Abstract: One embodiment of the invention provides a receiver for use in a navigation system comprising multiple transmitters. Each transmitter transmits a positioning signal comprising a pseudo-random noise (PRN) sequence corresponding to the respective transmitter. The receiver comprises a code module for supplying multiple PRN sequences corresponding to the respective multiple transmitters; and a correlator for correlating the PRN sequences supplied by the code module with an incoming signal. The multiple PRN sequences are based on a single Sidelnikov/Lempel/Cohn/Eastman (SLCE) generative sequence uSLCE, and each of said multiple PRN sequences, denoted ui satisfies the equation: ui=uSLCE?TiuSLCE, where ? indicates element by element binary XOR addition, and Ti indicates a cyclic shift of i chips.

Abstract: A satellite signal navigation receiver can reduce channel resource usage and matched filter requirements by producing a single-bit local replica code from the combined incoming signals of each in view satellite. In one embodiment, the E1-B and E1-C signals from a Galileo satellite are received and converted into single-bit digital representations (B and C, respectively). A modified local replica code D is created by modifying (B?C) by replacing all “?2” values with “?1” values, by replacing all “+2” values with “+1” values, and by replacing all zero values such that a sum of the replaced zero values over a predetermined period will approximately equal zero. For instance, the “0” values can be replaced with alternating “?1” and “+1” values. Another modified replica code D* can be created by modifying (B+C) in a similar manner.

Abstract: Apparatus, method, and system example embodiments provide an improved RF front end to simultaneously transmit and receive signals for cellular telecommunications. In an example embodiment, an apparatus comprises a tunable duplexer selectively connected to an antenna, configured to transmit and receive radio frequency communication signals in a group of at least two bands; and a tunable transmit filter in the duplexer, capable of being tuned to have an inductance value approximately matching at least two inductance values corresponding respectively to pass the at least two bands in the group, each of the at least two bands in the group having a positive duplex offset and each of the at least two inductance values that correspond respectively to the at least two bands in the group, having an inductance value that approximately matches the inductance values corresponding respectively to the other bands in the group.

Abstract: A DGNSS-based guidance system, wherein a rover receiver first utilizes data from a master base station transceiver, a DGNSS reference network, or some other differential source to compute a differentially corrected location to establish a reference DGNSS relationship. Using this location and data observed only at the rover, the rover computes an internal set of differential corrections, which set is stored in computer memory, updated as necessary, and applied in future times to correct observations taken by the rover. As the rover enters into areas of other base station receiver reference networks, the rover transceiver will send positional information it receives from the master base station to the new, secondary base station. The secondary base station then calibrates its own reference information using information sent from the original master base station.

Abstract: A method for evaluating satellite positioning quality and a satellite receiver are disclosed. Satellite information is obtained from one or more satellites of the set of satellites. The satellite information includes an observed value of a parameter of each of the one or more satellites. An estimated value of each observed value is determined based on the satellite information. A set of residual values between the estimated values and the observed values is obtained. A positioning quality associated with the set of satellites is determined based on the set of residual values.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an ephemeris collection device and a method of collecting ephemeris data. The ephemeris collection device may include a data storage unit, configured to store a first part of a first ephemeris subframe if a synchronization of the first ephemeris subframe is not completed; and a subframe merge unit, coupled with the data storage unit and configured to receive a second part of the first ephemeris subframe from the subframe synchronizer and retrieve the first part of the first ephemeris subframe from the data storage unit during a subsequent transmission of the first ephemeris subframe. A complete first ephemeris subframe is obtained based on the first part and the second part of the first ephemeris subframe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to devices and methods for tracking movement in a marine environment. At least one tracking device that is adapted to be deployed on a surface of the water, wherein the tracking device is capable of moving along the same trajectory of a desired object. Data from the tracking devices are received by at least one satellite, transmitted to a database, and used to determine the forecasted trajectory of the desired object. All data collected from deployed tracking devices may be integrated into a spatial data repository for analysis and reporting using GIS and associated information technologies, thereby allowing for more accurate decision-making and asset deployment during a fluid spill or similar marine contamination event. The present invention also allows for the collection and modeling of accurate localized sea current data, which may assist with marine and coastal engineering works such as shoreline protection and port dredging.

Abstract: A position calculating method includes receiving positioning information including at least earth orientation information from a positioning satellite that transmits the positioning information, calculating orbit information of the positioning satellite using the positioning information, and calculating a position of a receiver using a signal from the positioning satellite and the orbit information.

