Abstract: The present invention relates to veneered paneled elements such as doors. For example, a veneered raised panel door could include two vertically-oriented framing members (e.g., stiles) and two horizontally-oriented framing members (e.g., rails). These members are combined with a center panel to create a door frame. Each exposed edge of the door is layered with an edge banding. This edge banding (e.g., a wood or plastic veneer) covers any joints between the vertically-oriented and horizontally oriented framing members.

Abstract: A method for producing an iron oxide pellet including the steps of adding water to a raw material mixture comprising iron oxide which serves as a primary component, a carbonaceous material in an amount sufficient for reducing the iron oxide, an organic binder in an amount sufficient for binding the iron oxide and the carbonaceous material, and an inorganic coagulant in an amount of not less than 0.05 mass % and less than 1 mass %; pelletizing the resultant mixture to thereby obtain a green pellet; and drying the green pellet until the moisture content is reduced to equal to or less than 1.0 mass %. The thus-produced iron oxide pellet is charged in a reducing furnace for reduction to thereby obtain a reduced iron pellet.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing styrenic resin granulates including dry-compression-molding a powder of styrenic resin having a syndiotactic configuration at a compression pressure of 1-20 t/cm and at a molding temperature falling within the range of the glass transition temperature of the powder of styrenic resin to the melting point thereof, inclusive; and crushing the resultant molded product. High-quality styrenic polymer granulates can be produced in an industrially advantageous manner by means of a large-scale apparatus for producing styrenic polymer having a syndiotactic configuration.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for smoothing out the surface weight distribution of one or multilayer mats containing lignocellulose and/or cellulose with a binding agent dispersed therein for manufacturing of shaped articles, in particular in the form of wood chipboard, wood fiberboard or the like, wherein at least one vertically adjustable reverse brushing unit which extends over the width of the web is associated with a mat carrier which is fed via at least one scattering head. This apparatus is characterized, above all, by the reverse brushing unit comprising at least one vertically adjustable brushing roller having flexible bristles of a plastic material such as polypropylene, Teflon or the like which cooperates with a cleaning brush or a cleaning strip.

Abstract: A process is proposed for producing non-combustible moulded articles from blown vermiculite, the blown vermiculite granules being mixed with an inorganic binder and then pressed. The blown vermiculite granules are mixed with a solution of an inorganic binder, the vermiculite granules once mixed are pre-pressed, cut to the shape required and the cut blanks are pressed non-continuously at at least room temperature and preferably at temperatures of at least 100° C. and pressures of at least 0.3 N/mm2 to ensure that all solvent residues are removed from the finished non-combustible moulded article.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing plastic-substitute goods by using natural materials is disclosed. Agricultural byproducts and wood byproducts such as rice husks, rice plant stems, corn plant stems, bean plant stems, wheat plant stems, saw dust and the like are crushed into a particular size, then the crushed particles are mixed with natural adhesives (such as corn starch, potato starch and the like), and are coated with rosin or natural resins, and then a molding is carried out by applying a pressure in a molding machine, thereby manufacturing the plastic-substitute goods. The raw materials of the present invention are readily available from the rural areas, and the molding is carried out at a temperature of 100-300 degrees C.

Abstract: Low density composite particles made of a binder and filler material are provided for use in subterranean formations. The filler includes low density filler and optionally other filler. The binder includes a polymer and optionally cement. The particles may be employed as proppants useful to prop open subterranean formation fractures. The particles are also useful for gravel packing in subterranean formations, water filtration and artificial turf for sports fields. Methods of making the composite particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for producing fluorine-containing polymer powder which comprises densifying fluorine-containing polymer raw powder with rolls under conditions for permitting its specific gravity to achieve at least 90% of the true specific gravity, then comminuting the densified material, removing fine particles in the range of 3 to 40% by weight of the whole particle size distribution of the comminuted material by air classification, and further removing by classification coarse particles in the range of 1 to 20% by weight of the whole particle size distribution of the comminuted material. Powder can be used as a powder paint which is excellent in productivity, in powder fluidity, and which does not generate pollution upon heat-fusion.

