Abstract: The invention refers to a filament having improved emission of visible light. The emissivity of a tungsten filament is improved by depositing a layer of submicron-to-micron crystallites on the filament, the layer having substantially submicron spacing between crystallites. The crystallites being formed from tungsten or a tungsten alloy of up to 1 weight percent thorium, up to 10 weight percent of at least one of rhenium, tantalum, or niobium, and the balance substantially tungsten.

Abstract: A shrouded pin electrode structure including an elongated pin that extends into the volume of a gas containment structure of an RF excited gas discharge light source and is physically isolated from the discharge gas contained in the volume of the gas containment structure by a shroud structure made for example of a gas impermeable dielectric coating or closed end tube.

Abstract: A method of producing an FED including a central conductive region having a surface perpendicular to the supporting structure forming a device anode, a structure including first and second layers of intrinsic semiconductor material with a conductive layer, forming an emitter, sandwiched therebetween and stacked to each provide a surface parallel to and spaced from the conductive region surface, and conductive layers disposed on the provided surfaces of the first and second layers, perpendicular to the sandwiched conductive layer, in spaced relation to each other and the sandwiched conductive layer to form gate extraction electrodes.

Abstract: A surge absorber has an insulating body having a flat surface on which a pair of electrically conductive thin-film terminal electrodes and, therebetween, one or more electrically conductive thin-film discharge electrodes of a predetermined shape or shapes are formed. Micro discharging gaps are present between each of the terminal electrodes and any of the discharging electrodes adjacent thereto and between any of the discharging electrodes adjacent to each other. The discharging electrodes are typically arranged in a row and column pattern. A thermostatic fuse may be provided on the opposite side of the insulating body from the side of the flat surface on which the terminal and discharge electrodes are present. The substantial part of the surge absorber is hermetically sealed in an enclosure. The enclosure is filled with a gas such as an inert gas.

Abstract: Graphite carbon surfaces are protected from elevated temperature oxidation and mechanical wear by electric arc thermal spray coating exposed surfaces with a titanium nitride or multi-element (e.g., aluminum-silicon-titanium) coating.

Abstract: Structures in electrodes such as filaments for electric lamps and the like are subject to heat corrosion and/or erosion or evaporation during use. The electrodes are coated with synthetic diamond which serves to protect the operating or exposed portion or portions of the electrodes from corrosion and/or erosion. Where the electrode is a filament employed to generate and emit radiation including light energy for illumination, the coating is thin enough to be transmissive of the light energy generated when the electrode is electrically energized. Similarly if the electrode is used in the generation of an arc or electron beam, the synthetic diamond coating serves to protect the core material of the electrode from erosion and/or corrosion while permitting the radiant energy to be transmitted therethrough. If the electrode is a filament in a light bulb, the side wall and end wall thereof heated to incandescense are coated with such protective light transmitting material.

Abstract: An excitation coil for an electrodeless fluorescent lamp of the type having a core of insulating material, is made of a metal having a low thermal expansion coefficient which is plated with a high-conductivity metal. An insulating coating is applied over the metal plating. An exemplary coil includes a molybdenum wire, plated with silver, and finally coated with alumina. The result is a thermally stable excitation coil that maintains its shape, even at high operating temperatures, and hence maintains its impedance characteristic over the operating range of the lamp.

Abstract: A field emitter comprising a conductive metal and a diamond emission tip with negative electron affinity in ohmic contact with and protruding above the metal. The field emitter is fabricated by coating a substrate with an insulating diamond film having negative electron affinity and a top surface with spikes and valleys, depositing a conductive metal on the diamond film, and applying an etch to expose the spikes without exposing the valleys, thereby forming diamond emission tips which protrude a height above the conductive metal less than the mean free path of electrons in the diamond film.

Abstract: A gas tube protector includes a new coating for the electrodes. The coating, which eliminates the need for conditioning the electrodes prior to using or testing the protector, includes barium titanate and titanium.

Abstract: A discharge element comprises a linear electrode and a sheet electrode both of which are provided opposite to each other with an insulator sheet therebetween, in which the linear electrode is formed by plasma spray coating a high-meting point semiconductor so as not to be worn when a high-frequency high voltage is applied between both electrodes.

