Abstract: The invention relates to a packing sheet having straight-line kinks which divide the packing sheet into kink areas which have a width a, measured from kink edge to kink edge, and passage apertures, where a proportion X of at least 60% of the passage apertures has a separation b of at most 0.4 a from a kink edge.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a packing made of a three-dimensional net-like structure which constitutes an internal structure of device which performs material transfer, heat exchange or mixing between gases, liquids or gas and liquid, the internal structure being divided in a plurality of chambers or channels connected to one another is provided. The three-dimensional net-like structure is made of a plurality of unit structures which are arranged continuously in vertical and horizontal directions of the three-dimensional net-like structure. Each of the unit structures is formed by converging and dispersion of three or four line elements. The method comprises a step of forming a converging section of the unit structure where the three or four line elements converge by binding the three or four line elements together.

Abstract: A packing element is provided for use in a mass transfer tower or a heat sink. The packing element is in the form of a saddle shaped member having a configuration generally corresponding to a portion of a toroid generated by rotating a plane closed curve about an axis that is coplanar with and spaced from the curve. The curve has inner and outer surface generating segments. The inner segment is closer to the axis than the outer segment. The outer segment is essentially w-shaped. The member has respective inner and outer surface portions which correspond in transverse cross-sectional shape to the shape of said segments. In one form of the invention, the inner segment is essentially w-shaped and complementary to said outer segment, whereby the element itself is essentially w-shaped in transverse cross-sectional configuration.

Abstract: A humidifier having a plurality of water-permeable hollow fiber membranes placed along the lengthwise direction of a housing accommodated within the housing in which gases each having a different moisture content flow inside and outside said hollow fiber membranes to carry out moisture exchange whereby the dry air having a low moisture content is humidified is disclosed. The said humidifier (1) comprises a gas inlet formed on an end of the lengthwise direction of the housing, (2) has a construction for generating a turbulent flow provided on the inner surface of said housing, or (3) has a construction for generating a turbulent flow provided within the hollow fiber membranes.

Abstract: In typical hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water, the level of dissolved oxygen is low due to the high biological oxygen demand. The present invention increases dissolved oxygen levels in the ground water thereby increasing biological activity. The increased biological activity means that more of the dissolved hydrocarbons will be consumed at a greater rate. The instant process and apparatus for remediating dissolved hydrocarbon in ground water involves drawing ambient air down through a tubing and aeration stone into ground water by the vacuum created by a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system thereby increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the SVE well and in the ground water resulting in enhanced biodegradation by aerobic microbes.

Abstract: Highly efficient packing bodies are formed by stacking plates having at least 30% open space provided by apertures and rod-like baffle elements which project from a surface of the plate. The panels are latched together into a stack by means of a plurality of latching rods, longer than the baffle rods which are frictionally received into opposed sockets formed in the surface of the adjacent plate. A cover plate with downwardly depending rods and latching sockets disposed to receive the latching rods from the opposed plate is utilized to prevent the exposed rods from engaging the rods of other plates so that voids in a packed tower are avoided.

Abstract: In a process for transferring oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas into water or aqueous solutions in the treatment of water or aqueous solutions, oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas is added to the water or aqueous solution continuously or at intervals through an injector and simultaneously through at least one tube sparger.

Abstract: A mechanical wet air generator which is constructed by an inner container, an outer container, a fluid level controller and a multiplicity of Rashing rings filled in the inner container is provided. In the wet air generator, the inner container is formed of honeycomb panels such that large bubbles cannot go through and furthermore, the multiplicity of Rashing rings functions as bubble-breaking solid shapes further prevents large bubbles from exiting the wet air generator and insuring the proper functioning of the generator. The present invention novel mechanical wet air generator is provided with a fluid level controller which consists of a floater, a floating valve, and a linkage connecting thereinbetween. The novel fluid level controller effectively prevents any possibility of overflow of fluid, or water, into a slurry supply pipe to which the wet air generator supplies a wet air or wet N2 for transporting and for blanketing the slurry solution.

