Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical interconnect includes 3D printing a plurality of non-intersecting and spaced apart optical waveguides from a material that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum after being cross-linked or polymerized in a region activated by the 3D printing. At least some of the optical waveguides change direction at least once by about 90°. The method further includes encasing at least each end of the optical waveguides with a material having a lower index of refraction than the material from which the optical waveguides are formed by 3D printing, to secure the optical waveguides. A corresponding 3D printing apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A light guide system includes a light guide and a carrier substrate having a barrier layer disposed therebetween. The barrier layer is introduced during a dual injection process to provide a permeable barrier between a first resin, used to form the light guide, and a second resin used to form the carrier substrate. The barrier layer allows for the first and second resins to bond, while acting as a wet-out inhibitor between the resins. The molded dual injection light guide system of the present invention provides for a unitary light guide and carrier substrate that has been molded with a barrier layer such that wetting out of a surface of the light guide is prevented along with the deleterious effects wetted out surfaces have on light transmission.

Abstract: Flexible unitary lightguide and a method of making the same are disclosed. The lightguide includes a structured input side that includes a first pattern having smaller features superimposed on a second pattern having larger features. The lightguide further includes a structured top surface that includes a first region and a different second region. The first region includes a plurality of discrete light extractors for extracting light that propagates within the flexible unitary lightguide by total internal reflection. The second region includes a taper portion for directing light from the structured input side to the first region. The light extractors form a periodic array that has a first period along the length of the flexible unitary lightguide. The first period is such that substantially no visible moire fringes occur when the flexible unitary lightguide is used as a backlight in a pixelated display.

Abstract: A light guide plate includes a light incident surface, a bottom surface connected to the light incident surface, and a light output surface facing away from the bottom surface. The light output surface is a roughened surface. A number of microstructures are formed on the light output surface. A method for making the light guide plate is also described.

Abstract: A production method of an optical waveguide includes: preparing a laminated body that includes a first clad layer and at least a core layer laminated on the first clad layer; forming a light propagating optical waveguide core by cutting the core layer by use of a dicing saw from a side where the core layer is laminated while intruding an edge of a blade portion of the dicing saw into the first clad layer so as to partially cut the first clad layer; and embedding at least a cut portion of the laminated body with a second clad layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a serration pattern on a light guide plate having a top surface emitting a light, a bottom surface opposite to the top surface, and at least one side surface, arranged between the top surface and the bottom surface, as an incident surface. The apparatus includes a base plate supporting the bottom surface of the light guide plate; a fixing plate facing the top surface of the light guide plate with a predetermined interval; and a serration core transferring the serration pattern onto the at least one side surface of the light guide plate by a thermal pressing process causing a thickness deformation of the light guide plate. Further, the fixing plate induces a changed thickness of the light guide plate to be uniform by limiting a thickness change amount of the light guide plate to the predetermined interval.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating at least one parameter in a downhole environment includes: an optical fiber configured to be disposed in a borehole, the optical fiber having a property that causes intrinsic backscattering of signals transmitted therein. The property varies along a length of the optical fiber to generate a variable intensity of the backscattering, the intensity of backscattering varying along the optical fiber as a function of distance from an end of the optical fiber. The apparatus also includes a light source configured to send an optical signal into the optical fiber; and a detector configured to receive a return signal including backscattered signals.

Abstract: A multi-core optical fiber may include a cladding with a cross section having a central region and an outside diameter. Multiple transmission cores are arranged symmetrically within the central region of the cladding, extending parallel to a central axis of the multi-core optical fiber. Multiple alignment cores are arranged within the cladding, extending parallel to the central axis of the multi-core optical fiber and near the outside diameter of the cladding so that each of the multiple alignment cores are visible through a side view of the cladding. Ends of similarly configured multi-core optical fibers may be mated and aligned. Alignment cores of a first multi-core optical fiber may be aligned with alignment cores of a second multi-core optical fiber using a side view of the mating interface. Aligning the alignment cores causes multiple transmission cores with the multi-core optical fibers to also align.