Abstract: To maintain a monolayer of scandium, which is necessary for a satisfactory emission on the surface of a scandate cathode, at least the top layer of the cathode is provided with a scandium-containing oxidic phase from which Scandium is supplied by segregation from this oxidic phase.

Abstract: A field emission electron emitter including a coating of diamond material disposed on a surface of a selectively formed conductive/semiconductive electrode wherein carbon ions are implanted at a surface of the electrode to function as nucleation sites for the diamond formation. A second field emission electron emitter is constructed by implanting carbon ions at a surface of a selectively shaped substrate to function as nucleation sites for the diamond formation. A conductive layer is deposited over the diamond and the substrate is removed to leave an electron emitter with a diamond coating.

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube includes an electron gun, a fluorescent screen which emits light when contacted by electron beams emitted from the electron gun, and a shadow mask arranged between the electron gun and the fluorescent screen and having a plurality of through holes for the electron beams. The color cathode ray tube further includes an electron beam reflecting film formed on an electron beam irradiated surface of the shadow mask using tungsten powder, to which at least a metal, that is not more likely to be oxidized than tungsten, is added or coated.

Abstract: A microminiature vacuum tube and a process for fabrication thereof. The tube is formed on a compound semiconductor substrate using solid state semiconductor fabrication techniques. A straight line path for electron flow is provided by forming an emitter and collector in the same plane. The emitter and collector are formed in a low resistance layer of a compound semiconductor substrate, such as by etching a recess through the low resistance layer and into the substrate to define a separate emitter and collector. Preferential etching techniques are utilized to form a sharp-edge in at least the emitter portion of the recess. A gate is formed in the recess proximate to but out of the plane for electron flow. The use of microminiature solid state fabrication technique allows the recess to be formed at submicron size to reduce the voltage requirements on the microminiature vacuum tube.

Abstract: A field-emitter-array device includes layers of conductive material and irvening layers of insulating material. The lateral edges of the layers form a field-emitter array including a field emitter edge electrode interposed between a pair of control electrodes. The control electrode edges produce an electric field causing the flow of field emitted electrons to be substantially parallel to the plane of the control and field emitter edge electrodes. The direction of electron flow can be further controlled by additional electrodes in the form of additional conductive layers or external electrodes.

Abstract: An electron-beam generator includes an electron-emitting device and a modulating electrode capable of modulating an electron beam emitted from the electron-emitting device in response to an information signal. The modulating electrode and the electron-emitting device are laminated so as to interpose an insulating substrate therebetween.

Abstract: An electron device employing an electron source including a polycrystalline diamond film having a surface with a plurality of crystallographic planes some of which exhibit a very low/negative electron affinity such as, for example, the 111 crystallographic plane of type II-B diamond. Electron devices employing such electron sources are described including image generation electron devices, light source electron devices, and information signal amplifier electron devices.

Abstract: A field emission device is set forth for providing a current-regulating and potential equilibrium function.

Abstract: A device providing electric-field induced electron emission includes an annular edge for emission of charged particles. Particle emission is induced, at least in part, by the presence of a conducting or semi-conducting post within the periphery of the emitting edge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inorganically insulated heater having a long life for use in air flow sensors, cathode ray tube cathode heaters etc., wherein the distribution of inorganic insulating particles of the whole insulating layer is made uniform and thereby the development of cracks and the like in the insulating layer is reduced and breaking of wire and dielectric breakdown occur with difficulty even at high temperatures and under strong vibrations.

Abstract: New and improved structures in electrodes employed in electrical discharge machinery and the like. In one form, electrodes of a spark plug, such as the side and center electrodes thereof, are entirely coated with a thin layer of synthetic diamond material deposited in situ therein as carbon atoms, carbon atoms containing gas or vapor through which microwave energy is beamed against the surfaces receiving such deposited material which forms a synthetic diamond layer. In another form, select portions of the side and center electrodes of a spark plug, such as the end portions thereof subjected to arcing when sparks are generated therebetween, are coated with thin layers of synthetic diamond or diamond-like material to improve their resistance to heat corrosion and pitting caused by the sparks discharged therebetween and the heat of combustion resulting therefrom.