Abstract: A method of producing a carbon-carbon part having a filamentized composite fiber substrate is provided. A substrate having a plurality of discontinuous filamentized fibers and a binder that binds said filaments together to form a composite substrate is provided, and carbon atoms are deposited onto the filaments at a predetermined temperature so that the binder is removed completely from the filaments and replaced with carbon atoms to from a dense carbon-carbon part.

Abstract: An improved sintered porous thermoplastic filter incorporating a second thermoplastic treated with a non-leaching antimicrobial agent for the purification of liquids. The method of making the filter is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a positive electrode, containing an organic polymer as binder, for primary elements with alkaline electrolytes. The process according to the invention is carried out in the following way: manganese dioxide particles are mixed with a graphite dispersion, which contains an organic polymer, and are compressed to form an electrode body.

Abstract: Used and manufacturing scrap asphalt shingle material is processed into a relatively course material comprising pieces or flakes of a maximum predetermined size, preferably with a relatively low aggregate content. The flakes are finish processed into a composite board product, with advantage taken of the larger size and low aggregate content. The board fabrication process includes (i) mixing the flakes with a relatively high percentage content of solvent suffuced fiber, (ii) grinding and heating the flakes and fiber to form a homogenous semi-liquid mixture, (iii) extruding and conveying the homogenous mixture to a board forming station, and (iv) compressing the mixture into the composite board product. The flakes may be produced by an initial process that includes (i) shredding the used and scrap shingle material into pieces of a predetermined maximum size, and (ii) separating the shredded material into (a) fine material and (b) course material.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for practicing the method for making ligneous material boards into an endless board strand with a continuously operating press. The press includes two flexible endless steel belts which take the press material between them and carry it through the press, are carried in rotation by drive drums and idler drums around a press table and a press ram, the steel belts thrust with friction-reducing elements against heated press plates of the press table and press ram and a cooling system that follows. The cooling system is configured as a double-belt holding apparatus with an applicable holding pressure up to a maximum of 0 to 0.05 N/mm2 and directly behind the continuously operating press and ahead of the cooling system a diagonal sawing apparatus is disposed for dividing the board strand into single boards, and on the backs of the holding belts making contact with the single boards several rows of coolant spray nozzles are disposed.

Abstract: A substantially continuous method for forming a structural panel of indefinite length is disclosed. The method includes the steps of preparing a settable mixture, conveying the mixture in a flowable state to a load chamber, progressively forcing the mixture from the load chamber through an inlet toward an outlet of an open ended mold chamber by a compression device at least partially curing the mixture within the mold chamber, resisting movement of the mixture through the mold chamber until a predetermined consolidation pressure or density within the mold chamber is achieved, subsequently allowing movement of the mixture through the mold chamber in response to further mixture being forced through the inlet by the compression device, and allowing the mixture to cure, thereby progressively forming a structural panel of substantially indefinite length.

Abstract: A process is proposed for producing non-combustible moulded articles from blown vermiculite, the blown vermiculite granules being mixed with an inorganic binder and then pressed. The blown vermiculite granules are mixed with a solution of an inorganic binder, the vermiculite granules once mixed are pre-pressed, cut to the shape required and the cut blanks are pressed non-continuously at at least room temperature and preferably at temperatures of at least 100° C. and pressures of at least 0.3 N/mm2 to ensure that all solvent residues are removed from the finished noncombustible moulded article.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing sorbents on the basis of a cellulose-containing material and at least one smectic clay mineral capable of swelling, which form lumps when absorbing liquids. The method is characterized in that: (a) the cellulose-containing material and smectic clay mineral in fine particle form are intimately mixed together, whereby total water content of the components to be mixed is between approximately 25 and 40 weight percent, or is adjusted to be within this range by the addition of water (b) this mixture is compressed by means of a matrix press, and (c) the compressed moulded bodies emerging from the matrix press are cut substantially perpendicular to the direction of emergence and dried. The invention further relates to a sorbent obtained by the above procedure and its use.

Abstract: Peat-containing granules possessing numerous beneficial properties can be prepared by a process involving gentle extrusion in which viscosified water is used in the extrudable composition. Advantageously, gentle extrusion allows a peat-containing extrudate to be formed in which the beneficial properties of the raw peat are well preserved. In preferred embodiments, gentle extrusion is achieved by using an extrusion die provided with a plurality of apertures and a relatively large open area which allow low extrusion pressures to be used.

