Abstract: A bracket for controlling the gap between a light housing and bumper on a vehicle, the bracket is provided that includes a first generally flat surface defined by a first bracket leg, a series of second surfaces defined by the first bracket leg and raised above the first surface. The bracket also provides one or more first dual engagement clips supported on the first surface of the first bracket leg to clip a vehicle bumper to the bracket and one or more hooks each supported on a second surface of the first bracket leg allowing engagement of the light housing and bracket. The bracket allows a small uniform gap to be provided between the light housing and bumper and allows the light housing to be removed without removal of the bumper.

Abstract: A protective rear accessory bumper and integrated spare tire carrier for use on a host land vehicle providing protective features designed to minimize vehicle damage in rear-end vehicular collisions, and also providing rapid access to, and stowage of, a spare tire, by means of a pivoting tire carrier assembly, allowing a single person to change a heavy tire too heavy for the person to lift by hand.

Abstract: A warning plate assembly for indicating the excess width of a tractor, in particular an agricultural tractor. The assembly comprises a holder having a fixing part (1) attached to the vehicle and a deployable arm (3) carrying the warning plate (9). The deployable arm (3) is swivellable about a vertical swivel axis (2a) of the fixing part between a lockable deployed position, in which the deployable arm and the warning plate are disposed transversely to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, and a lockable retracted position in which the deployable arm is disposed substantially in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The length of the deployable arm (3) is adjustable (6,7) to cater for different widths of vehicle. The warning plate may be in two halves (10,11) hinged about a vertical axis so that the halves can be folded one over the over for storage.

Abstract: An accessory bumper for use on a host vehicle, such as a security vehicle, for providing collision protection when the host vehicle performs PIT maneuvers. The accessory bumper includes protective elements on front side of the vehicle, for protecting both the accessory bumper and also minimizing damage to the host vehicle's engine and other critical components necessary for the operation of the vehicle.

Abstract: A bumper beam in the form of an open hat beam with a central flange (11) pointing outwards has a transverse bulkhead (23) at one of its fastening portions (17). An internally threaded socket (22) is welded to the transverse bulkhead parallel with the bulkhead and protrudes through a hole (21) in the central flange (11) so that a tow eyelet can be screwed firmly into the socket when needed and thereafter be unscrewed.

Abstract: Door assemblies having magnetized bumpers for use with vehicles are disclosed. The door assemblies comprise a bumper assembly for use in a vehicle having a door that when fully opens contacts an adjacent body panel. The bumper assembly includes a bumper having a base and a distal end opposite the base. The base is configured for fixed attachment to the first exterior surface of a vehicle. The bumper is made of an elastomer and/or plastic and is configured for removable engagement with a second exterior surface. A magnet is provided with at least a portion of the magnet embedded in the body between the distal end and the base. The magnet is located within the bumper sufficiently close to the distal end to exert an attractive magnetic force sufficient to retain a door in contact with the bumper but without the magnet directly touching the door.

Abstract: A combination bumper cover and stiffener for vehicles maintains a good appearance and maximizes the absorption of shocks when a pedestrian is hit by the front of a vehicle. The combination bumper cover and stiffener includes a stiffener and a bumper cover. The stiffener includes a first mounting surface which contacts a front end module carrier of a vehicle, an extension surface which extends from the first mounting surface towards a front of the vehicle, and a second mounting surface which is formed by bending an edge of the extension surface towards a rear of the vehicle. The bumper cover is mounted at one surface thereof to the second mounting surface.

Abstract: An attachment structure of an object detector to a vehicle body which includes: a support portion provided on the object detector; a fixing portion which fixes the object detector to the vehicle body at the support portion; an exterior member provided in front of the object detector; and a guide member which abuts the exterior member and controls a moving direction of the exterior member when the exterior member moves toward the object detector due to a collision of the vehicle body.

Abstract: The present invention provides a modular bumper shell comprising an attachment member adapted for attachment to an energy-absorbing vehicle bumper substructure, and at least one outer member affixed to and at least partially covering the attachment member. The outer member is at least partially visible to an observer following vehicle assembly. The present invention also provides a method of assembling a modular bumper shell by providing an attachment member adapted for attachment to an energy-absorbing vehicle bumper substructure, providing at least one outer member, and attaching the outer member to the attachment member. The present invention further provides a method of changing the appearance of a vehicle bumper by providing a modular bumper shell including at least one outer member attached to an attachment member, and then replacing the outer member with a modified outer member.