Abstract: A composite body for rotary anodes of X-ray tubes is made from graphite, a carbide-forming, high-melting metal component and a multi-layered intermediate layer. The first layer of the intermediate layer closest to the graphite is made up of a metal or an alloy thereof which does not form a carbide. Applied over the first layer are at least two double layers. Each double layer has one individual layer of at least one carbide-forming metal or at least one carbide thereof, and a second individual layer of a metal or an alloy thereof which does not form a carbide. Preferred carbide-forming metals are tungsten, tantalum, hafnium and niobium. Preferred metals which do not form carbides are rhenium and platinum. In a preferred embodiment, the composite body is a rotary anode for X-ray tubes, with a basic body made of graphite and a burning track made of tungsten or a tungsten-rhenium alloy applied directly to the intermediate layer.

Abstract: This invention relates to an oxide-coated cathode for CRT and a manufacturing method thereof, where Scandium (Sc) or Scandium Oxide (Sc.sub.2 O.sub.3) is vaporized and ionized into a gas state under the oxygen existing environment, and is accelerated onto the surface of a base of Ni containing small amounts of a reducing element such as Mg or Si to form an implantation layer in a certain depth within the base, thereby enhancing the electron emissive characteristics and lengthening the longevity of the cathode.

Abstract: A high temperature low density operating element includes a porous high temperature operating element film formed into a predetermined configuration and disposed on one surface of an insulating member with good heat conductivity, a resistive film with a high melting point and good heat conductivity having a higher density than the high temperature operating element film, formed into a predetermined configuration on a second surface of the insulating member with good heat conductivity, a lead wire connected to the resistive film, an insulating protective film disposed on the insulating member covering the resistive film.

Abstract: A metal layer of not more than 2.0 .mu.m thick is formed on a base, containing nickel as the main ingredient and a reducing agent such as silicon and magnesium, by depositing tungsten by an electron beam under heating in a vacuum. The base is heat treated in a hydrogen atmosphere at 800.degree. to 1,100.degree. C. An emissive material layer, containing an alkali earth metal oxide and 0.01 to 25 wt % of a rare earth metal oxide, the alkali earth metal oxide containing at least barium oxide, is formed on the metal layer. Thus, life characteristics of the cathode, especially during the operation at a high current density such as not less than 2A/cm.sub.2, are greatly enhanced.

Abstract: A central electrode for spark plugs of internal-combustion engines, comprising a core of a highly heat-conductive base metallic material which is provided in the region of the firing tip with a precious metal casing consisting of silver or a silver alloy with predominantly silver content. At the boundary surface between the core material and the casing at least one interlayer is provided which is oxygen-impermeable and/or prevents the formation of a eutectic between the core material and the material of the casing.

Abstract: A discharge electrode for a charger has a thin wire or core made of stainless steel or electrolytically polished tungsten, and a coating provided on the thin line. To form the coating, amorphous alloy containing tantalum, niobium, zirconium, titanium or similar element belonging to the same group on the periodic table is deposited on the thin wire by sputtering, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) or similar technology. The content of tantalum in the amorphous alloy is selected to be 10 at % to 70 at %.

Abstract: A matrix addressed flat panel display, is disclosed herein and includes a lower planar array of spaced apart, parallel, electrically conductive leads and a matrix array of field emission cathodes connected to and extending up from the lower planar array of electrically conductive leads. An upper matrix array of spaced-apart parallel electrically conductive leads is located above and spaced from the lower array of leads and from the cathodes, such that the upper leads extend normal to the lower leads, crossing the latter immediately above the cathodes, and such that those segments of the upper leads that actually cross over the lower leads are positioned in a plane closer to the lower leads than the rest of the upper leads. The upper and lower planar arrays of leads are electrically insulated from one another by means of a pair of separately formed layers of dielectric material disposed therebetween.

Abstract: An electrode for discharge light source which is suitable for discharge display on account of its high reliability and outstanding discharge characteristics attributable to the metal conductor which is formed 1-5 .mu.m thick in the discharge container and also to the film of the material for secondary emission which is formed on the metal conductor from a compound composed of LaB.sub.6 and Ba in an amount of 0.01-20 mol % of LaB.sub.6 or a compound composed of LaB.sub.6, Ba in an amount of 0.01-20 mol % of LaB.sub.6, and Ca in an amount of 0.01-5 mol % of Ba, and is 0.5-2 .mu.m thick so that it is free of pin-holes.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device is provided which includes a laminate having an insulating layer held between a pair of electrodes opposing each other, wherein an electron-emitting region insulated from the electrodes is formed at a side end surface of the insulating layer formed at the part at which the electrodes oppose each other, and electrons are emitted from the electron-emitting region by applying a voltage between the electrodes. A method for preparing the electron-emitting device is also provided.

