to a selected elevated temperature prior to contacting a pressurized oxygen-containing gas supplied from the gas supply conduit.

Abstract: A calibrating apparatus for isothermally introducing, into a stream of dry gas, amounts of moisture lower than 1000 ppb, said apparatus comprising:A. a moist gas generating unit, comprising in its turn:i) a cylindrical shell;ii) a permeation module, inside said cylindrical shell, containing water and comprising a peripheral membrane;iii) a thermal conditioner, arranged too inside said cylindrical shell, upstream of said permeation module;B. an isothermal heat sink, thermally connected to the outside surface of said cylindrical shell, wherein said moist gas generating unit, under item A), is lodged in a recess of said heat sink;C) a heat radiator;D) a Peltier heater-cooler, thermally arranged between said isothermal heat sink (under item B) and said heat radiator (under item C).

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out heterogeneous-phase reactions, in particular gas/liquid reactions with a continuous liquid phase and a dispersed (discontinuous) gas phase, is described, in which, in a horizontal plane, a substantially vertically upward-directed flow of the reaction medium takes place in a first region of the reactor cross-section and a substantially vertically downward-directed flow takes place in another region of the reactor having a device for dispersing the discontinuous phase such as a dispersing screen, substantially only in the regions with upward-directed flow. The reactor is here designed in such a way that free flow of the reaction medium from regions with downward-directed flow to regions with upward-directed flow is possible in the region of the dispersing device. The preferred use of the proposed reactor is the exothermic oxidation of p-xylene and monomethyl p-toluate with air in the so-called Witten DMT process.

Abstract: This invention provides an apparatus for treatment or refinement of organic or inorganic material. The apparatus comprises a gas washing unit, a first chamber formed at the bottom of the gas washing unit, a second chamber formed at the top of the gas washing unit, and a plurality of vertical pipes provided to communicate the first and the second chambers. A first group of nozzles is provided near the top of the first chamber, so as to define a first washing step for gas entering the first chamber. Then the gas enters the lower ends of the pipes towards their upper ends. The second group of nozzles are provided over the upper ends of the pipes so that the sprayed washing water falls down through the pipes and collects the impurities contained in the gas to form a second washing step.

Abstract: A low energy consumption apparatus and method for treating a gas in which a main gas stream is cooled and heat is transferred by convection to a liquid and to a secondary gas stream across a heat transfer surface. Liquid evaporates into the secondary stream. A total gas stream is subjected to initial sensible cooling along a moisture impervious surface of a heat exchange element. A secondary gas stream is diverted from the total discharge from the initial cooling stage and is directed counterflow to the total stream at the opposite absorbent surface of the heat exchange element to cause heating and humidification of the secondary stream. The remaining cooled stream which is the primary stream is subjected to sorbent treatment in an absorbent media to heat and dehumidify the stream. The primary gas flow is subjected to a final treatment stage similar to the initial heat exchange treatment. Condensate may be removed from the saturated or near-saturated secondary flow.

Abstract: A heat exchange humidifier for generation of steam-to-steam or fluid-to-steam humidity may include at least one steam tube in a heat exchanger array which may be coated with a non-stick surface such as tetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON.RTM.) coating or the like, to prevent the build-up of minerals. The steam tubes in the heat exchanger array are in a substantially layered configuration, each layer being offset and below the preceding upper layer, or in helical configuration. This organization of the tubes in the heat exchanger array maximizes convection currents in a fluid surrounding the steam tubes to minimize dead water films and maximize heat transfer from the steam or fluid inside of the tubes to the surrounding water, resulting in an overall increase in boil-off capacity for adding humidity to the air.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for indirect cooling of air from its ambient temperature to substantially its dew point. Ambient air is redirected through spaced openings formed along the heat exchanger plates to form a secondary air stream.

Abstract: The vapor pump constituted by a mass and heat exchanger comprises an outer enclosure, a set of exchanger tubes disposed inside the enclosure and extending lengthwise therein, opening out at one of the ends in a first radial plane and at their other ends in a second radial plane, which radial planes include means for positioning and supporting the tubes and for closing the empty spaces in the section of the enclosure situated outside the tubes, thereby defining between said radial planes both a first gaseous fluid flow circuit inside the tubes, and a distinct counterflow second fluid flow circuit inside the enclosure but outside the tubes. One of the first and second gaseous fluids constituted by moist hot combustion products from a thermal process while the other gaseous fluid is constituted by new combustion air. Humidifier means are provided for humidifying the air inserted into the enclosure.