Abstract: A system is provided for pelletizing particulate raw matter having a first density, and thereafter subjecting the pellets to a milling process to obtain a powdered form of the particulate. During pelletizing steam can be added. The resulting powder is denser, or more granular or has better flow with less dust than the pre-pelletized particulate matter having the first density. The powderized particulate has applications for pharmaceutical, nutritional and herbal end products.

Abstract: An implant and a method for making and using the implant are disclosed for the repair of bone defects or voids, including defects or voids in the acetabular cup. The implant shapes and compositions of this invention provide advantages not present in impaction grafts and like implants known in the art. Also disclosed is an osteogenic, cross-linked composite implant, and methods of producing the same.

Abstract: A method for producing urea having a low biuret content comprising providing solid crystals of urea and forming the solid crystals into discrete masses of urea by mechanical compacting.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of manufacturing a highly conductive polytetrafluoroethylene sheet; a method of manufacturing a highly conductive unsintered polytetrafluoroethylene sheet: and a method of manufacturing a highly conductive sintered sheet. In the first method, a paste of polytetrafluoroethylene powder admixed with conductive substance and extrusion lubricant is extruded to preform an unsintered tube-like material, and at least one place on the circumference of this extruded material, the material is cut open longitudinally and the resulting sheet is calendered if necessary. The second method includes a sintering process for the sheet. This invention also concerns a highly conductive polytetrafluoroethylene sheet having a wide-width and long-length, which is obtained by the above-mentioned method. This sheet is not less than 170 mm in width and has variance of volume resistivity (conductivity) in the longitudinal direction, 10% or less, preferably 7% or less in the cross direction.

Abstract: Apparatus for agglomerating and drying particulate material, including an agglomerator (4) for forming and discharging wet granules of a predetermined size or smaller, and a dryer (12). The agglomerator utilizes a rotary blade assembly (100) that repeatedly impacts and cuts the wet mixture of material to be agglomerated, which is forced radially outward through the blade assembly under centrifugal and air pressure force. Wet granules pass through an annular screen (104) where they reach a predetermined maximum size. The dryer has an inlet (50) for wet granules from the agglomerator, an outlet (78) for granules having passed through the dryer, and one or more baffles (64) within the dryer defining a spiral path through which the granules pass from the dryer inlet towards the dryer outlet. The baffles are configured such that their pitch increases with distance from the dryer inlet, whereby the cross-sectional area of the spiral path increases toward the dryer outlet.

Abstract: A novel process for preparing injection molding feedstock compounds in a continuous manner amenable to high volume manufacturing includes the steps of forming a mixture including metal and/or ceramic powders, a binder and a liquid carrier, supplying the components in a continuous manner to a twin screw extruder, forcing the homogeneous compounded mixture through an exit die, and cutting the extruded strand into pellets. The pellets are useful for shape-forming articles by various molding processes.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing an oral care composition of mixing at least one dry oral care ingredient and a dry water-soluble or water-swellable polymer, the improvement is by replacing the dry, water-soluble or water-swellable polymer with a particulate water-soluble or water-swellable polymer which has been at least partially agglomerated by treatment with water or an aqueous solution of polymer(s) and drying the agglomerated particles.

Abstract: A gelcasting composition has improved drying behavior, machinability and shelf life in the dried and unfired state. The composition includes an inorganic powder, solvent, monomer system soluble in the solvent, an initiator system for polymerizing the monomer system, and a plasticizer soluble in the solvent. Dispersants and other processing aides to control slurry properties can be added. The plasticizer imparts an ability to dry thick section parts, to store samples in the dried state without cracking under conditions of varying relative humidity, and to machine dry gelcast parts without cracking or chipping. A method of making gelcast parts is also disclosed.

Abstract: The process for the manufacture of an additive concentrate which comprises particles of size from 5 microns to 10 mm and a binder including the steps of: (a) mixing the particles and the binder in the dry state; (b) pressing the resulting mixture, optionally with heat sufficient to soften the binder, but insufficient to form significant melting of the particles so as to form a coherent body; and (c) optionally comminuting the resulting body.