Abstract: Metal parts of an image intensifier tube which are exposed to a high voltage are coated with a layer of aluminum phosphate glass in order to preclude local discharge phenomena; the aluminum phosphate glass can be deposited in a thin, uniform layer already at a comparatively low flow temperature. Because the layer is thin, it is not necessary to take into account differences in coefficients of expansion, so that a high degree of freedom is achieved as regards the choice of materials for the metal parts.

Abstract: The electron source disclosed comprises a solid having a first semiconductor layer capable of releasing electrons under the effect of an electrical field, means to make at least one of its faces partially transparent to at least one part of the released electrons, and to enable this part of the electrons to be ejected from the solid, and a second unstable composite semiconductor layer having a structure having a negative differential resistance located between the first layer and its face which is at least partially transparent, in contact with the first layer. The electron source further includes means to form, with said first layer and the composite layer, an electrical resonant cavity.

Abstract: A laminated shadow mask assembly for use in a color picture tube including an evacuated envelope having a longitudinal axis and also having a phosphor deposited screen lying generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, which assembly comprises a finely perforated, laminated shadow mask having a plurality of apertures defined therein in a predetermined pattern; a support frame for the support of the laminated shadow mask; and expansion compensating couplings disposed around the support frame for connecting the support frame in position within the evacuated envelope with the laminated shadow mask held generally parallel to the phosphor deposited screen.

Abstract: A coated article suitable for use in a vacuum consisting essentially of a refractory metal substrate and a first coating of TiB.sub.2 and Mo. An overcoat of TiB.sub.2 may be applied to the first coating as a second layer upon which additional layers may be applied if desired.

Abstract: A field emission device wherein two collecting electrodes are provided to selectively collect electrons that are emitted from an emitting electrode as induced by a gate electrode.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device comprises electrodes mutually opposingly provided on the surface of a substrate, and an electron-emitting area provided between the electrodes, wherein a conductive film having an electrical resistance greater than that of said electron-emitting area and not more than 10.sup.10 .OMEGA./square is provided on the surface of the substrate at least at the peripheral area of the electron-emitting area in the state that it is electrically connected to said electrodes.

Abstract: An oxide cathode comprising a base 1 which consists substantially of titanium and a heater element 5 coated with aluminium oxide 6 to heat the base 1, which bears a porous alkaline earth metal oxide emissive layer 4. When the surface of the titanium base 1 which is opposed to the heater element 5 bears a metal layer 7 consisting at least of one of the metals Pt, Mo, Ta and W, a solution is obtained to the problem occurring in titanium cathodes in that titanium in contact with aluminium oxide is not chemically stable. The metal layer preferably consisits of pure tungsten and is formed by chemical vapour desposition (CVD). The metal layer is preferably from 1 to 10 .mu.m thick.

Abstract: A cathode for an electron tube in accordance with the present invention comprises: a base containing not only nickel as a major element but also a reducing agent; a layer of an electron-emissive substance which is applied to the base and contains not only an alkaline earth metal oxide as a principal component but also a scandium oxide; and a heater for heating the layer.

Abstract: A vacuum valve device comprises a substrate on which is formed an updoped silicon layer from which a silicon dioxide layer is grown. First, second and third electrode structures are formed on the silicon dioxide layer by depositing a metallic layer and etching away unwanted portions of the layer. The first electrode structure has a pointed end and/or a sharp edge and/or is formed of low work function material so that, when a suitable voltage is applied between the first and third electrode structures, electrons are emitted from the first electrode structure due to a field emission process. Electrons therefore flow from the first to the third electrode structure substantially parallel to the substrate. The second electrode structure acts as a control electrode.

Abstract: This invention is a cathode of an indirect heated type having improved electron emission characteristics.A cathode for an electron tube in accordance with the present invention comprises: a base containing Ni as a major element; and a layer of an electron-emissive substance formed on the base, this layer comprising not only alkaline earth metal oxide as a principal component containing at least Ba, but also rare earth metal oxide of 0.1 to 20 wt. % or rare earth metal of 0.05 to 15 wt. %.