Abstract: Optical elements of a light guide plate are formed by repeatedly aligning convex parts in a longitudinal direction of the optical elements. Concave/convex shaped parts whose recess amount and/or protrusion amount are not constant are formed by three-dimensional curved surfaces that constitute the convex parts. An optical path of light that enters from an incident light surface of the light guide plate is modified by the concave/convex shaped parts that constitute the optical elements as the light progresses through the inside of the light guide plate, and thereby the light is diffused. Further, since the recess amount and/or protrusion amount of the concave/convex shaped parts are not constant, the optical path of light progressing through the inside of the light guide plate is modified randomly, and therefore a light diffusing effect is efficiently exhibited.

Abstract: The invention provides an extrusion material supply device suitable for use in melt extrusion molding, and a method for manufacturing an optical transmission body, in which a deterioration of an optical signal transmission loss is extremely small, and productivity intrinsic to an extrusion molding method is provided in combination. An extrusion material supply device 1 includes: a vertical hopper 2, which has a cooling unit 3 and a heat melting unit 4 continuous with a lower portion thereof, and houses a material rod R; cooling means 5 for cooling the cooling unit 3; an electric heater 6 that heats the heat melting unit 4; and gas pressurizing means 7 for sequentially supplying molten plastics M to a metal die by a gas pressure. The heat melting unit 4 is formed into a cylinder shape in which an inner diameter is larger than an inner diameter of the cooling unit 3 arranged above, and enables the molten plastics M to spread in the heat melting unit 4.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include a fiber-optic tissue illuminator suitable for illuminating large areas of central and peripheral neural tissue, e.g., in a primate brain. Certain examples of the tissue illuminator have a light delivery surface that may be about two orders of magnitude larger than that of a conventional optical fiber of equal diameter. This illuminator allows for substantially more light to be delivered to brain tissue with no more penetration damage than a conventional fiber. For example, an illustrative illuminator can deliver light over a length of at least 3 mm in neural tissue, such as a macaque cortex, as shown by the presence of a light artifact in the local field potential. An exemplary illuminator can also be used with a previously injected viral vector (e.g., halorhodopsin) of optogenetic applications, like silencing neurons distributed over an extended region (e.g., a 3 mm length) of neural tissue.

Abstract: A device for monitoring gases present in a breathing mask. A gas sensing element carried by the breathing mask senses the partial pressure of a gas present in the breathing mask and outputs signals corresponding to the sensed gas partial pressure. The gas sensing element may comprise a gas-sensing material configured to emit, in response to light excitation, an optical signal at an intensity corresponding to the partial pressure of a sensed gas.

Abstract: The present technology provides an illustrative method for preparing fibers with desirable optical characteristics. The method includes providing a fiber that comprises a core layer and a cladding layer located around the core layer. The method further includes applying a nanostructure template to the cladding layer to form one or more photonic nanostructures having nanostructure scales and compressing the core layer to cause the core layer to bulge and form air gaps between the core layer and the one or more photonic nanostructures.

Abstract: A light guide plate transfer molding method for performing transfer molding of a light guide plate using a first mold and a second mold, includes performing, on a resin material, transfer molding of a first pattern and a second pattern that are provided on a transfer face of the first mold. The first pattern changes with a specific interval P serving as one period. The second pattern changes with one or two or more periods that correspond to 1/Na of the interval P. Na is a positive integer that satisfies Na?m, m being a specific positive integer.

Abstract: A molded article produced by molding a coating solution that contains a polycarbonate resin represented by the following formula (1) has excellent transparency, good water repellency and oil repellency, a lower friction coefficient and excellent surface lubricity, having a capability of improving abrasion resistance. In the formula (1), Rf represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 5 or more carbon atoms and 11 or more fluorine atoms or a perfluoroalkyl group having a specific structure; and W represents a divalent group including therein a specific structural unit.

Abstract: Provided is an optical printed circuit board, including: a first insulating layer on which at least one receiving groove with an inclined angle on at least one end is formed; an optical waveguide which is formed in the receiving groove of the first insulating layer; and a second insulating layer which is formed on the first insulating layer and buries the optical waveguide formed in the receiving groove.