Abstract: There is provided a method which reduces fines while maintaining the bulk handling advantages of granular or particulate elastomers such as those produced in gas phase processes and which affords continuous bulk handling of synthetic rubbers or elastomers such as those produced in solution and/or suspension processes. The method comprises (1) feeding an crumb form elastomer or a granular elastomer which contains fines along with optionally one or more filler materials to a mixer/extruder where it is masticated and melted into a compound; (2) pumping the compound through an orifice of the mixer/extruder, and (3) cutting and forming the compound into shaped pellets ranging in size from about 0.5 to 30 mm.

Abstract: The instant process forms a pellet comprised of at least sixty percent composted sewer sludge, up to forty percent cellulosic plant material and up to fifteen percent nutrient materials and chemicals for soil enhancement and plant nutrition that provides a combination of both long and short term beneficiation of soil and herbage and has no pathogenic microbes above regulatory ranges. The composted sewer sludge comprises primary sewer sludge admixed with cellulosic plant material that is thermally treated at temperatures between 140 and 180 degrees F. during composting to destroy mesophyllic pathogenic microbes and the viability of reproducible botanicals including seeds, but leave most thermophilic soil enhancing microbes in a viable state. Additional fibrous cellulosic material and chemicals are admixed with the composted sewer sludge and the mixture pelletized in a thermal process that raises pellet temperature to between 140 to 180 degrees F.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a plant for the manufacture of board-like composite materials having a surface structure at one side in which particles containing lignocellulose and/or cellulose, such as for example wood chips, wood fibers and the like, are mixed with at least one mineral binder, aggregate substances and water into a scatterable mixture. This mixture is formed on a continuously moved support into an endless mat, which passes, together with plate-like structure formers arranged end to end, into a continuously operating belt press. Thereafter provision is made for dividing up the length of board or mats obtained into individual sections, and for separating the plate-like structure formers from the individual boards or mats and returning them in a circuit into their starting position, while the individual boards or mats are subjected to a subsequent further hardening, curing and conditioning process. In this way considerable savings in investment and operating costs result.

Abstract: An extruded composite structural artificial lumber product is manufactured from wood fiber and polyethylene, including recycled polyethylene, by reducing the wood fiber and polyethylene each to a finely divided particles, mechanically mixing the wood fiber and polyethylene particles together with a measured amount of a powdered endothermic foaming agent, mechanically mixing the mixture, without pre-pelletization, in a twin-screw extruder where it is compressed and heated until it becomes plastic and homogenous, and then extruding the plastic mixture, using vacuum to remove vaporized moisture and other excess volatiles, through a molding die which forms structural profile of the desired product.

Abstract: Apparatus for agglomerating and drying particulate material, including an agglomerator (4) for forming and discharging wet granules of a predetermined size or smaller, and a dryer (12). The agglomerator utilizes a rotary blade assembly (100) that repeatedly impacts and cuts the wet mixture of material to be agglomerated, which is forced radially outward through the blade assembly under centrifugal and air pressure force. Wet granules pass through an annular screen (104) where they reach a predetermined maximum size. The dryer has an inlet (50) for wet granules from the agglomerator, an outlet (78) for granules having passed through the dryer, and one or more baffles (64) within the dryer defining a spiral path through which the granules pass from the dryer inlet towards the dryer outlet. The baffles are configured such that their pitch increases with distance from the dryer inlet, whereby the cross-sectional area of the spiral path increases toward the dryer outlet.

Abstract: A mill is described for compacting agricultural fibrous matter, such as straw or other agricultural waste, into a structural board. The board is useful as a dominant part of a load bearing and insulating panel replacing many of the load bearing and insulating structures typically used to make small buildings, such as houses. The mill includes many features not found in previous mills of this type, including not only a packer to place material in front of an oscillating ram head as is known, but a precompactor arrangement to regulate the volume of material fed to the packer. Another feature incorporated into the mill to aid in achieving a consistent density is a pressure offset mechanism which adjusts the rate of core formation. The mill has a modular design to facilitate replacement of those components subjected to significant wear.

