Abstract: A toroidal sensor module having a metallic outer skin and mounting means for installation upon and removal from an energized power conductor providing synchronized measurements of electrical parameters. In one embodiment the module is adapted to measure the values of voltage, current and phase angle of the conductor upon which it is mounted, and to communicate data representing such values to a ground station in the vicinity of the sensor module. The voltage and current are sensed simultaneously to provide time-synchronized readings with respect to voltage zero crossings from which the phase relationship is determined. The metallic skin of the module may be either capacitively or electrically coupled to the conductor for purposes of making conductor voltage measurements.

Abstract: In a watt-hour meter pulse width modulated signals, representing the voltage supplied to a load, serve as chopping signals that modulates a waveform representing current to produce an output indicative of power. A series of pulses is spaced on the basis of the power signal and the number of pulses connected as a measure of energy.

Abstract: Transient offset error voltages due to charge injection by MOS analog switches and DC offsets of multipliers in switched-capacitor integrators of electronic metering circuits are compensated by the common mode rejection of a differential switched-capacitor integrator. To cancel internal DC offset voltages of the integrator amplifier, a series capacitor connected to the inverting input of the amplifier is charged, during the autozero phase of the clock cycle, to a voltage equal to the internal DC offset voltage of the amplifier and subsequently, during the integration phase of the clock cycle, this voltage is applied to the inverting input of the amplifier.

Abstract: A shift register is utilized to provide a 90.degree. delay in a pulse width modulated current signal to determine volt-amperes reactive. The shift register is associated with a clock that provides a preselected frequency that, in combination with the number of stages in the shift register, delays the pulse width modulated current signal by an amount equivalent to one-quarter period of the current waveform in the metered circuit. After delaying the pulse width modulated signal by 90.degree., the shifted signal is multiplied by a voltage signal that represents the voltage in the metered circuit and the resulting product signal is input to a voltage-to-frequency converter.

Abstract: The output from a capacitor, which shifts a voltage output by .pi./2, and a detected frequency output, are multiplied by a pulse width modulation circuit, and a current input is switched by the multiplied output to convert a reactive power to a corresponding DC signal. The converter has improved frequency characteristics.

Abstract: An assembly for monitoring or metering a plurality of electrical energy and power parameters wherein six current and six voltage stepped down transformers are associated with a drawout cradle in conjunction with a series of functional printed board circuit to achieve a conservation of components and a high degree of compactness in packaging. Accessibility for calibration and similar maintenance procedures is provided at the panel front of the apparatus and simple access to test outputs is provided at the front thereof. A connection plug arrangement is used to provide make before break switching with monitored power paths and for the purpose of providing additional calibration inputs at the forward portion of the assembly without resort to involved housing removal procedures. In one embodiment, a summing circuit is used in conjunction with Q and watt multiplier circuits to provide an analog var output in conjunction with pulse characterized watthour and Qhour outputs.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the reactive energy of a circuit includes a mark-space modulator, which has an input terminal normally accepting a first signal input, and an output terminal, a pulse amplitude modulator which has a bipolar modulating terminal normally accepting a second and bipolar signal input, a signal output terminal, and a pulse input terminal, and a delay circuit which has a data input terminal connected to the output terminal of the mark space modulator, and which has an output terminal connected to the pulse input terminal of the pulse amplitude modulator. A predetermined phase angle at an operating frequency of the delay circuit normally occurs between the input terminal and the output terminal of the delay circuit. A regulator is interconnected between the mark-space modulator and the delay circuit so as to maintain the phase angle at the operative frequency as close as possible to 90 degrees, even when the signal input is subject to any level variations or to any interference.

Abstract: An electronic solid state Q-hour meter for measuring leading and lagging VARS quantities of electric power over a defined range of power factor. The Q-hour meter comprises first and second time division/pulse width-amplitude modulated/analog multiplier circuits. First and second current transformers are coupled to first and second phases of a multi-phase power supply to be monitored for deriving first and second analog circuit indicating signals which are supplied to respective analog current input terminals of the analog multipliers. First and second potential transformers are coupled across the first and second phases of the multi-phase power supply for deriving first and second analog voltage indicating signals that are supplied to respective input terminals of the first and second analog multiplier circuits.

Abstract: An electronic arrangement for determination of reactive power, including two transducers delivering at their outputs measuring voltages proportional to supply current and supply voltage. An additional phase shift of 90.degree. between the two measuring voltages is produced by phase-shifting elements. A signal proportional to reactive power is produced in a following multiplier element. To preclude as far as possible variation of amplitude and phase shift occurring on frequency fluctuation in a frequency range close to rated frequency of the power supply, an all-pass is connected as a phase-shifting element ahead of each of the two respective inputs of the multiplier element whereby one all-pass is designed to produce a phase shift of +45.degree. and the other all-pass is designed to produce a phase shift of -45.degree. at the rated frequency of the power supply.