Abstract: A random packing element comprising a transfer element, wherein said transfer element has an edge, said edge being configured with a plurality of alternating depressions and extensions, said extensions being substantially curved in shape, said transfer element having a first surface and a second surface, said first surface preferably including a plurality of protuberances.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrically-energized device for the rapid generation of steam or other vapors. The high-speed steam generator includes a wicked evaporator, a liquid reservoir, a liquid supply pipe, and a vapor transport tube. The evaporator consists of a low-thermal-conductivity porous wick, heated from a downward-facing grooved heating block that is in intimate contact with the upper surface of the wick structure. The grooved heating block is made of a copper block in which electric cartridge heaters are installed. As a heat load is applied on the heating block, an extremely steep temperature gradient is established immediately at the upper surface of the wick so that water from the saturated wick evaporates rapidly adjacent to the heated surface. Subsequently, menisci are formed at the vapor/liquid interface to develop a capillary force to pump subcooled liquid into the wick from the liquid reservoir.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an air treating device to be used for prevention of drying of air or cleaning of air, convenient for carrying and yet capable of humidifying the air in a room as required, by being disposed in the air feed unit of an equipment having an air delivering function and comprising diffusing pieces exposed to the delivered air as required to promote diffusion of liquid components, a diffusing piece mounting unit holding the diffusing pieces, and a mounting means for facing the diffusing pieces to the air feed unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating nuisance odor streams is provided. One embodiment of the invention is directed to a method and apparatus in which deodorizing chemical agents are applied to an evaporative reaction pack situated within a gas chamber having an air stream running therethrough. The evaporative reaction pack provides a reaction zone within which the chemical agent is evaporated to facilitate a gas--gas or vapor phase interaction between the chemical agent and odoriferous compounds contained in the air stream. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for batch processing of sewage treatment agents within a wet well to prevent the formation of undesired compounds. In one embodiment, a predetermined amount of chemical agent, sufficient for treating the amount of sewage that the well can hold, is added to an evacuated wet well in coordination with the pumping of sewage from the wet well.

Abstract: The present invention is a kind of flexible plum flower mini ring which is used in chemical separation equipment. The packing consists of a mini ring with plum flower shape and rectangular windows and connected inner arc strips on its petals. There is a smaller flap cut from the middle of the inner arc strip which is bent into the center of the mini ring. The present invention can be used in normal or high pressure distillation, absorption and stripping with heavy liquid load and solvent extraction (lube-oil refining, aromatic separation and so on).

Abstract: A plurality of structured packing bricks are positioned in a column having a longitudinal axis to form one or more structured packing beds. Each brick is formed from a plurality of corrugated plates disposed in parallel relation and having opposed ends that form end surfaces of the bricks. At least one end surface, and normally both end surfaces, of the bricks are inclined at an angle to the column axis so each brick has an end surface that engages and overlaps the inclined end surface of a horizontally adjacent brick. The inclined end surfaces include openings formed by the plate corrugations and, due to the overlapping positioning of adjacent end surfaces, liquid is able to flow vertically downwardly from openings in one brick end surface into openings in the adjacent brick end surface. These angle end surfaces also disrupt the vertical flow of vapor so that vertical channeling of vapor along the end surfaces is disrupted. The shape of the packing bricks can include trapezoidal and parallelogram.

Abstract: A packing element with a plurality of symmetrically disposed subdivisions within a cylindrical body member provides a very strong, high temperature and corrosive media resistant structure with a large surface area. The elements are of great utility as dumped packing elements in mass transfer applications.

Abstract: Heat and material exchange device including a stack of fixed ventilators to promote gas mixing, each ventilator being constituted by four deflectors whose mean normals are inclined and generated one after another by rotation about vertical axes, the sum of the four angles of rotation being 360.degree.. The ventilators are stacked in successive horizontal layers amidst which each deflector forms a part of two adjacent ventilators turned in opposite directions and such that there is sufficient space between two adjacent deflectors for the passage of gas. The deflectors are pierced by at least one hole so as to promote passage of the liquid to the underside of the deflectors. At least some of the deflectors are connected to at least one of their neighbors in a same horizontal plane by a common edge segment so as to permit lateral division of the liquid between deflectors.