Abstract: A marker pen including an improved nib. The nib has an elongated body portion and an integral tip portion. The nib is constructed of a needled nonwoven material preferably impregnated with a thermoset resin, such as melamine. The nib member may have a specific gravity generally falling within a range of 0.34 through 0.80, with a specific gravity of 0.38 being preferred in one construction. The needled nonwoven material preferably contains needle tracks characteristic of inefficient needling. A method of producing the improved nib member is also disclosed.

Abstract: In order to save energy and reduce the exhaust air volume in the production of wood fibers from wood chips, it is proposed to add unsaturated hot steam to the saturated steam used to plasticize the timber binders and soften the wood fibers in a closed-cycle process.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for pelletizing a feed material containing finely divided solids and water by compressing the feed material in the die cavities of a pellet mill and permitting excess water to escape from the material being compressed through at least one water escape opening in each die cavity.

Abstract: A method of gelcasting includes the steps of providing a solution of at least hydroxymethylacrylamide (HMAM) and water. At least one inorganic powder is added to the mixture. At least one initiator system is provided to polymerize the HMAM. The initiator polymerizes the HMAM and water, to form a firm hydrogel that contains the inorganic powder. One or more comonomers can be polymerized with the HMAM monomer, to alter the final properties of the gelcast material. Additionally, one or more additives can be included in the polymerization mixture, to alter the properties of the gelcast material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of converting asphalt composition roofing shingles into dimensional construction products. Asphalt composition roofing shingles are de-consolidated, such as by grinding, into a crumble. The asphalt shingle crumble is processed in a manner to increase the fusibility activity of the asphalt without decomposing a substantial fractional amount of the asphalt to an ash-like brittleness. The foregoing can be achieved by heat exchange using infrared heaters as the heat source. One disclosed example trial of the process warmed the crumble to a bulk temperature of between about 130.degree. F. and 150.degree. F. Following that, the asphalt shingle crumble is compacted into the shape of a given dimensional construction product such as blocks, curbs, tiles, beams, posts, and so on. The best quality products are achieved by a two-step compaction process in which there occurs a certain time elapse between the two compaction steps.

Abstract: A method of making plates or profiled workpieces from annual plants such as flax, straw, hemp, rice, reed, sugar cane, cotton stem, includes the steps of pressing plant parts of annual plants into bales after harvesting and completely wrapping the bales with a liquid-tight, vapor-permeable sheet. The wraped bales can then be stored until further processing which can be effected without subjecting the bales to an additional drying operation. Unsuitable plant parts such as dust, foreign matters and the like may be separated after harvesting from the useful plant parts before the latter are pressed to bales and wraped by a sheet.

Abstract: Secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfate surfactants are admixed with an organic material such as a polyacrylate, and the resulting mixture is compacted into chips. The chips are comminuted to provide particles and the particles are coated with a free-flow aid. The resulting particles exhibit improved solubility and are especially useful in laundry detergents.

Abstract: A method and system (10) for producing a composite material (108) from particles (102) and binder (104), is described. The system includes a feed zone (12), a unilayering zone (14), a mat reforming zone (16) and a compaction zone (18) all closely coupled to reduce time and allow the use of fast setting binders. A preformed feed mat (100) is fed into the spike wheels (22 and 24) of the feed zone. The spike wheels extract particles from the premat and impinge the particles onto an oscillating shield (26) in the layering zone. The oscillating shield moves across the thickness of the mat-forming zone depositing the particles uniformly on the trailing edge of the reformed mat (106) at the top (48A) of the tunnel conveyor (48) of the mat reforming zone. As the particles move past the lower end (26B) of the shield a binder is added to the particles. Overlays or release films (50) are introduced at the top of both sides of the tunnel conveyor so as to engage the surfaces of the reformed mat.

Abstract: A method of compression molding a closure having a base wall and peripheral skirt with internal threads, a thermoplastic resin blended with metallic particles wherein the particles are added in elliptical or spherical form. The metallic particles are provided in a carrier of resin which is then blended with the resin of the closure and the melt blend is extruded through a nozzle and cut into individual pellets. Each pellet is deposited into the cavity of a mold which is then closed to compression mold a closure.

Abstract: A process for preparing detergent particles containing secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfate surfactant comprises admixing secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfate surfactants with powdered detersive ingredients and admixing the resulting powder with a surfactant paste. The resulting detergent dough is extruded through an orifice and sized to provide particles. The particles are coated with a free-flow aid. The resulting detergent particles exhibit improved solubility and are especially useful in laundry detergents.