Abstract: An elongate element (300) for a flexible pipe body (100) and method of producing the same are disclosed. The method includes inserting a first fibre element (304) in a crush resistant elongate tube element (302), wherein the first fibre element is suitable for monitoring at least one of strain, temperature and acoustic properties; inserting a further fibre element (306) in the tube element, wherein the further fibre element is suitable for curing a matrix material (308); and inserting a matrix material into the tube element to fill at least a length of the tube element such that the first and further fibres elements within that length are surrounded by matrix material.

Abstract: Even though no light source is provided in the vicinity of each curved apex of a main face, the brightness difference depending on the location on the main face is reduced, and a light guide plate that contributes to electric power saving can be provided. A display and a traffic sign including the display that can keep a small brightness difference depending on the location on the main face, and reduce the power consumption. The ratio of the area of the first diffusion dots and second diffusion dots within the second diffusion region is greater than the ratio of the area of the first diffusion dots within the first diffusion region. Even though no light source unit is provided at a curved section, the brightness difference (the unevenness of brightness) depending on the location on the entire main face is reduced, and electric power saving can be achieved.

Abstract: A curable silicone composition for sealing an optical semiconductor element, comprising: (A) an organopolysiloxane that has at least two silicon-bonded vinyl groups in one molecule, that has C1-10 alkyl for the other silicon-bonded organic groups therein, and that lacks a siloxane unit represented by the following formula: SiO4/2; (B) an organopolysiloxane represented by an average unit formula; (C) an organopolysiloxane that has at least three silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in one molecule, that has C1-10 alkyl for the silicon-bonded organic groups therein, and that contains from 0.7 to 1.6 mass % of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms; and (D) a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst, wherein a viscosity at 25° C. and a viscosity at 100° C. of this composition lacking component (D) reside in a specific relationship, can efficiently perform resin sealing by transfer molding or compression molding while exhibiting an excellent moldability and can provide a cured product that has a low surface tack.

Abstract: A display system for displaying images on a textured surface. The system includes a display device with a monitor having a screen operable to output light associated with still or animated images. The system further includes an optical block comprising a plurality of optical fibers bonded together to define parallel guide paths. First ends of the optical fibers define a first block surface and second ends of the optical fibers define a second block surface. The first block surface is positioned adjacent the screen to receive and transmit the output light along the guide paths to the second block surface. The system includes a textured display element covering the second block surface for receiving light exiting the second block surface and having a non-planar exterior surface emitting or projecting the received light. The textured display element has a body with an optical index matching that of the optical fibers.

Abstract: A method of making a taper in an optical fiber including: securing the optical fiber in a first holder and a second holder, heating the optical fiber, and moving the first holder in a first direction with a pulling speed and at the same time moving the second holder in the first direction with a feeding speed, wherein a ratio of the pulling speed to the feeding speed is greater than one.

Abstract: A method of forming a cladding portion of an optical fiber preform assembly includes positioning a glass core cane in a mold cavity and loading the mold cavity with silica glass soot. The silica glass soot is compressed in an axial direction as the vibratory energy is applied to the mold body to form a soot compact around the glass core cane, wherein the soot compact is the cladding portion of an optical fiber preform assembly and the glass core cane is a core portion of the optical fiber preform assembly.

Abstract: Orthomode transducers (OMTs) and methods of fabricating OMTs are disclosed. According to disclosed embodiments, an OMT includes a housing defining an internal waveguide. The housing may be composed of a first cast housing member attached to a second cast housing member. The first housing member may include a first side of the waveguide that is cast into the first housing member. The second housing member may include a second side of the waveguide that is cast into the second housing member. A method of fabricating an OMT may include arranging at least one casting insert in at least one mold, casting the housing in the mold and casting a waveguide in the housing using the at least one casting insert. The disclosed devices and methods provide cost effective solutions for fabricating OMTs of various operating frequencies that share a substantially similar outer housing shape and size.

