Abstract: An apparatus such as a power supply circuit includes an input, a signal generator, and a frequency selector. The input receives a signal indicating a magnitude of current supplied by an output voltage of a voltage converter to power a load. The signal generator produces a frequency selection signal based on the magnitude of the current supplied to the load as indicated by the received signal. Via the frequency selection signal, the frequency selector selects a switching frequency of controlling switches in the voltage converter to produce the output voltage. According to one configuration, the signal generator and frequency selector delay increasing the switching frequency from a first switching frequency setting to a second switching frequency setting subsequent to detecting a change in the magnitude of the current.

Abstract: A method of inductor current reconstruction for a power converter can include: acquiring at least one of a current that represents a current flowing through a main power transistor, and a current that represents a current flowing through a rectifier transistor, in order to generate a switching current sampling signal in the power converter; and generating an inductor current reconstruction signal representing an inductor current in one complete switching cycle according to the switching current sampling signal and an inductor voltage signal representing a voltage across an inductor in the power converter.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling a switching power supply includes a disable signal generator generating a disable signal in response to an input clock signal, a timer circuit generating a timeout signal in response to the disable signal, a comparison signal generator generating a comparison signal in response to an output signal of the power supply, a first threshold signal generator generating a first threshold signal in response to the comparison signal, the first threshold signal having a value greater than that of the comparison signal, and a first comparator comparing the first threshold signal and a sense signal to de-assert the modulation signal when the sense signal is equal to or greater than the first threshold signal and the timeout signal has a first logic value.

Abstract: A method of randomizing inductor current in at least one of a plurality of parallel coupled peak/valley current-controlled power converters may include comparing the inductor current to a threshold to generate a comparison signal, delaying the comparison signal by a plurality of delay amounts to generate a plurality of delayed versions of the comparison signal, and randomly selecting one of the plurality of delayed versions of the comparison signal for controlling the inductor current during one or both of a charging state and a transfer state of the at least one of the plurality of parallel coupled peak/valley current-controlled power converters.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has a power rail that provides a rail voltage. The power rail is electrically coupled to a plurality of voltage regulators, and each voltage regulator includes an output interface electrically coupled to the power rail, and a first drive path and a second drive path both coupled to the output interface, and an intra-regulator balancing circuit. The first and second drive paths are coupled in parallel with each other, and operate during a first phase and a second phase, at an operating frequency, to provide a first path current and a second path current to the power rail, respectively. The intra-regulator balancing circuit senses the first and second path currents and controls a first duty cycle of the first phase and/or a second duty cycle of the second phase based on a difference of the first and second path currents.

Abstract: Method and apparatus include a circuit having a duty cycle and interleaving modulation configured to realize high density and efficient energy transfer. The circuit may efficiently achieve higher step-down voltage ratios with fewer electrical components. For example, as few as seven electrical devices, such as switches and diodes, may be used to realize at least a four-to-one conversion ratio. The high density of the circuit is advantageous to meet shrinking space demands A modulator may interleave signals sent to the electrical components (e.g., switching devices via driver circuitry). The driver signals may include a duty cycle of 1/(nc+1), where nc is (n?1)/3, and n is the number of devices.

Abstract: A switching regulator includes a high side transistor coupled to an input voltage node. The switching regulator also includes a low side transistor coupled to the high side transistor at a switch node. An adaptive on-time control circuit is also included and is configured to cause the high side transistor to turn on for an adaptive period of time based on a ratio of an output voltage from the switching regulator to input voltage. The adaptive period of time is configured to occur responsive to a current through an inductor falling below a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: This present invention is an invented synchronous clock generator for the multiphase DC-DC converter system, comprising a front-end buffer circuit, a ramp signal generator circuit, a configurable equally divided reference voltage generator circuit, a set of comparators, a 10-ns pulse generator, multiple 30-ns pulse generators, and a pulse combination circuit. The synchronous clock generator can produce a clock pulse signal SYNC at N (total phase number) times the single-phase switching frequency. Within one synchronous loop period, a 10-ns pulse is first generated and followed by N-1 30-ns pulses. The master power stage chip detects the 10-ns pulse, and all the slave power stages detect and count the 30-ns pulses to determine when to set their output signal PWM. Thus, the invention can produce the new SYNC signal immediately with balanced phase shift while allowing the changing of the total phase number N by the total phase number register.