Abstract: A front body for a motor vehicle includes, but is not limited to a bumper carrier and a hood lock carrier that are solidly connected to one another. An energy absorber structure that is supported on the bumper carrier on one side and on the whole block carrier on the other side features ribs that extend between the lock carrier and the bumper carrier and are essentially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: A front structure of an automotive vehicle, comprising a shroud having a shroud upper, shroud lower, and a pair of shroud sides, a bumper face, and a plate member, a front end of which extends to a position near a back face of the bumper face and a rear end of which is attached to the shroud lower, wherein protruding portions are provided at both-side ends of the plate member so as to protrude outward respectively in a vehicle width direction from both-side ends of the shroud lower, and projecting portions are provided at the protruding portions so as to project rearward respectively along side end portions of the shroud lower. Accordingly, the prevention of pedestrian dragging against the vehicle frontal oblique crush can be improved.

Abstract: An impact absorbing device which can absorb an impact, includes an exterior pipe, an interior pipe having a base part, the base part having one or more holes, and an interior pipe axially slidable within the exterior pipe. The device includes one or more movable resistance bodies arranged within the one or more holes, a support part having first, second and third sections and being movably arranged within the interior pipe. The device further includes an interior pipe movement component and a support part movement component which applies an energization power to the interior pipe. In a first operation mode, the second section faces the one or more holes and in a second operation mode the third section faces the one or more holes.

Abstract: A bumper assembly for a vehicle includes a bumper beam extending laterally across the vehicle and a bumper fascia covering the bumper beam. The bumper fascia includes a depending portion extending downward below the bumper beam. A powered vehicle component is mounted in the depending portion of the bumper fascia. A protective bracket is mounted below the bumper beam to prevent or limit contact of the powered vehicle component during a collision impact to the depending portion of the bumper fascia.

Abstract: A motor-vehicle bumper is provided with a number of piezoelectric elements which are connected to an electronic control unit programmed to operate one or more of the piezoelectric elements such that each of them, or one or more groups of them, fulfil different functions in different conditions of operation of the motor-vehicle.

Abstract: A guide for the vehicle includes a main body and a light emitting device mounted in the main body. The main body includes a support tube to support the light emitting device, a connecting member mounted on the support tube, a mounting sleeve mounted on the connecting member, and a housing mounted on the mounting sleeve and juxtaposed to the connecting member to retain the light emitting device between the housing and the connecting member. Thus, the guide has a light emitting device that emits light outwardly to provide a warning effect at the night or on a darker place so as to provide the driver's safety.

Abstract: An apparatus for vehicle door deflection and movement control. The apparatus includes a primary electromagnetic device disposed generally in a vehicle door frame or generally in an area of a vehicle body adjacent the vehicle door frame, and a controller for activating the primary electromagnetic device to push or pull the vehicle door frame. The apparatus may further include a sensor for measuring vehicle door deflection during vehicle movement. The controller may activate the primary electromagnetic device based on deflection measurements by the sensor to pull the vehicle door frame to generally cancel the vehicle door deflection.

Abstract: Disclosed is a vehicle front structure, which comprises a synthetic resin shroud 3 formed to support a heat exchanger and mounted to a vehicle body in a front of an engine compartment, a bumper fascia disposed in a front end of the vehicle body, a plate member 20 which has a front end located adjacent to a rear surface of the bumper fascia and a rear end attached to a lower shroud section 5, and a connection member 30 which connects a lower end region of a lateral surface of a side shroud section 6 to a non-abutted portion 13c formed in a flange 13 of a bumper reinforcement 10. The vehicle front structure of the present invention can suppress displacement of the shroud during a frontal impact with a pedestrian or an obstacle such as a curb.

Abstract: Systems and methods for pedestrian impact detection are provided. Piezoelectric sensor elements detect an object impacting a vehicle. The detected signal is attenuated and filtered. The attenuated and filtered signal is analyzed in the frequency domain to determine whether the object which impacted the vehicle is a pedestrian. If the object which impacted the vehicle is a pedestrian, then a pedestrian protection system is deployed.