Abstract: A controlled porosity dispenser cathode and method of manufacture therefo using chemical vapor deposition and laser drilling, ion milling, or electron discharge machining for consistent and economical manufacturing a cathode with pores on the order of 0.2 to 2 .mu.m in diameter.

Abstract: Self-aligned double grids for vacuum tubes and methods for making such double grids are provided. The self-aligned double grids are especially suitable for improving the efficiency and performance characteristics of high frequency power amplifier tetrode tubes.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for display apparatus is disclosed. A plurality of electrodes of different rigidities are provided between a cathode and a fluorescent material through coupling spacers. Plural kinds of coupling spacers are prepared in each of which the materials of a substrate metal, an insulating layer and a glass frit are different from each other and the proportional thicknesses of these components are varied to the extent that the intervals between the electrodes of different rigidities are not changed are prepared. An electrode block is completed by arranging the electrodes and the spacers such as to cancel the rotating moment around the neutral axis of the electrode block and joining them by means of calcination. The assembling accuracy of the electrode block is heightened very advantageously for positional accuracy with respect to the fluorescent screen.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of producing a discharge display device which enables formation of a satisfactory LaB.sub.6 cathode without using a LaB.sub.6 paste containing a glass binder. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of applying a conductive paste containing a glass binder, temporarily drying said conductive paste to form a conductive paste layer, forming a LaB.sub.6 layer containing no glass binder on said conductive paste layer, burning said conductive paste layer and said LaB.sub.6 layer, at the same time, and activating said LaB.sub.6 layer after being burnt, and after an exhausting step by gas discharge with large current to form a LaB.sub.6 cathode.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of producing a discharge display device which enables a LaB.sub.6 cathode to be formed by a thick-film printing method. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of applying a paste prepared by mixing LaB.sub.6 powder with alkali glass powder in a proportion of 20-40 wt. % with respect to the LaB.sub.6 powder to a base electrode, burning the paste, and activating the paste by gas discharge with large current after an exhaustion step to form a LaB.sub.6 cathode on the base electrode.

Abstract: A lighting unit having a filament serving as a supplementary light source, an improved gas discharge tube serving as a main light source having improved electrodes and an improved ballast circuit operating in cooperation with the improved electrodes is disclosed. Various embodiments of the improved electrodes and various embodiments of the improved ballast circuits are disclosed. The improved ballast circuit operating in cooperation with the improved electrodes provides for thermionic arc conditions in the operation of the gas discharge tube substantially immediately after the application of voltage applied to the unit.

Abstract: A carbonaceous article, e.g., a carbon or graphite electrode, is provided with an oxidation prohibitive coating comprising a compliant, low strength, porous, sintered, particulate, refractory, ceramic material. A cover layer is preferably applied over this compliant, low strength, ceramic layer, the cover layer comprising a rigid, glassy substance which is plastic and flowable at temperatures above about 750.degree. C.

Abstract: An electrode is made of a metallic composite material including a matrix with embedded tubes having high burn-off resistance. A filler material, which differs from the material of the matrix and tubes, is used as a core material for the tubes. Such filler material promotes the emission of electrons from the electrode surface.

Abstract: The cathode (4) the material of which is substantially high-melting metal such as W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Re and/or C, consists of a very fine-grained mechanically stable support layer (5), a series of layers (6) considerably enriched with emissive material, in general from the scandium group especially from the group of rare earth metals, preferably with Th or compounds thereof and a thermally stable preferentially oriented coating layer (7). All the layers are provided via the gaseous phase, for example, CVD methods, on a substrate (1) formed according to the desired cathode geometry. The substrate (1) is removed after termination of the deposition. FIG. 2.

Abstract: A surge arrester, includes a gas-filled housing, copper electrodes disposed opposite each other in the housing, the electrodes each including a relatively thin-walled truncated conical part having a flange integral therewith and a solid cylindrical part, the cylindrical parts each having a respective end surface facing each other, the end surfaces being mutually spaced apart by a given distance and each having a trough-shaped axially-symmetrical depression formed therein, a highly active electrode activating compound filling each of the depressions, a tubular ceramic insulator at least partly surrounding the electrodes defining respective annular gaps between the insulator and each of the cylindrical parts having widths being substantially between 0.2 mm and 0.