Abstract: A control circuit of a power converter includes a first sensing circuit, a reference voltage generation circuit, an error amplifying circuit and a PWM circuit. The first sensing circuit, coupled to a first output circuit, provides a first current sensing signal. The reference voltage generation circuit, coupled to the first sensing circuit, provides a reference voltage according to the first current sensing signal. The error amplifying circuit, coupled to the reference voltage generation circuit, receives the reference voltage and an output feedback voltage of the power converter to provide an error amplifying signal. The PWM circuit, coupled between the error amplifying circuit and the first output circuit, receives the error amplifying signal and provides a control signal to control the first output circuit. The reference voltage generation circuit further receives the error amplifying signal and adjusts the reference voltage it generates according to the error amplifying signal.

Abstract: A boost converter includes an input terminal, an output terminal, a switching terminal, a low-side transistor, and a down-mode detection circuit. The low-side transistor is coupled to the switching terminal. The down-mode detection circuit is coupled to the low-side transistor. The down-mode detection circuit is configured to detect a voltage at the output terminal greater than a voltage at the input terminal, and turn off the low-side transistor based on the voltage at the output terminal being greater than the voltage at the input terminal.

Abstract: A concentration control circuit can include: a voltage feedback circuit configured to generate a current reference signal representing an error between a voltage reference signal and an output voltage feedback signal shared by each of a plurality of power stage circuits of a multi-phase power converter to adjust a respective phase current; and a clock signal generation circuit configured to generate a clock signal to adjust at least one of switching frequency and phase of each of the power stage circuits, where the clock signal is adjusted in accordance with a change of the current reference signal.

Abstract: A power supply system includes multiple power supply devices including a first power supply device and a second power supply device that are connected in common to a load. The first power supply device calculates control information for controlling voltage or current to be output to the load and source information for obtaining the control information, and controls the output to the load based on the calculated control information while transmitting the source information to the second power supply device. The second power supply device receives the source information transmitted from the first power supply device, calculates control information based on the received source information, and controls the output to the load while detecting current to be output from itself to the load and transmitting current information to the first power supply device.

Abstract: There is provided an isolated DC/DC converter including a primary side control circuit disposed on the primary side and switching a switching element connected in series with a primary side winding of a power transformer; a secondary side control circuit disposed on the secondary side and generating a control signal including first control information and second control information on the basis of the secondary side voltage; and an insulated transmission circuit transmitting, in an insulated manner, each piece of control information included in the control signal to the primary side control circuit. The primary side control circuit controls a switching frequency of the switching element on the basis of the first control information indicating the frequency of the control signal, and controls a peak value of a primary side current on the basis of the second control information indicating the pulse width of the control signal.

Abstract: An improved circuit or method generates first and second initial pulses that do not overlap. First and second drive pulses are generated based on the first and second initial pulses, respectively. A first transistor is turned on with the first drive pulses. A second transistor is turned on with the second drive pulses. A current flows in response to an on-time state of the first transistor overlapping with an on-time state of the second transistor. A delay of the second drive pulses is decreased based on a time of the current flow overlapping with one of the first initial pulses; and the delay of the second drive pulses is increased based on the time of the current flow overlapping with one of the second initial pulses.

Abstract: A control circuit includes a detection module configured to detect an operating condition of a semiconductor switching device; a determining module configured to determine a gate allowable voltage of the semiconductor switching device based on the operating condition; and an output module configured to output a control signal to a driving power supply circuit of the semiconductor switching device based on the gate allowable voltage, to control the driving power supply circuit to provide a gate on voltage that is not higher than the gate allowable voltage and that is positively correlated with the gate allowable voltage for the semiconductor switching device. When the operating condition of the semiconductor switching device becomes better, the gate allowable voltage of the semiconductor switching device is increased.

Abstract: In the parallel operation of power supply units, a high line ripple current may be observed in output when the power supply units (PSUs) are supplied with different inputs. For example, a high line ripple current may be observed when PSUs were supplied with different line frequency inputs and/or when PSUs were supplied with different phase angle input lines. A low pass filter is in a control loop which is capable of filtering the line frequency to get an average current reference signal. The average current reference signal is compared with the real time output current to generate an error signal. This error signal is fed back to a voltage control loop to adjust the output in order to compensate the line ripple.