Abstract: The structure, method of fabrication and uses of enclosed double plate heat transfer panels with prefabricated main panel bodies are introduced. In most applications, a pane is used to conduct a gas-liquid interaction such as vaporization, condesation, gas absorption, gas description, endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions inside while having a heat interaction with a fluid outside that undergoes a complementary operation. A panel (41) incorporates one or more of the following key features:(a) It comprises a prefabricated main body (42) and two reinforced mainfold conduits (47) and (49) welded to the main panel body by welds (45).(b) It has nozzles (48) for applying a liquid film inside the panel.(c) The inside surfaces (51) are textured to improve wettability and drainage.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: regeneration of liquid desiccant solutions, heat pumping of humid gases, cooling and dehumidifying of gases for air conditioning, and water absorption from air. Generally, using a moving gas, at a constant pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid desiccant temperatures within an energy transferring chamber. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential between heat sinks and sources causes heat transferred by means of thermally conductive barriers. Concurrent with temperature variances, the segmented wetting further allows liquid desiccant concentrations caused by evaporation or condensation, to vary between wetted sectors.

Abstract: A liquid circulating device is provided for submersion in a large holding tank to effect continuous mixing and circulation of a liquid material, such as sewage sludge, contained therein in order to facilitate the digestion of the liquid material for environmentally safe disposal. The apparatus of the present invention includes an upright, elongated stackpipe secured to the floor of the holding tank and a gas bubble generator mounted to the stackpipe for generating gas bubbles into the stackpipe. The gas bubble generator includes an interior chamber with a substantially open bottom, a pair of baffle members transversely extending within the interior chamber and an inverted cone-shaped member positioned between, and in spaced adjacency to, each baffle member. Gas under pressure is discharged into the interior chamber of the bubble generator by a gas supply line attached to an externally located compressor.

Abstract: An air/liquid heat exchanger having a tube that reinforces the heat exchanger's core and header plates and also sprays a liquid onto the core for evaporative cooling.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer are described using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, to provide a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from a first substance in a first chamber and a second substance in a second chamber. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive petitions and by means of a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger provides for heat transfer between the first and the second substances of corresponding sectors of the first and second chambers. This heat transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the corresponding chamber sector resulting in recycling of energy.

Abstract: An air/liquid heat exchanger for aircraft having ram pressure powered evaporative cooling.

Abstract: A direct contact condensing heat-exchanger is provided with a water heat transfer medium in which combustion product gases are dispersed in finely divided bubble form against a relatively low hydrostatic pressure differential for efficient sensible heat and latent heat recovery purposes. In one actual application, a warm-air furnace system having a burner that produces combustion product gases as a heat source is provided with the novel direct contact condensing heat-exchanger as a seondary heat-exchanger that advantageously recovers both sensible heat and latent heat from the combustion product gases.

Abstract: An improved bubbler has walls formed of thin stainless steel. A hollow cylindrical body member forms a cylindrical sidewall and has welded to it a top end cap and a bottom end cap. A horizontally disposed sparger tube is connected to the carrier-gas inlet tube and is positioned within the bubbler chamber adjacent to the bottom end cap. The sparger tube has a plurality of horizontally spaced-apart exit holes formed therein for providing a plurality of carrier-gas streams into the liquid chemical. The carrier gas bubbles up through the liquid chemical, causing the liquid chemical to vaporize and diffuse into the carrier gas. A substantially uniform temperature throughout the chemical liquid is provided with a heat-conductive enclosure formed of aluminum plates which are thicker than the walls of the bubbler chamber and which contact and entirely surround the exterior surface of the stainless steel bubbler chamber.

Abstract: A cooling system for condensing the exhaust steam of steam turbine plants, particularly of power plants, comprises a mixing condenser connected to the outflow of the steam turbine, a dry cooling tower connected to the cooling water circuit of the mixing condenser, and a wet cooling apparatus provided inside the cooling tower.Although wet cooling apparatus seem to be suitable to additionally increase the cooling performance of the cooling tower and, thereby, its effective operation even in case of exceptionally high ambient temperatures, the air exiting from them is cooler than the air flowing in through the main heat exchangers of the cooling tower and, therefore, the draft of the latter suffers deterioration when the two air streams mix one with the other. It means that the effectiveness of complementary cooling is may be impaired.