Abstract: A Raman scattered light enhancement device including a waveguide provided in a photonic crystal (20) made of a semiconductor substrate in which holes (20a) are formed. The waveguide has resonant modes with respect to incident light at a plurality of frequencies. A difference in frequency between one resonant mode and another resonant mode is equal to a Raman shift frequency of the semiconductor substrate. A waveguide forming direction with respect to a crystal plane orientation of the semiconductor substrate is set so as to maximize a Raman transition probability which is represented by electromagnetic field distribution of the two resonant modes and a Raman tensor of the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composite light guide plate having a thickness of more than about 1 mm, for use in LCD backlights or in general illumination devices. In the fabrication method of the present invention the extrusion roll molding process is combined with coating and lamination steps to enable a cost effective roll-to-roll or roll-to-sheet manufacture of the thick composite light guide plate wherein one or both principal surfaces of the light guide plate contain a pattern to enable extraction and redirection of light by the light guide plate from a light source or multiple light sources placed at one or multiple edges of the light guide plate. The composite light guide plate comprises a patterned film and a pre-cut sheet joined together by an adhesive layer.

Abstract: An optical fluorescence-based sensor comprising at least one sensing element is disclosed. In one aspect, the at least one sensing element comprises a waveguide comprising a waveguide core, a light source optically coupled to an input part of the waveguide core, and a photodetector optically coupled to an output part of the waveguide core, the waveguide core being made of a material comprising a mixture of an optical material and a fluorescent dye.

Abstract: Devices and components that can interact with or modify propagation of electromagnetic waves are provided. The design, fabrication and structures of the devices exploit the properties of reactive composite materials (RCM) and reaction products thereof.

Abstract: An optical active fiber is configured with an asymmetrically-shaped core having at least one long axis and a shortest axis which extends transversely to the long axis. The outmost cladding of the active fiber is configured with a marking indicating the orientation of the short axis. The marking allows for bending the fiber so that the shortest axis extends along and lies in the plane of the bend thereby minimizing distortion of a mode which is guided by the asymmetrically-shaped core as light propagates along the bend.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for applying a mid-IR graded microstructure to the end of an As2S3 optical fiber are presented herein. The method and apparatus transfer a microstructure from a negative imprint on a nickel shim to an As2S3 fiber tip with minimal shape distortion and minimal damage-threshold impact resulting in large gains in anti-reflective properties.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light-guide device includes: obtaining a substrate having a flow passage; providing inkjet printing equipment having a liquid jetting head apparatus; and injecting an optical wave guide micro-droplet into the flow passage by using the liquid jetting head apparatus of the inkjet printing equipment, to form a light-guide device in the flow passage.

Abstract: A wave guide that can be deformed into a required shape and fixed in that shape by polymerization of the material. The wave guide substrate comprises a flexible monomer or oligomer material that is polymerized to form a rigid polymer and fix the shape of the wave guide. Light sources, such as LED's, and/or photo voltaic cells may be embedded within the substrate of the wave guide so that the wave guide is a luminaire or solar concentrator, respectively.

Abstract: A composite light guide plate comprises a light guide plate and a prism structure adhering to the light guide plate. The light guide plate comprises a light emitting surface. A plurality of first microstructures is formed on the light emitting surface. The prism structure is adhered on the light emitting surface of the light guide plate. The prism structure comprises a first surface in contact with the light emitting surface. A plurality of second microstructures is formed on the first surface. Each second microstructure is corresponding to and in tight contact with one of the first microstructure. An apparatus and a method for manufacturing the composite light guide plate is also provided.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes an interlocking microstructure formed on an outer periphery of the fiber that configures the fiber to be interlocked with another optical fiber including a complementary interlocking microstructure coating.

Abstract: A wavelength converting structure suitable for covering a carrier carrying at least one light-emitting diode (LED) chip is provided. The wavelength converting structure includes a base film and a fluorescent layer. The base film has a first bending portion and a first flat portion connected to the first bending portion. The first flat portion is disposed on the carrier, and an accommodating space is defined by the first bending portion and the carrier. The LED chip is disposed in the accommodating space. The fluorescent layer is disposed on the base film and has a second bending portion and a second flat portion connected to the second bending portion. The second bending portion is conformal to the first bending portion, and the second flat portion is conformal to the first flat portion.

Abstract: A method of making a device housing involves providing a transparent lens with a front surface and a rear surface, and a stepped flange along at least a portion of the lens perimeter. The method includes injecting plastic onto the transparent lens perimeter, including the stepped flange, the plastic forming a plastic feature that has a front surface that is tangent to the front surface of the transparent lens, a rear surface that is tangent to the rear surface of the transparent lens, and that extends outward from the sides of the transparent lens away from a device width center line. The plastic feature is molded to the rear surface of the transparent lens at at least one of two ends of the device housing, and the plastic encapsulates a stepped middle surface of the transparent lens flange. A device housing that is made by this method is also included.