Abstract: A core component is shaped to compensate for varying widths and depths of the shell or framing of a building or structural member. The component includes two major surfaces defining respective front and rear sides of the component, and the rear side of the component is preferably the mirror image of the front side. The core component is preferably pre-formed and provided in a space or void on the interior of building or structural members, e.g., two prefabricated molded doorskins. The core component is preferably made from a composite soft board material. Processes for the production of a core component and a building member such as a composite door product are also disclosed.

Abstract: A macroscopically perforated porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sheet material having a microstructure of nodes interconnected by fibrils wherein the perforations have a minimum diameter of about 0.1 mm and wherein the orientation of a fibril varies as a function of the proximity of a fibril to the edge of a perforation. The length of the fibrils may also vary as a function of the proximity of a fibril to the edge of a perforation. The sheet material may alternatively be provided in a tubular form.

Abstract: A high density fiber product is made from natural lignin containing plant fibers. Plant fibers ranging in size below about 3000 microns in diameter are used. Binding agents and other additives may be mixed with the fibers to enhance product or process performance. The plant fibers or mixture of fibers and additives are heated to between about 50 degrees C. to about 140 degrees C. The heated fibers are compressed in a mold to an average density of about 50 pounds per cubic foot to about 100 pounds per cubic foot. Compression pressures of about 500 psi to about 2500 psi are used to achieve product densities within this range. The compressed fibers are cured under these temperature and pressure conditions. After the curing time has elapsed, the compressed fiber product is released from the mold and the mold may be reused. A high density product made from small plant fibers is provided.

Abstract: A bleaching activiator granulate produced by granulating (A) a bleaching activator selected from alkylcarbonyloxybenzene carboxylic acids, alklcarbonyloxybenzene sulfonic acids and salts thereof, and (B) an .alpha.-olefinsulfonate with (C) a water-soluble binder, which makes it possible to provide bleaching activator granulate having improved solubility and storability.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of an improved oral formulation of active ingredients belonging to the class of quinolones. The method is characterized by an intermediate compacting and grinding stage, before compression of the mixture of the active ingredient and excipients.

Abstract: A method for forming dendritic metal powders, comprising the steps of: (1) heating a powder comprising non-dendritic particles, under conditions suitable for initial stage sintering, to form a lightly sintered material; and (2) breaking the lightly sintered material to form a powder comprising dendritic particles. In one embodiment, the lightly sintered material is broken by brushing the material through a screen. Another aspect of the present invention comprises the dendritic particles that are produced by the method described above. These particles can comprise any suitable metal, such as transition metals, rare earth metals, main group metals or metalloids or an alloy of two or more such metals. The particles can also comprise a ceramic material, such as a metal oxide. These particles are characterized by a dendritic, highly anisotropic, morphology arising from the fusion of substantially non-dendritic particles, and by a low apparent density relative to the substantially non-dendritic starting material.

Abstract: A process for producing silicate or silicate-containing builder granules having an apparent density of at least 600 g/l by compacting silicate materials having an apparent density of less than 500 g/l, a molar ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Na.sub.2 O of 1.3 to 4, and a water content of up to 15% by weight, wherein the silicate materials are X-ray amorphous and are present in the form of a fine particle solid having a flake structure.

Abstract: An agglomerated active with controlled release comprising a particulate solid active material and a binder characterised in that the binder comprises from 0.02 to 5% by weight of a polyvinyl alcohol, based on the total weight of the agglomerate. The binder system simultaneously provides the desired hardness and release characteristics while maintaining a high level of actives. The active may be a bleach activator such as Tetraacetylethylenediamine.A process for manufacturing the agglomerate comprises the steps of mixing a particulate solid active material and optionally a portion of polyvinyl alcohol and optionally also a co-binder and then adding an agglomerating solution which optionally contains polyvinyl alcohol binder while mixing and agglomerating and drying the agglomerates to obtain an agglomerate with average particle size in the range 1-2000 microns wherein the agglomerate comprises from 0.02 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the agglomerate of polyvinyl alcohol.