Abstract: A register is coupled to a rotor which is driven in stepped rotation by magnetic fluxes directed through electromagnetic pole pieces of a stator. The pole pieces carry coil windings which produce the magnetic fluxes by being sequentially and discretely energized by a circuit responsive to pulse signals, each pulse signal representing a quantum of a quantity to be measured.

Abstract: An electrical measuring apparatus comprising a current domain magnetometer (C.D.M.) (1) and summation means (2) for summing the output pulses from the C.D.M., the sum of the summation means representing the integral of a predetermined function of the voltage and magnetic flux applied to the C.D.M. with respect to time. The predetermined function may be proportional to the product of the voltage and magnetic flux and the apparatus may produce measurements of voltage, magnetic flux, power or phase angle.

Abstract: A system for electronically metering an A.C. electrical power system to derive performance parameters such as real and reactive power useful in revenue metering and fault protection applications. Voltage and current sensors associated with the power system provide isolated output signals proportional to the voltage and current in the system. From these signals finite-duration impulse-response filters periodically determine Walsh function correlation coefficients by integrating the voltage and current signals at least once during each period of the power system and periodically sampling and holding the integrated signal in sequence with the integration.

Abstract: A watt and var transducer which alternately generates each function in response to commonly shared time division multiplication circuitry, and which provides a continuous indication of watt and vars via separate filtering and amplifier output stages.

Abstract: An electrical energy measuring multimeter for measuring electrical energy consumption is disclosed. The multimeter utilizes a first input signal that is proportional to the time derivative of a current delivered to a load. The first input signal is converted to a train of pulse signals. A second input signal that is proportional to a voltage delivered to the load is compared to a periodic reference signal. This comparison produces a gate command signal which controls a switch. The switch selectively connects the train of pulse signals to a totalizer. The sum of pulses in the totalizer is related to the time integral of the product of the current and voltage delivered to the load.

Abstract: A device for measuring the active component and reactive component of AC current or AC power comprising a first detector detecting AC voltage of an AC circuit, a second detector detecting AC current flowing through the AC circuit, a phase shifter shifting the phase of the detected AC voltage by .pi.

Abstract: A volt meter is connected across the battery terminals to read output voltage; a standard load, which may be the normally connected or design load for the storage battery is connected thereacross and, when a predetermined load current flows into the standard load, a control means coupled to the volt meter controls the volt meter to then indicate battery voltage as a measure of remaining stored charge.

Abstract: An electronic meter for measuring V.sup.2 hr in an electrical system includes a center tapped transformer for deriving two analog signals proportional to a detected voltage in the system with the analog signals being 180.degree. out of phase with respect to one another. A comparator compares a relatively high frequency triangular signal with a selected one of the analog signals with the output of the comparator driving a switch which acts as a multiplier. When a comparison exists the switch couples one of the analog signals to an integrator, and when a comparison does not exist, the switch couples the other analog signal to the integrator. The output of the comparator is a pulse width modulated signal having a time duration which is proportional to the amplitude of the detected voltage in the system, and the signal coupled to the integrator is a chopped analog signal having an amplitude proportional to the amplitude of the voltage in the system and a time duration proportional to the magnitude of the voltage.

Abstract: The metering of kilowatt hours in a single phase, three wire electrical system is accomplished by generating a first analog voltage which is representative of the voltage of the power consuming system. Second and third analog signals are generated which represent the current flowing through each of two of the three wires of the single phase power consuming system. The voltage representative analog signal is multiplied by each of the second and third current representative analog signals in either a direct pulse width amplitude multiplying network or in a feedback type pulse width amplitude time division multiplier network. A constant amplitude triangular generator is associated with the multiplier and the multiplier is implemented using C-MOS technology. The output modulated pulse signals from the multiplier are summed and converted in, for example, a low pass filter to a signal having an amplitude representative of the power in the power consuming system.

Abstract: Metering kVA and kVAh in an electrical system is accomplished by generating pairs of analog signals representing current and voltage variables. Each of the analog signals is synchronously rectified to provide a pair of full-wave rectified signals which are multiplied together in a pulse-width amplitude multiplier network to produce a product signal having a DC component which is proportional to the product of the voltage and current variables. In addition, the product signal includes AC components which are filtered out in a low pass filter to thereby provide an output signal which is proportional to the apparent power in the electrical system. The apparent electrical power signal is converted to an apparent electrical energy signal by means of an analog to-pulse converter wherein each output pulse thereof corresponds to a predetermined amount of apparent energy in the electrical system.