Abstract: A plurality of structured packing bricks are positioned in a column having a longitudinal axis to form one or more structured packing beds. Each brick is formed from a plurality of corrugated plates disposed in parallel relation and having opposed ends that form end surfaces of the bricks. At least one end surface, and normally both end surfaces, of the bricks are inclined at an angle to the column axis so each brick has an end surface that engages and overlaps the inclined end surface of a horizontally adjacent brick. The inclined end surfaces include openings formed by the plate corrugations and, due to the overlapping positioning of adjacent end surfaces, liquid is able to flow vertically downwardly from openings in one brick end surface into openings in the adjacent brick end surface. These angle end surfaces also disrupt the vertical flow of vapor so that vertical channeling of vapor along the end surfaces is disrupted. The shape of the packing bricks can include trapezoidal and parallelogram.

Abstract: A system for increasing the quantity of a gas, e.g., ozone, dissolved in a liquid, e.g., ultrapure deionized water, is provided. Generally, the system provided by the present invention includes a pressurized vessel and an outlet coupled to the pressurized vessel adapted to dispense a stream of the admixture including the liquid and the dissolved gas under sufficiently gentle conditions such that the dispensed admixture comprises an increased quantity of dissolved gas relative to admixture produced and dispensed by conventional methods. Thus, the system of the present invention is able to provide, e.g., ozonated water, continuously, efficiently and without cooling, and thus provides a simple, cost efficient system capable of producing high concentration ozonated water.

Abstract: An improved structured packing for use in a liquid-vapor contact column. More specifically in a structured packing for liquid-vapor contact where the structured packing comprises laterally orientated channels having peripheral openings, the improvement comprises substantially occluding the peripheral openings with a barrier film. The present invention also includes an improved liquid-vapor contact column comprising a column shell having positioned within a structured packing comprising an outer surface in non-occlusive proximation to the column shell and laterally orientated channels having peripheral openings through the outer surface, the improvement comprising substantially occluding the peripheral openings with a barrier film.

Abstract: A packing element for fluid-fluid contact apparatus is of generally tubular form, having a cylindrical wall in which two rows of apertures are formed. The first of the rows includes a plurality of apertures formed circumferentially in the wall, and the second of the rows, longitudinally spaced from the first row, includes a second plurality of apertures distributed circumferentially around the wall. First and second pluralities of tongues associated with the apertures respectively extend inwardly generally towards the longitudinal axis of the element, the tongues being provided in two different lengths. The packing element is preferably formed from strip metal, and the apertures are formed by depression of the tongue from the plane of the strip, prior to curving of the strip into cylindrical form.

Abstract: A tower packing element for randomly dumped beds includes a straight leg portion attached at one end to an arcuate portion. The length of the straight leg portion is substantially equal to the length of a cord that extends between the ends of the arcuate portion. The arcuate portion and the straight leg portion have at least one slot therein. A tongue depends from each slot and points away from the packing element.

Abstract: Support plates for packing materials in mass transfer towers made using parallel beams with generally inverted U-shaped cross-sections which contact one another along a line running the length of the beams, are provided with a trough member supported directly under the contact line between adjacent beams.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluidized-bed scrubber containing fluidizing bodies for purifying gases and to processes for its operation. The invention enables the fluidized-bed scrubber to be dimensioned, and the processes to be carried out, in such a manner that the number of fluidizing bodies is minimized and as much energy as possible is saved, without this decreasing the purifying efficiency.

Abstract: A packing element for use as a biofilm support in the biological processing of liquids. The packing element has a hollow cylindrical body having a plurality of helical blade members extending generally radially from the cylindrical body. A plurality of such packing elements are placed in a vessel. When liquid and/or gas flows over them, they tend to rotate causing local turbulence with resulting improvement in diffusion of gas and/or substrate to and from the biofilm, giving enhanced rates of liquid processing.