Abstract: In a bumper, a touch sensor and a load detection sensor detect a load applied to the bumper in the event of a head-on collision, when pressed by an absorber. The touch sensor and the load detection sensor are provided in front of reinforced portions of a front wall of a bumper reinforcement. The touch sensor is provided in front of the load detection sensor with a load transfer plate interposed the touch sensor and the load detection sensor. In addition, in the event of a head-on collision, deformation of the front wall is suppressed by the reinforced portions and the load is appropriately applied to the touch sensor and the load detection sensor, and the load is appropriately applied from the touch sensor to the load detection sensor. Thus, the detection performance of the touch sensor and the load detection sensor can be stabilized.

Abstract: A vehicle body protector of the present invention comprises one or more section, with each of the sections comprising one or more layers of compressible rubbery substance. Each section also comprises a face side, an attachment side, and a holder. The holder is intended for securing one or more sections to the body of a vehicle. At least one of the sections is shaped in the form of a raised visually-recognizable symbol. The method of simultaneously advertising and protecting the vehicle's surface from bumps and scratches, utilizing the vehicle body protector of the present invention is also described and claimed.

Abstract: A collision detecting device includes a chamber member providing a chamber, a pressure sensor connected to the chamber member, and a bumper absorber absorbing an impact generated by collision of an object with the vehicle. The bumper absorber has a region, which has a thickness in a front-rear direction of the vehicle. The thickness of the region is equal to or smaller than a predetermined thickness. The region is in contact with at least a portion of the chamber member. The collision is detected based on the pressure of the chamber detected by the pressure sensor. Hereby, a collision detecting device in which the bumper absorber has sufficient rigidity, and the chamber has sufficient deformability in case of collision can be obtained.

Abstract: A collision detecting device includes a chamber member providing a space, a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure inside the space, a determination means, a bumper absorber for absorbing an impact generated by collision and a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature of the chamber member. Hardness of the chamber member changes with temperature. Thus, the deformation degree of the chamber member is different depending on temperature. However, the determination means corrects the pressure detected by the pressure sensor based on the temperature detected by the temperature sensor, and determines collision based on the corrected pressure. Therefore, a collision detecting device which can determine collision of an object with a vehicle accurately without being affected by the change of temperature can be obtained.

Abstract: A vehicular collision detection apparatus includes a bumper reinforcement, a bumper cover, a chamber forming member, a pressure sensor, a pressure changing device, and a chamber state detecting device. The cover is displaceable relative to the reinforcement toward a rear of the vehicle upon collision. The chamber forming member is provided between the reinforcement and the cover and defines a chamber space that is deformable upon displacement of the cover. The pressure sensor senses pressure in the chamber space. The pressure changing device changes pressure. The chamber state detecting device detects whether or not the chamber forming member is broken based on the pressure, which is detected while the pressure changing device is in operation.

Abstract: A collision detection apparatus for a vehicle having a vehicle bumper, which includes a bumper reinforcement includes a chamber member, a pressure sensor, and a collision detecting device. The chamber member is provided inside the vehicle bumper at a front surface of the bumper reinforcement. The pressure sensor is configured to sense change of pressure in the chamber space. The chamber member includes a deformable part and a non-deformable part, each of which extends in a vehicle width direction. The deformable part is compressed to be deformed between the collision object and the bumper reinforcement in a case, where the collision object collides with the vehicle bumper. The non-deformable part is limited from being compressed to be deformed.

Abstract: An improved cleaning robot that uses a simple structure to sense an obstacle is disclosed. The cleaning robot includes a robot main body comprising a driving unit to drive the cleaning robot, and a cleaning unit to remove dust, a bumper unit which is movably mounted in the robot main body to protect the robot main body from collision with an obstacle, a sensor unit which supports the bumper unit movably in a plurality of directions to sense the collision of the bumper unit and the obstacle, and a control unit which controls the driving unit on the basis of a signal sensed by the sensor to avoid the obstacle.