Abstract: Systems and methods that automatically detect state of switches in power converters are disclosed. In one aspect, a power switch includes a first switch coupled between a power input node and a first terminal of a load, a second switch coupled between the power input node and a second terminal of the load, first and second current sense devices arranged to transmit first and second signals including at least one of a magnitude and polarity of first and second currents through the first and second switches, respectively, a first driver circuit arranged to transmit first control signals to the first switch based at least in part on a voltage at the power input node and the first signal, and a second driver circuit arranged to transmit second control signals to the second switch based at least in part on the voltage at the power input node and the second signal.

Abstract: The power supply control device includes a logic circuit for generating a pseudo switch voltage simulating a behavior of a switch voltage generated in the switch output stage, a filter unit that receives input of the pseudo switch voltage and the output voltage or a feedback voltage corresponding to the output voltage and generates a current sense signal simulating a behavior of the inductor current, and a feedback control unit that performs output feedback control of the switch output stage by using the current sense signal.

Abstract: A voltage converter includes an inductor, a transistor, a comparator, an error amplifier, and a slope generator circuit. The transistor has a control input and first and second transistor current terminals. The first current terminal is coupled to the inductor. The comparator has first and second comparator inputs and a comparator output. The comparator output is usable to control the transistor's control input. The error amplifier has an error amplifier input and an error amplifier output. The error amplifier output is coupled to the first comparator input. The slope generator circuit is coupled to at least one of the first or second comparator inputs. The slope generator circuit is configured to generate a slope compensation current which, during at least a portion of each cycle of operation of the voltage regulator, varies approximately exponentially with respect to time.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for adding and shedding phases in a multi-phase power converter is disclosed. A power converter includes a plurality of voltage regulators including a given voltage regulator configured to generate, when active, a particular output voltage on a regulated power supply node. The power converter further includes a control circuit. The control circuit is configured determine an amount of output current being supplied to the regulated power supply node by active ones of the plurality of voltage regulator circuits. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a number of voltage regulator circuits that are active based on the output current and one or more environmental parameters associated with the plurality of voltage regulator circuits.

Abstract: A current path to a gate is cut off by a normally-off first switch element until start-up of a gate drive voltage generator is sensed. Furthermore, a semiconductor switching element is maintained in an off state as a normally-on second switch element short-circuits the gate to a source. As start-up of the gate drive voltage generator is sensed, the second switch element is turned off and the first switch element is turned on. As the gate is thus driven by an output from a signal amplifier in accordance with a control signal, the semiconductor switching element is turned on and off in accordance with the control signal.

Abstract: A 3D NAND memory device is provided in which control is performed by two microcontroller units (MCU). During manufacture of the memory device, bug fixes required for the controller may be addressed using a software solution by which an instruction requiring correction in one of the two MCUs is replaced with a corrected instruction stored in a RAM.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a power supply system includes a plurality of power stages including a first power stage and a second power stage. The power supply system includes a voltage regulator connected to the first power stage and the second power stage. The voltage regulator is configured to detect an analog temperature signal from at least one of the first power stage and the second power stage via a communication line. The analog temperature signal is detected within a first voltage range. The voltage regulator is configured to transmit a digital bit stream to the first power stage and the second power stage via the communication line. The digital bit stream includes one or more programmable power stage parameters. The digital bit stream has digital levels within a second voltage range.

Abstract: A method can include in a first phase of a sensing operation, controlling at least a first switch to energize a sensor inductance; in a second phase of the sensing operation that follows the first phase, controlling at least a second switch to couple the sensor inductance to a first modulator capacitance to induce a first fly-back current from the sensor inductance, the first fly-back current generating a first modulator voltage at the first modulator capacitance, and in response to the first modulator voltage, controlling at least a third switch to generate a balance current that flows in an opposite direction to the fly-back current at the first modulator node. The first and second phases can be repeated to generate a first modulator voltage at the first modulator capacitance. the modulator voltage can be converted into a digital value representing the sensor inductance. Related devices and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of a DC-to-DC (DC/DC) power converter includes: providing the DC/DC power converter having a switching node and an output sensing node, the switching node is used to be coupled to a first end of an inductive element which is externally connected to the DC/DC power converter, the output sensing node is used to be coupled to a second end of the inductive element, and an output voltage provided by the DC/DC power converter is generated at the second end of the inductive element through the inductive element; and, adjusting a switching frequency employed by the DC-to-DC power converter in response to a specific event that a ripple range of a current flowing through the inductive element reaches or exceeds above a specific range, wherein the specific event is detected by the DC/DC power converter via the switching node and the output sensing node.