Abstract: A media suitable for trickle filters and biological treatment of effluent or sewage wherein the media comprises an elongated member having a center core, a plurality of axially extending ribs and a plurality of fins extending outwardly from each rib, and a plurality of outwardly extending vanes situated at the distal end of each rib. The media element can be used either in a horizontal or vertical orientation and when made of a flexible material can be formed into a twisted configuration.

Abstract: An improved catalyst assembly for vapor/liquid contact towers. Catalyst media used to promote chemical reactions is secured substantially in the liquid phase of the tower, such as in the lower portion thereof for improving mass transfer efficiency. Unlike previous process tower assemblies, wherein distillation in conjunction with chemical reaction occurs in the vapor phase or in a mixed phase, the present invention substantially confines the reaction step to the liquid phase. In this manner, the reaction is less obstructive to vapor flow within the tower, promoting better mixing and diffusion of the feed components.

Abstract: The invention provides novel mass transfer elements with a corrugated body structure and having ends turned back in a direction opposed to the curves of the corrugations such that the ends are turned towards one another. These elements are particularly effective as random dumped packing for mass transfer towers, providing a combination of high surface area and low pressure drop.

Abstract: Process for manufacturing filler and distributing bodies essentially or carbon for process technology, in which ground cereal products are used as dry raw material and preferably water or aqueous synthetic resin preparations are used as binders. Dry material, preferably semolina, is mixed with the binder, the mixed composition is molded into primary product bodies and these are then hardened and subsequently coked or coked and graphitized. A typical use of the process involves the manufacture of small filler bodies of complicated shape.

Abstract: In mass transfer columns, particularly in distillation and extraction columns, fluidised bed bodies are frequently used to improve mass transfer. A substantial improvement in the mass transfer rate may be achieved if asymmetrically shaped fluidised bed bodies are used, which are characterised in that their geometric center does not coincide with the center of mass, whereby the geometric center is defined as the point of intersection of the body diagonals of the smallest possible right parallelepiped completely enveloping the fluidised bed body. Typical examples of such shapes are bird's egg-shaped or drop-shaped bodies. Apart from the improvement in mass transfer, a reduction in the specific pressure drop may also be achieved with such fluidised bed bodies.

Abstract: Packing material for biological waste water treatment, and process for the production of such packing material. Packing material made of tube-shaped base members with net structured outer surface are provided with at least one water-impermeable surface-increasing element arranged on the outer surface of each base member and directly connected thereto, for increasing the specific growing surface for biofilm.

Abstract: A biochemical filter ball that substitutes for the parallel elongated vertical plates of standard biochemical balls a plurality of vertical, transverse, and angled plates which have intersecting angles of about 90 and 45 degrees with one another. All the plates are parallel to a central axis. With such an arrangement, no matter what orientation the biochemical filter balls may take, they will all effectively retain the filtered water on their plates. By this placement of the vertical, transverse and angled plates, surface area for water retention as well as the flow time of the filtered water can be increased. Thus oxygen content in water can be increased, and the object of having improved efficiency of biochemical filtering can be achieved.

Abstract: Tower packing element comprising a tubular body member with an essentially triangular cross-section and having projections within the element extending from the inside surface of the body member, is provided. The axial length of the tubular body member is smaller than the width as measured from an apex of the triangle to the nearest point on the opposed side.

Abstract: A tower packing unit for a liquid/gas/miss contact apparatus including a plurality of filaments that form a central body and a perimeter ring surrounding and connected to the central body; wherein the perimeter ring is formed in a continuous wave configuration surrounding the central body.

Abstract: The invention provides highly deformation resistant Lessing rings made in two parts. The first part comprises a metal strip bent into a ring shape with the contacting ends provided with projections and indentations which fit together to form a complete ring. The ends are held together using an anchor strut which has projecting tabs at both ends. The tabs fit into cooperating slots located in the projections at the ends of the bent strip and at the midpoint of the bent metal strip. The tabs are bent over to locate all parts rigidly in place.