Abstract: An installation device for a sensor on an outer surface of a component of a motor vehicle includes the following elements: a base member for accommodating the sensor; holding brackets for fastening the sensor to the base member; a contour ring for accommodating the base member and for attaching the base member to the component of the motor vehicle; tabs for fastening the base member to the contour ring; and spring elements for retaining the base member and contour ring on the component of the motor vehicle with force locking, the base member having a first rigid region and a second elastic region, and the contour ring being provided at an opening in the component of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle has a forward end fashioned with a vehicle arresting device. The vehicle arresting device includes an elongate flexible member carried by opposed first and second supports having first and second outer ends, respectively. The first and second supports are mounted to the vehicle together for movement between stored and deployed positions relative to the forward end of the vehicle. The first and second outer ends of the first and second supports are disposed forwardly of the forward end of the vehicle in spaced apart relation in the deployed position of the first and second supports suspending the elongate flexible member therebetween.

Abstract: A motor vehicle front part includes a bumper unit provided with a bumper crossmember and a support which rigidifies the bumper unit in a region upstream of the bumper crossmember upon impact with a pedestrian. The front part of a vehicle is provided with a bumper unit so that the pedestrian's protection is also improved on vehicles whose design do not enable a lower support to be incorporated. The support is therefore arranged above the bumper crossmember.

Abstract: In a bumper, a touch sensor and a load detection sensor detect a load applied to the bumper in the event of a head-on collision, when pressed by an absorber. The touch sensor and the load detection sensor are provided in front of reinforced portions of a front wall of a bumper reinforcement. The touch sensor is provided in front of the load detection sensor with a load transfer plate interposed the touch sensor and the load detection sensor. In addition, in the event of a head-on collision, deformation of the front wall is suppressed by the reinforced portions and the load is appropriately applied to the touch sensor and the load detection sensor, and the load is appropriately applied from the touch sensor to the load detection sensor. Thus, the detection performance of the touch sensor and the load detection sensor can be stabilized.

Abstract: An embodiment of a vehicle step assembly includes a brace defined, at least in part, by a generally horizontal surface. The generally horizontal surface selectively transmits the weight of a user to the vehicle. The assembly further includes a fascia having an aperture. The brace is positioned, at least partially, at a generally lateral side portion of the vehicle rearward of a rearmost operational wheel. The fascia at least partially encloses a portion of the lateral side portion.

Abstract: An opening portion is formed at an upper-side portion of a shroud panel so as to penetrate the panel longitudinally. A face member and a face support member form a duct that guides part of outside air coming in through an outside-air intake of the face member to an opening portion of the shroud panel. Accordingly, there can be provided a bumper structure that can properly guide the outside air to an engine room behind the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A bracket for attaching and aligning a forward-looking radar (FLR) having a front face is disclosed according to one embodiment. The bracket includes a bracket frame having an attachment feature for attaching the FLR to the bracket frame. The bracket also includes a first mounting feature extending from the bracket frame for coupling the bracket face and the first mounting surface of the conveyance to define a first mounting surface angle. The bracket also includes a bracket member extending from the bracket frame. The bracket member includes an end portion disposed proximate to the bracket face and a distal end portion, which includes a second mounting feature for coupling the bracket member and the second mounting surface thereby defining a second mounting surface angle and aligning the FLR front face to an alignment angle.

Abstract: A rub-rail assembly that, in some illustrative embodiments, includes a carrier and an insert. The carrier may include, for example, a back support, and first and second legs extending from the back support. The insert may include a main body, and a pair of legs adapted to provide an interference fit with the legs of the carrier when the insert is installed in a seat position with the carrier. The some illustrative embodiments, the main body of the insert may include a lumen extending lengthwise for receiving an elongated light source, and in other embodiments the carrier may include the lumen for receiving an elongated light source. An elongated bumper assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: A bumper system includes a rectangular tubular beam made of high strength material. A center section of the beam is deformed downward and rearward so that a hitch tube receiver welded to a bottom of the center section is secured at a lowered and rearward position relative to the vehicle. At the same time, the ends of the beam are maintained in alignment and in a higher/forward position to support fascia and in particular to support step-forming portions of the fascia on ends of the bumper system.

Abstract: The invention provides fascia for a motor vehicle having a component mounting integrally molded to the fascia for holding and securing a component therein, the component mounting includes a containing portion having a through-hole for housing the component and for allowing the component to communicate therethrough, the containing portion being integrally molded to the fascia, and fastening means for securing the component in the component mounting, wherein the component mounting is designed for mounting the component from a side opposite to the show surface of the fascia. The fascia is made from a thermoplastic material having sufficient rigidity to maintain a positioning of the component and/or a continuity of a coating applied to at least a show surface of the fascia.