Abstract: A process for preparing a subassembly, the process comprising: (a) defining the location of one or more grooves for receiving optical conduits on the top planar surface of a wafer or panel, the grooves corresponding to multiple interposers on the wafer or panel; and (b) etching the grooves into the wafer or panel, each groove having sidewalls and first and second terminal ends and a first facet at each terminal end perpendicular to the side walls, each first facet having a first angle relative to the top planar surface, each groove being shared by a pair of transmitting and receiving interposers on the wafer or panel prior to being diced such that the first and second terminal ends of each groove correspond to transmitting and receiving interposers, respectively.

Abstract: Methods of converting silica to silicon and fabricating silicon photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are disclosed. Silicon photonic crystal fibers made by the fabrication methods are also disclosed. One fabrication method includes: sealing silica PCF and a quantity of magnesium within a container, the quantity of magnesium defined by 2Mg(g)+SiO2(s)?2MgO(s)+Si(s); converting silica PCF to a reacted PCF through magnesiothermic reduction; and converting the reacted PCF to the fabricated silicon PCF by selective dissolution of the reacted PCF in an acid. Another fabrication method includes: adding silica PCF and a quantity of solid magnesium to an unsealed container, the quantity of magnesium substantially in excess of that defined by 2Mg(g)+SiO2(s)?2MgO(s)+Si(s); converting silica PCF to a reacted PCF through magnesiothermic reduction; and converting the reacted PCF to the fabricated silicon PCF by selective dissolution of the reacted PCF in an acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for shaping plastic optical fibres (POFs), more specifically for optically modifying and yet more specifically for rapidly joining two portions of the plastic optical fibres to create a new optical connection. The plastic optical fibres may be heated under controlled conditions, to soften them and lens, sensor or patterns may be imprinted on portions of the fibre. Methods are provide to optical joints, and combined physical and optical joints.

Abstract: A curable silicone composition for sealing an optical semiconductor element, comprising: (A) an organopolysiloxane that has at least two silicon-bonded vinyl groups in one molecule, that has C1-10 alkyl for the other silicon-bonded organic groups therein, and that lacks a siloxane unit represented by the following formula: SiO4/2; (B) an organopolysiloxane represented by an average unit formula; (C) an organopolysiloxane that has at least three silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in one molecule, that has C1-10 alkyl for the silicon-bonded organic groups therein, and that contains from 0.7 to 1.6 mass % of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms; and (D) a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst, wherein a viscosity at 25° C. and a viscosity at 100° C. of this composition lacking component (D) reside in a specific relationship, can efficiently perform resin sealing by transfer molding or compression molding while exhibiting an excellent moldability and can provide a cured product that has a low surface tack.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing an optical fiber is provided. The apparatus includes a spindle having a bore for receiving a preform of the optical fiber along a longitudinal axis defined by the spindle. A plurality of work holding devices are positioned apart from each other along the longitudinal axis of the spindle and configured to secure the preform against the spindle at two or more distinct positions when the preform is spinning. The plurality of work holding devices comprises any combination of chucks, collets, cams, set screws, or shims. A position of at least one of the work holding device is adjustable to shift the preform away from the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A light diffuser panel for coupling to an optical element, includes a substrate with a first surface that is diffusive to a plurality of wavelengths of light and a second surface, wherein the substrate comprises a material with a refractive index nin that is greater than a refractive index nd of a medium outside of the first surface, ?min is a minimum wavelength of the plurality of wavelengths of light, ?max is a maximum wavelength of the plurality of wavelengths of light, the first surface is a diffractive grating surface with a grating period P, the grating period P is greater than ?max/(nd+nin), and P is smaller than ?min.