Abstract: A strainer structure for an aquarium, has an improved bubbles generator for producing finer bubbles and increasing oxygen solution. The micro bubbles generator is located between an air intake tube, and an oxygen solution tube and has a plurality of vent seams. When air is supplied from an air vent tube, air passes through the vent seams, into the water and is mixed with water to provide for the solution of oxygen in water. Improved oxygen solution by volume is achieved by forming a greater number of smaller bubbles by air passing through the by a plurality of vent seams. A surface of a sponge of the strainer has a saw-tooth shape which increase contact area with water and expands beneficial space for water animals to reside. A guide cap on which the sponge is mounted has a conical outer configuration to provide a conical area believes the guide cap and the sponge to increase the attachment sponge for water animals.

Abstract: A packing body is formed from a sheet of foldable material by forming a first row of panels with first fold lines between adjacent panels, forming a second row of panels having a second fold line inducing a common fold line with an edge of at least one panel from the first row, the common fold line being substantially perpendicular to the first fold lines, and bending the panels in the first row along the first fold lines until the panels are positioned in a stack and bending the panels in the second row into a second stack and folding them along the common fold line above or below the first stack.

Abstract: An odor control system and method for removing unwanted odorous airborne constituents in which the gas stream is flowed through a compact, boxlike housing having a plurality of sequentially communicating treatment chambers. Gas stream pretreatment is accomplished in a first chamber, in fluid communication with a sump, as the gas flows through a packed bed wetted by suitable chemical reagents. After pretreatment, the gas stream is passed through downstream chambers, also utilizing wetted packed beds. These chambers are in fluid communication with a second, separate sump. Because of the first chamber/separate sump combination, influent gas treatment, by stages, can be accomplished. In this manner, different, contemporaneous chemical treatments are possible, within the single housing, with different chemical reagents utilized as needed. Such treatments are possible even in cases where otherwise incompatible chemical reagents are used.

Abstract: There is described a porous body for the storage and regulated release of vaporizable substances, which consists of open-pored sintered glass. The body preferably has a pore volume of from 30% to 85% and a mean pore size of from 10 to 350 .mu.m. The body is inert to the stored substances, has a very high storage volume and releases the stored substances very uniformly, and in particular, with no chromatography effects occurring.

Abstract: Disclosed is a random packing element for use in exchange process apparatus, for example. The packing element features bowed strips and projections to provide an abundant supply of liquid flow surfaces, drip points and gas flow-through passages to enhance the interfacing of fluids in the exchange process packing bed, with various shapes for the packing element achieved by selecting the pattern of bowing of the strips and the attachment areas. The packing element also displays strips shortened to prevent collapse of the packing element, and ribs for strengthening the strips, projections and attachment areas.

Abstract: An improved tower saddle packing having a general shape that is a segment of a hollow torus. The circumferential outer edges of the saddle define a plurality of radially, outwardly extending convex lobes. The lobes and wing portions preferably have weep holes to effectual wetting of all surfaces of the saddle. The hub of the saddle has in one aspect a plurality of apertures extending substantially across the hub. The saddle provides improved gas-liquid interaction, permits enhanced gas throughput in an absorption tower and allows for reduced tower packing sections.

Abstract: Channel beams of a particularly advantageous design are provided. These can be assembled to form a non-welded support plate in a confined environment having any desired configuration and later disassembled and reused elsewhere. The support plates are designed to support tower packing materials whether of the structured or dumped kind.

Abstract: The vortex packing for an apparatus designed as a mass exchange column or a static mixer is build up of face-shaped structural elements. These structural elements define a point lattice whose lattice planes, situated in cross-sections of the apparatus, form base grids of quadrilaterals. Each of the quadrilaterals represents an equatorial periphery of an octahedron and the polar vertices of these octahedra are positioned at the points of neighbouring lattice planes. The octahedra have either all open faces or alternately open and closed faces. According to the invention the packing is built of parallel layers (3) of a sheet-like material having substantially triangular elementary areas (8,9). Part of these elementary triangles (9) have on two sides cut edges (30) and are deflected in a flap-like manner about folding edges (15) out of the sheet area. The structural elements of the packing are formed by association or connection of the elementary triangles (8,9) in pairs.