Abstract: An automatic dead zone time optimization system in a primary-side regulation flyback power supply continuous conduction mode (CCM), including a closed loop formed by a control system, including a single output digital to analog converter (DAC) midpoint sampling module, a digital control module, a current detection module, a dead zone time calculation module and a pulse-width modulation (PWM) driving module, and a controlled synchronous rectification primary-side regulation flyback converter. A primary-side current is sampled using a DAC Sampling mechanism to calculate a secondary-side average current, so as to obtain a primary-side average current and a secondary-side average current, in the case of CCM. A secondary-side current is input into the dead zone time calculation module to obtain a reasonable dead zone time; and the PWM driving module is jointly controlled by a primary-side regulation loop and the obtained dead zone time.

Abstract: In some examples, a circuit includes a state machine. The state machine is configured to operate in a buck state in which the state machine is configured to control a power converter to operate in a buck mode of operation at a first frequency. The state machine is configured to determine that a switch time of the power converter has decreased to within a threshold amount of a minimum switch time for the power converter. The state machine is configured to, responsive to the switch time of the power converter having decreased to within the threshold amount of the minimum switch time for the power converter, transition from the buck state to a reduced frequency buck state in which the state machine is configured to control the power converter to operate in the buck mode of operation at a second frequency that is less than the first frequency.

Abstract: A capacitor is discharged to a point where ring back in an output voltage across the capacitor is eliminated in response a transient event to high side and low side switching devices conductively coupled to an inductor and the capacitor before turning on the high side switch and varying an output voltage with a change in a load current.

Abstract: A standby power system for a flyback converter is disclosed. The flyback converter includes a primary-side, a secondary-side, an output terminal at the secondary-side, and a secondary-side controller, where the output terminal is configured to electrically connect to a load. The standby power system comprises a comparator at the secondary-side, an opto-coupler in signal communication with the primary-side, the secondary-side, and the comparator, and a cable detach detector (or load detector). The cable detach detector is configured to determine whether a device is electrically connected to the flyback converter through a charging cable and to set the flyback converter into a standby mode if the deice is disconnected from the charging cable.

Abstract: A phase sequence correction circuit for a voltage converter has a blanking time calculation circuit and a control signal generation circuit. Based on a plurality of delay signals, the blanking time calculation circuit updates a blanking time period during which a immediately following switching circuit is not allowed on. If a sum of the plurality of delay signals is larger than an incremental threshold, then the blanking time signal increases by an incremental step. The control signal generation circuit receives the blanking time signal and provides a plurality of control signals to control a plurality of switching circuits of the voltage converter respectively. If a sum of the plurality of delay signals is larger than an incremental threshold, then the blanking time signal increases by an incremental step.

Abstract: A method for controlling a current associated with a power converter may comprise controlling the current based on at least a peak current threshold level for the current and a valley current threshold level for the current, and further controlling the current based on a duration of time that the power converter spends in a switching state of the power converter.

Abstract: A switching mode power supply includes a microcontroller, an interface circuit connected to the controller, and a boost circuit connected to the controller. A feedback circuit is connected to the controller, and an SiPM is connected to the boost circuit and the feedback circuit.

Abstract: A power system that uses machine learning algorithms to solve various problems related to the delivery of power on integrated circuit systems is provided. The power system may process data on a platform near the target integrated circuit or off-platform in a cloud so that the machine learning algorithms can extract information from the data, process and analyze the data, and perform suitable action based on the analysis results. Applying machine learning to integrated circuit power delivery may involve the application of algorithms such as anomaly detection, load prediction, regression, and classification. Operated in this way, the power system may be provided with improved voltage/frequency scaling capabilities, security, and power efficiency.