Abstract: The cladding absorption of single-mode, double-clad, gain-producing fibers is increased in fiber designs that includes a trench region disposed between the core and inner cladding regions. Increased cladding absorption is achieved while maintaining single-mode operation.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a plate workpiece with surface microstructures is provided. Before press-molding, a preform is placed between a first mold with a pattern and a second mold, and is disposed on the second mold. Next, the first mold and the second mold are heated to a transition temperature of the preform, and then pressed against the preform to impress the pattern onto the preform to obtain a patterned preform. Finally, the patterned preform is cooled with the second mold and shrunk to obtain the plate workpiece with surface microstructures. Since the patterned preform is uniformly cooled from bottom to top by thermal conduction, the temperature field is isothermal in a horizontal distribution. Therefore, a plate workpiece with high accuracy surface microstructures is obtained, and is useful for carrying multiple optical fibers in optical communication.

Abstract: A narrow border backlight module includes a frame, a reflective isolation layer, and a light guide element. The frame includes a plural of sidewalls connected to each other, and the bottom of the frame is hollow. The sidewalls define a cavity. The reflective isolation layer is disposed on an inner surface facing the cavity of the sidewalls. The light guide element is formed inside the frame, and the light guide element and the frame are integrally formed.

Abstract: An optical waveguide contains a lower cladding layer, a patterned core layer, an upper cladding layer and an upper low elasticity layer, which are laminated in this order, in which a film formed by curing a resin composition for forming the upper low elasticity layer has a tensile elastic modulus of from 1 to 2,000 MPa at 25° C., and a cured film having a thickness of 110 ?m formed by curing a resin composition for forming the upper cladding layer has a total light transmittance of 90% or more. An optical waveguide that has good flexural resistance and good optical characteristics can be provided.

Abstract: A mold for molding optical fiber connector includes a core pin, a core mold and a cavity mold. The core pin has insertion portion and a blind hole forming portion. The core mold is used to clamp the insertion portion of the core pin. The cavity mold includes a molding cavity and a through hole defined in the sidewall of the cavity mold, the molding cavity includes a lens forming portion used to mold the lens. A positioning block defining an aligning hole is positioned in the through hole, the aligning hole is used to clamp the blind hole forming portion of the core pin to make the blind hole forming portion align with the lens forming portion during the injection molding process. The present art also relate to a method for adjusting the mold.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a pattern using a laser is provided. The apparatus includes a pattern storing unit, a controller, a laser oscillating unit, an X-Y driver, a header unit, and a stage. The pattern storing unit stores data on light guide patterns of a discontinuous straight line shape. The controller transmits position signal of the light guide patterns to the X-Y driver and simultaneously, transmits a switching signal to the laser oscillating unit. The laser oscillating unit outputs a laser beam synchronized with a movement of the header unit. The X-Y driver moves the header unit and the stage. The header unit moves along a first guide rail. The stage moves along a fixed second guide rail in the front and rear direction of the light guide panel.

Abstract: Electronic devices may include displays. A display may include display layers having an array of display pixels and a backlight unit that provides backlight illumination to the display pixels. The backlight unit may include a light guide plate that distributes light across the display layers and a stack of optical films that may be used to enhance backlight performance. The optical films may be interposed between the light guide plate and the display layers. The light guide plate may be provided with one or more rounded edges formed from curved surfaces and/or one or more beveled edges formed from chamfered surfaces. Providing the light guide plate with rounded or beveled edges may minimize abrasive contact between the light guide plate and the adjacent optical films. An injection molding tool may be used to mold a light guide plate with rounded or beveled edges.

Abstract: In a backlight module, a diffusive structure and a prism structure are replaced by a diffusive prism film formed on a substrate and transferred via In-Mold Decoration by Roller (IMR) to a light guide body via injection molding. A reflection film is also transferred to an opposite side of the light guide body via the same way. In such way, optical films may be readily transferred to the light guide body via two-side IMR during the process of injection molding of the light guide body, saving room taken by substrates of the optical components.

Abstract: A method for molding a resin molded product, including at least first and second molded portions having respective distal ends thereof connected to each other by a connecting portion, has a pouring step of pouring the resin into base end sides of the first and second molded portions, a stopping step of stopping the resin that has flowed through the first molded portion and the connecting portion and is about to flow in the second molded portion, and a releasing step of releasing the stoppage of the resin after the second molded portion is filled with the resin.