Abstract: An improved packing body is formed from a strip divided into segments along fold lines. Segments along one side of a medial segment are alternately folded along the fold lines into a stack on the top surface of the medial segment. Segments on the other side of the medial segment are then folded along the fold lines into a stack on the bottom surface of the medial segments. Side segments hingedly connected to the medial or end segments can be folded along the side edges of the stack. Baffle elements can project from the surface of the strip at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the packing body. Tapered strips with a large medial segment disposed to the interior can be folded into a shape approaching spherical.

Abstract: A fluid contacting apparatus is constructed by coiling a ribbed, net-like material into a cylindrical core which is then placed in a retaining vessel through which fluids flow.

Abstract: A distillation column for separating atmospheric gases in which structured packing having varying crimp angles is utilized within at least two sections or subsections of a single section of a distillation column. In the case of the use of structured packing in multiple sections, the crimp angle of the structured packing used in the first section is greater than that of the second section and is selected such that both sections operate at the same maximum design percentage of flooding limit. The increased crimp angle of the first section decreases the HETP of the packing and thereby allows a column design of reduced height. Structured packing having different crimp angles can be used in a single section of a column when such section is subjected to possible variation of vapor rate. Here the crimp angles are again manipulated so that the subsections operate at the same maximum design percentage of flooding limit. The foregoing adaptation improves turndown performance.

Abstract: For cleaning semiconductor wafers in a cleaning vessel by supplying a cleaning fluid through a supply line thereto, a mixer is provided. Deionized water is supplied to the mixer through a deionized water supply line, and a cleaning gas is supplied thereto from a gas reservoir to produce the cleaning fluid. After treating the semiconductor wafers with the cleaning fluid, the deionized water is supplied to the cleaning vessel to rinse them.

Abstract: Disclosed is a random packing element for use in exchange process apparatus, for example. The packing element features boughed strips and projections to provide an abundant supply of liquid flow surfaces, drip points and gas flow-through passages to enhance the interfacing of fluids in the exchange process packing bed.

Abstract: A method of cryogenically separating a mixture of atmospheric gases within a distillation column system having at least one distillation column. In accordance with the method, liquid and gaseous phases of the mixture of atmospheric gases to be separated are countercurrently passed through structured packing. The column is operated with a pressure greater than 2 bars and with a vapor rate of the vapor phase that is less than a critical vapor rate at which the column floods and which varies with the liquid rate of the liquid phase. Minimum and critical vapor rates at which the column floods are set in accordance with experimentally derived data for maximum column utilization in terms of packing volume or column throughput. Additionally, separation performance in terms of HETP increases with the increase in pressure so that a lower than prior art height of structured packing can be used to obtain a particular separation.

Abstract: Improved catalyst assemblies for vapor/liquid contact towers. Bundles of catalyst media used to promote chemical reactions are disposed substantially in the vapor phase of the tower, such as beneath trays therein for improving mass transfer efficiency. Unlike previous assemblies, wherein distillation in conjunction with chemical reaction occurs in the liquid phase or in a mixed phase, the present invention substantially confines the reaction step to the vapor phase. In this manner, the reaction is less obstructive to fluid flow within the tower, promoting better mixing and diffusion of the feed components in the vapor phase. In addition, less turbulence is created and the handling of vapors generated from an exothermic reaction is facilitated.

Abstract: An immmersible biological filter apparatus and method for the purification of waste water is disclosed. The apparatus has bacterial supports comprising at least two holding members and an assembly of skeins, wherein each skein comprises bands of plastic material disposed in a spiral arrangement around and between said holding members, thereby providing a substantial filter surface area on said bands between said members, wherein said bands are essentially continuous.