Abstract: A transient response improving system and method with a prediction mechanism of an error amplified signal are provided. A current sensor circuit senses a current flowing through a first resistor connected between an adapter and an electronic device. When the current is larger than a current threshold, a predicting circuit calculates a target voltage level based on a common voltage and a voltage of the battery and instantly pulls up or down a voltage level of the error amplified signal to the target voltage level. A comparator compares the error amplified signal with a ramp signal to output a comparison signal. A controller circuit controls a driver circuit to switch a high-side switch and a low-side switch according to the comparison signal.

Abstract: Provided is a switching control circuit used for a switching power supply device for generating an output voltage from an input voltage. The switching control circuit includes an intermittent operation mode for repeating an active period in which an output switching element of the switching power supply device is switched and an inactive period in which the output switching element is not switched. The switching control circuit is provided with a modulation unit for modulating a pulse frequency of a switching control signal during the active period, and performs control of switching of the output switching element by the switching control signal during the active period.

Abstract: An output module for an industrial controller provides electrical isolation between each of the output terminals in the module. The output module receives control signals from the industrial controller indicating a desired output state for each of the output terminals and selectively connects power from the output of the electrical isolation to the output terminal. During normal operation, a switching device connects the power to the output terminal responsive to the control signal. A current sensor monitors the current conducted at the output terminal. If the current exceeds a predefined threshold, a current limit circuit clamps the current being output at the terminal. A control circuit may allow the output terminal to ride through a temporary spike in current or disable the output terminal if a fault condition is detected.

Abstract: A power supply device includes a first circuit and a second circuit. The first circuit includes an adjustment unit, a detection unit, a processing unit including a conversion unit, a first communication unit, and a power storage unit. The second circuit includes a second communication unit performing wireless communication with the first communication unit, and a control unit outputting a carrier wave used in the wireless communication. After outputting the carrier wave during a first period, the control unit stops output of the carrier wave during a second period. During the second period, the conversion unit operates on the power stored in the power storage unit. The control unit outputs the carrier wave during a third period after the second period. During the third period, the processing unit transmits information about a conversion result. The control unit controls the adjustment unit based on the transmitted information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to circuitry for selecting a bias voltage to output at a bias voltage output node of the circuitry. The circuitry comprises a first circuit node configured to receive a first voltage from a first, unregulated, voltage source and a second circuit node configured to receive a second voltage from a second, regulated, voltage source. A switch arrangement configured to selectively couple the bias voltage output node to the first circuit node or the second circuit node is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a controller that monitors an error voltage indicating a difference between an output voltage and a setpoint voltage. Based on the monitored error voltage, the controller generates modulation adjustment signals including a frequency adjustment signal and an ON-time adjustment signal. The controller modulates a pulse width modulation signal of a first power supply phase in accordance with both the frequency modulation adjustment signal and the ON-time adjustment signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for masked training and analysis with a memory array are described. A memory device may operate in a first mode in which a maximum transition avoidance (MTA) decoder for a memory array of the memory device is disabled. During the first mode, the memory device may couple an input node of the MTA decoder with a first output node of a first decoder, such as a first pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) decoder. The memory device may operate in a second mode in which the MTA decoder for the memory array is enabled. During the second mode, the memory device may couple the input node of the MTA decoder with a second output node of a second decoder, such as a second PAM decoder.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a voltage regulating circuit, including an impedance circuit, a control unit and a power supply circuit. The impedance circuit has a first node and a second node, wherein the second node is electrically coupled to a load. The control unit is electrically coupled to the first node and configured to control a first voltage value of the first node according to a control signal. An input terminal of the power supply circuit is electrically coupled to the second node. An output of the power supply circuit is electrically coupled to the load. The power supply circuit is configured d to output a control voltage to the load according to a second voltage value of the second node.

Abstract: Provided are a power supply drive module, a power supply device and an electronic cigarette, falling within the technical field of electronics. Wherein a first end of the logic controller is connected to a pulse width modulation pin, a second end is connected to a control electrode of the first transistor, and a third end is connected to a control electrode of the second transistor; a first electrode of the first transistor is connected to a voltage input pin, and a second electrode is connected to a switch pin; and a first electrode of the second transistor is connected to the switch pin, and a second electrode is connected to a ground pin. The power supply drive module includes various components integrated on the substrate, so that the volume of the entire power supply drive module is smaller.