Abstract: A device when activated, disables a fleeing vehicle from within the operator's vehicle. The device mounts directly to the operator's vehicle. This device is controlled by the operator from within the vehicle by way of a control panel. When deemed necessary, the system is armed using a switch mounted on said panel. This allows for deployment upon activation of said switch. Upon positioning of operator car, the switch is activated, extending spike strip laterally. This places the spike strip under the pursued vehicle, in front of one or more of the tires. The operator applies the brakes of said vehicle, causing the spike strip to travel under the pursued vehicle's tire, disabling the vehicle. Upon traveling under the tire, the operator removes pressure from switch, causing the unit to safely stow itself. The system can then be re-deployed at will.

Abstract: A pedestrian protection system for a motor vehicle includes an impact recognition sensor for recognizing an impact of the motor vehicle with a pedestrian. The impact recognition sensor is located in a front fender of the motor vehicle, next to an outer skin that lines the fender, or in a front part of the motor vehicle, next to an outer skin that lines the front part of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle step includes an appearance surface; a pair of step surfaces; a lock for securing the step within a bumper; and a pivoting mechanism for rotating the step. The appearance face forms an external bumper surface when the step is stowed. The pivoting mechanism alternately deploys and stows the step manually or using a motor. A vehicle access method includes configuring a bumper with an affixable portion and connecting thereto a rotatable portion having an appearance surface and two step surfaces. The rotatable portion has a step surface formed on opposite surfaces of a first member, and an appearance surface formed on a surface of an intersecting second member. One step surface and the appearance surface are exposed when the rotatable portion rotates to one position, and the other step surface is exposed when the rotatable portion rotates to another position.

Abstract: An automobile bumper including an isolator including one or more step surfaces integrally formed on the isolator. The step surface(s) may provide a gripping surface for permitting a user to step on for loading and unloading objects from the automobile. A fascia cover may be attachable to the isolator and include a cutout for allowing the step surface(s) to protrude through the cutout to prevent direct contact of the user's foot with the fascia.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a shock absorbing and indicating bumper. The bumper includes, a spherical shaped body with a surface mountable to a corner of a device to which shock is to be absorbed. The bumper includes a crushable conical member engaged with a conical recess of the spherical shaped body, the crushable conical member having a hole therethrough from the vertex to the center of the base, and a shell with a substantially hollow semispherical shape slidably engaged with a surface of the spherical shaped body. The bumper further includes a rigid shaft with a first end fixedly attached to a central portion of the hollowed side of the shell and a second end pivotally engaged with the spherical shaped body at substantially the center of the spherical shaped body, the shaft extending through the hole in the crushable member and aligned thereby.

Abstract: An ultrasonic sensor for emitting ultrasonic waves and for receiving the waves reflected from objects is mounted on a mounting member such as a bumper of an automotive vehicle. A through-hole for inserting a front portion of the ultrasonic sensor is formed in the bumper. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to an inner surface of the bumper using a fixing member so that a vibrating front surface of the ultrasonic sensor is exposed to the front side of the bumper. A front periphery of the through-hole which is rough due to machining burrs or the like is covered with a masking member formed separately from the mounting member. Thus, the ultrasonic sensor is easily mounted on a bumper without damaging its ornamental design.

Abstract: Disclosed is a vehicle front structure, which comprises a synthetic resin shroud 3 formed to support a heat exchanger and mounted to a vehicle body in a front of an engine compartment, a bumper fascia disposed in a front end of the vehicle body, a plate member 20 which has a front end located adjacent to a rear surface of the bumper fascia and a rear end attached to a lower shroud section 5, and a connection member 30 which connects a lower end region of a lateral surface of a side shroud section 6 to a non-abutted portion 13c formed in a flange 13 of a bumper reinforcement 10. The vehicle front structure of the present invention can suppress displacement of the shroud during a frontal impact with a pedestrian or an obstacle such as a curb.