Abstract: A heater with a humidifier wherein the humidifier comprises a plurality of double pipes in the uppermost line of the heat exchanging pipes of the heater. The double pipe includes an inner pipe for burned gas flow and an outer pipe for containing humidifying water, both of which are arranged concentrically. A plurality of orifices are formed at the top portion of the outer pipe so that the steam generated from the humidifying water by heat of the burned gas in the inner pipe may be spurted from the orifices to humidify the air stream blown by a blower. The outer pipes are connected to a common feed-water pipe in which a flow control valve may be provided. The control valve is also electrically connected to a feed-water level sensor in the outer pipe so that the level of the water in the outer pipe may be detected and controlled.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; drying for solid or gel media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Generally, using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive partitons. This transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the opposite chamber resulting in a recycling of energy.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer are described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Using a plurality of moving gas streams, comprised for example of air, at constant and generally atmospheric pressures, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the gas streams is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within each of a plurality of heat exchange chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and out of the gas streams. A forced temperature differential between chambers, caused by different temperatures of the gas streams entering the chambers or by humidity modification of these gas streams within chambers, causes heat transfer between chambers through thermally conductive partitions.

Abstract: Apparatus (10) for the evaporation of liquids or for the absorption or degassing of two-substance or multi-substance solutions of the interior tube falling film type of construction, with a pressure tank (12) through which a heat exchanging medium can pass, whose interior contains a plurality of vertical parallel tubes (22) set apart from one another which open in a bell (26; 24) placed on the bottom and on the top of the pressure tank, the upper ends of the tubes projecting above the upper side of the top place of the pressure tank. On the upper bell (24) there is provided an inlet (36) for the liquid or solution, and a connection (38) for the input or output of evaporated liquid or gaseous solution component, and on the bottom bell there is provided an outlet (34) for liquid or liquid solution.At a distance above the mouths of the tubes (22) a dividing plate (42) is inserted into the bell, which has a plurality of bores (44) of small diameter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; drying for solid or gel media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Generally, using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive partitions. This transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the opposite chamber resulting in a recycling of energy.

Abstract: An evaporative condenser cools and condenses fluid, such as refrigerants in a refrigeration system, by circulating the fluid through a condensing coil, continuously and completely spraying the condensing coil from above with cooling water, and simultaneously blowing air from below the condensing coil upwardly and counter to the cooling water. Heat is transferred from the fluid to the cooling water, and heat is transferred by evaporation from the cooling water to the air and is discharged to the atmosphere. A fogging nozzle sprays a fine water mist into the air blowing into and through the condenser, which will increase the rate of evaporation and therefore increase the rate of heat transfer, thus increasing the cooling efficiency of the condenser.

Abstract: A vise having a fixed jaw on a body which has a base secured to a work surface and may be rotated through 180.degree.. The body has a guide slot formed therein and a movable jaw is slidably received in the guide slot. A guide rod is disposed through an opening in the movable jaw and is threadably received in an upright lug secured to the base for movement of the movable jaw. A positioning nut is keyed to the threaded guide rod and secures the movable jaw to the guide rod. The vise has clamp claws on the inner and outer sides of the fixed and movable jaws so that the vise can exert force in both directions. The workpiece may be clamped between the inner side of the jaws and the jaws may be adjustably disposed within the workpiece to secure the workpiece about the outer side of the jaws. The end of the movable jaw which extends through the body has a notched slot therein and there is also a notched recess in the body of the vise.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating fluids flowing at high velocity, for mass and heat transfer, for gas-liquid contacting and for contaminant particulate, mist or fume separation, including a plurality of perforated or unperforated cylinders arrayed staggered in rows perpendicular to the direction of flow of the fluid. The elements are spatially separated from each other. Diagonal by-pass flow through the array is blocked by a partition extending from each element generally parallel to the direction of flow of fluid bisecting the space between a pair of elements of an adjacent row with the elements of the pair symmetrically spaced with respect to the partition.Also, a method of removing contaminants from gas by passing the gas through this array between and injecting a liquid into the array. Capture of the contaminants by the drops is effected because of the difference in acceleration of each as the contaminated gas passes in and out of the gap between each cylinder and its adjacent partitions.