Abstract: An output voltage of a plurality of chopper circuits is controlled by the average value of ON duties of their respective semiconductor switching elements so that there are provided a shunt controller which detects respective reactor currents of the plurality of chopper circuits and carries out shunt control based on the detected reactor currents and a voltage controller which carries out voltage control based on the detected output voltage, wherein a configuration is such that a control device controls the output voltage so that the reactor currents of the plurality of chopper circuits are equal to each other so as to prevent the average value of the ON duties of the semiconductor switching elements from changing due to the shunt control.

Abstract: A control circuit and control method for controlling a step-up switching converter. The control circuit has an ultra-low voltage regulation module used to generate a control signal based on an output voltage feedback signal and an input voltage signal. When the input voltage signal is smaller than an ultra-low voltage threshold, the control signal controls a high side switch of the step-up switching converter off and controls a low side switch of the step-up switching converter to perform on and off switching. Meanwhile, a parasitic diode of the high side switch is on once the low side switch is off.

Abstract: Disclosed is a power supply apparatus including a DC-DC converter implemented as one integrated circuit. A duty of a switching pulse of a DC-DC conversion unit is controlled according to a phase difference between a feedback clock signal and a reference clock signal having a frequency proportional to an output voltage of the DC-DC conversion unit. The duty of the switching pulse may be controlled from an output of a charge pump to be charged and discharged according to the phase difference signal between the feedback clock signal and the reference clock signal.

Abstract: Signal power management circuits and smart cards including the same are provided. For example, a signal power management circuit comprises a rectifier that is configured to rectify a received radio frequency signal and output a first rectified voltage, a first regulator that is configured to maintain the first rectified voltage at a predetermined first voltage level, and a second regulator that is configured to receive an output of the first regulator and maintain a second rectified voltage different from the first rectified voltage at a predetermined second voltage level. A signal detector of the signal power management circuit is configured to receive the first rectified voltage and the second rectified voltage and detect a signal component of the received radio frequency signal on the basis of a difference between the first voltage level of the first rectified voltage and the second voltage level of the second rectified voltage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for reducing the electromagnetic interference produced during the switching to the on state of a transistor for switching a quasi-resonant DC-DC voltage converter. The method includes the steps of: the transistor being initially controlled so as to be in the on state on the basis of a first control current, controlling the driving module by way of the control module so that the driving module switches the transistor to the off state at a first instant; and triggering the timer from the first instant, and, if the timer reaches a predefined duration threshold, controlling, by means of the driving module, the transistor so as to be in the on state on the basis of a second control current the intensity of which is lower than the intensity of the first control current.

Abstract: A control circuit includes: a power supply module, arranged to generate an output power to control an operation mode of a lighting device according to a control signal and a supply power; a switching module, coupled to the supply power, for selectively generating a first voltage signal of the supply power; and a signal controlling module, coupled between the switching module and the power supply module, for generating the control signal according to the first voltage signal.

Abstract: A gas flow measuring circuit includes at least one reference resistor and at least one variable resistor that varies in accordance with the characteristics of the flow of a gas and means for determination of the difference between the reference resistor and variable resistor, with at least one current loop arrangement including first current source means coupled in series with said reference resistor and second current source means coupled in series with said variable resistor wherein both resistors are connected to ground for providing an ideally constant current through the respective resistor to produce first voltages across the reference resistor and second voltages across the variable resistor, and voltage measuring means for measuring the voltage difference between said reference resistor and said variable resistor to produce a characteristic voltage difference representative of the characteristics of the gas.

Abstract: A power converter can include: first and second terminals; N A-type switching power stage circuits, each having a first energy storage element, where N is a positive integer, a first terminal of a first A-type switching power stage circuit in the N A-type switching power stage circuits is coupled to the first terminal of the power converter, and a second terminal of each of the N A-type switching power stage circuits is coupled to the second terminal of the power converter; one B-type switching power stage circuit; and N second energy storage elements, each being coupled to one of the N A-type switching power stage circuits, and the B-type switching power stage circuit is coupled between a terminal of one of the N second energy storage elements corresponding to the B-type switching power stage circuit and the second terminal of the power converter.