Abstract: A load sensing device comprise an inner member provided at a front part of a vehicle and a load sensor provided at a position before a front of the inner member, in addition to an outer member and a load transfer member. The outer member is provided at the front part of the vehicle so as to be located more frontward than the load sensor so that a space is formed between the outer member and the load sensor. The outer member is in charge of allowing the load sensor to sense, via the outer member, a load applied to a front of the vehicle. The load transfer member, made of a hard material, is disposed adjacently to the load sensor within the space between the outer member and the load sensor. The load sensor is allowed to move along the inner member in the back-and-forth direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: An illuminated bumper assembly having an elongated light source for emitting light rays and an elongated bumper for carrying the elongated light source. The elongated bumper is adapted to allow light rays from the elongated light source to be emitted along its length. In some embodiments, the elongated bumper has a primary bumper surface that faces away from a protected surface, and the elongated bumper is structured to engage one or more approaching objects and at least partially protect the protected surface from the one or more approaching objects. In some cases, the elongated light source may be situated between the primary bumper surface and the protected surface such that the primary bumper surface also helps protect the elongated light source from the one or more objects. The illuminated bumper may be adapted for use on boats and/or other applications, as desired.

Abstract: A system (10) for attaching a trailing device (12) to a vehicle includes a bumper assembly (11) having a back structure (13) which carries an energy absorbing module (14). The system (10) includes receiver assemblies (60) which are attached to the bumper back structure (13) and which include a tube (62). The system (10) also includes carrier assemblies (40) which carry the trailing device (12) and which each includes an arm end (42) slidably received in the tubes (62). Shear pins (73) attach the arm ends (42) to the tubes (62) and upon impact to the trailing device (12), a leg (74) of each pin (73) can be sheared allowing relative movement between the arm ends (42) and the tubes (62). As a result, the carrier assemblies (40) contact the energy absorbing bumper module (14) to absorb some of the energy of the impact.

Abstract: This invention relates to a protective cushion assembly that is adapted to protect equipment involved with vehicle towing, particularly the towing vehicle's rear bumper which contemporarily may be comprised of plastic. The cushion assembly includes an elastomeric plastic body and an associated bracket means for fastening the plastic body to an arm member that extends outwardly from the location of a vehicle-associated trailer hitch. The cushion and the bracket means can each be embodied in various forms and constructions. Combinations of the cushion assembly with various arms are disclosed. The arm preferably is a transversely extending, horizontally oriented, elongated cross bar that extends across and medially adjoins the rear end of a tow bar, more preferably the cross bar is part of a trailer hitch extension.

Abstract: A vehicle bumper assembly includes an elongated energy absorbing member, a plurality of mounting members, a wiring harness and a bumper fascia. The elongated energy absorbing member is dimensioned to extend between first and second sides of a vehicle. The energy absorbing member has an inboard facing surface, an outboard facing surface and an upper surface disposed between the inboard and outboard facing surfaces. The mounting members are longitudinally spaced along the upper surface of the energy absorbing member, each of the mounting members having a wire attachment structure. The wiring harness is coupled to the wire attachment structures of the mounting members such that the wiring harness is supported longitudinally above the upper surface of the energy absorbing member at the mounting members. The bumper fascia fits over the energy absorbing member thereby concealing the wiring harness.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the rigidity of vehicle body according to the present invention comprises a controller for controlling a buckling form, which controls the buckling form by adding to a member to be inputted to a collision load a lateral force in the direction substantially perpendicular to the member.

Abstract: A bumper absorber for protecting pedestrians (20) is formed into a W-shaped cross-sectional configuration, as taken along a direction which is orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the bumper absorber. The W-shaped cross sectional configuration has portions in which a front notch portion (22), an upper rear notch portion (24), and a lower rear notch portion (26) overlap with one another in a vertical direction of a vehicle. Ribs (30) are formed respectively at the upper rear notch portion (24) and the lower rear notch portion (26), and a triangular notch (32) is formed from a vehicle rear side at each of the rib (30). Further, the ribs 30 are formed at the upper rear notch portion (24) and the lower rear notch portion (26) so as to be separated from each other at predetermined intervals in a longitudinal direction of the bumper absorber, namely, in a transverse direction of the vehicle. With this structure, a rise in impact load acting on a pedestrian who is hit by a bumper can be controlled.

Abstract: Improved vacuum actuated display ornaments which adhere to surfaces by self-suction are improved by a wall thickness at the center of mass thicker than their peripheral wall thickness.