Abstract: A system for indoor localization using satellite navigation signals in a Distributed Antenna System. The system includes a plurality of Off-Air Access Units (OAAUs), each operable to receive an individual satellite navigation signal from at least one of a plurality of satellite navigation systems (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, or BeiDou) and operable to route signals optically to one or more DAUs. The system further includes a plurality of remote DRUs located at a Remote location that are operable to receive signals from a plurality of local DAUs. Moreover, the system includes an algorithm to delay each individual satellite navigation signal for providing indoor localization at each of the plurality of DRUs.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for determining the position of a WLAN positioning system (WPS) and satellite positioning system (SPS) enabled device. The method can include determining an initial WPS position of the device using WPS, calculating an error region around the initial WPS position of the device, dividing the error region into a plurality of points, obtaining satellite measurements from at least two satellites in view of the device, determining a variation in a receiver clock bias for each point within the error region based on the satellite measurements from at least two satellites, selecting the point with the lowest variation in the receiver clock bias, and determining whether or not to use the point with the lowest variation in receiver clock bias to refine the initial WPS position of the device.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to a mobile terminal having a positioning function, comprising: a GPS positioning unit configured to perform GPS based positioning to obtain a positioning result including a position of the mobile terminal and a measurement status regarding the GPS based positioning; a base station based positioning unit configured to perform base station based positioning to obtain a positioning result including a position of the mobile terminal and a measurement status regarding the base station based positioning; a historical positional information storage unit configured to store historical positional information including the positioning results obtained by the GPS based positioning unit and the base station based positioning unit; and a positioning determination unit configured to determine whether a valid positioning result regarding a camped base station of the mobile terminal is in the historical positional information, wherein when positioning is performed for the mobile t

Abstract: Accuracy information for an ionosphere model is generated. Phase residual information of a parameter estimation procedure is obtained and coordinates of pierce points are computed on a sphere around the earth. The coordinates indicate where signals pierce the sphere. Phase residual information is mapped for each pierce point. A grid of equidistant points is put on the sphere and the pierce points are identified. For each selected grid point, vertical accuracy information is computed based on vertical residual information, and a scale factor is computed based on the vertical accuracy information. The accuracy information for the ionosphere model is generated based on the vertical accuracy information computed for the selected grid points and an overall scale factor computed based on computed scale factors.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of improving GNSS receivers' satellite signal acquisition and TTFF performances by taking advantage of SBAS signals. Due to a SBAS satellite's geostationary position and typically strong signal, the SBAS satellite signal can be acquired more quickly than a GPS satellite signal. Once a SBAS satellite signal is acquired the Doppler frequency search uncertainty may be reduced for remaining GNSS satellites which are to be acquired. Furthermore, a satellite search list may be optimized to search for satellites close to the line of sight (LOS) of the SBAS satellite for which a signal has been acquired, in receiver “warm” and “hot” start modes.

Abstract: A positioning system comprises an onboard GNSS satellite receiver in a mobile element belonging to a user which estimates the position of said mobile element at various instants, a first processing module determining a consistency indicator by combining the estimated positions and data provided by secondary information sources, using a dynamic model of movement of the mobile elements to be positioned. The indicator is determined by comparing a speed, acceleration, gyration triplet derived from direction and velocity measurements taken by the mobile element, to a dynamic model of movement of an object, vehicle, person or animal to be positioned. The system comprises a consolidation module containing means storing the positions estimated at various instants, a digital filter to obtain a filtered position from the stored positions of a user, the consistency indicator calculated from filtered positions; and detection means determining from the consistency indicator whether the estimated positions are falsified.

Abstract: A global positioning system (GPS) receiver that is configured to rapidly acquire GPS signals in space applications and a method for rapidly acquiring GPS signals in space applications is disclosed. In an embodiment, the GPS receiver includes, but is not limited to, a GPS signal acquisition component. The GPS signal acquisition component is adapted to acquire a GPS signal by receiving data from the GPS signal and processing the data to detect the GPS signal.

Abstract: A GPS receiving apparatus and a computer readable storage medium are described. According to one implementation, the GPS receiving apparatus includes a GPS receiving unit, a storage unit, a position measuring unit, a reception control unit, and a movement judging unit. The storage unit stores GPS information. The reception control unit starts reception operation with a first or second mode. In the first mode, the GPS receiving unit uses the stored GPS information. In the second mode, the stored GPS information is not used. The movement judging unit judges whether the apparatus is moved a predetermined distance or more from a previous measured position. When the movement judging unit judges that the apparatus is moved the predetermined distance or more, the reception control unit starts reception operation with the second mode.

Abstract: A system and process that can be used to determine vehicle attitude with only one navigation receiver. In one embodiment, the antenna of the navigation receiver is driven with a signal that modulates sensitivity in azimuth. The received navigation signal strength is demodulated by the phase at which the antenna is sweeping and a phase angle and a magnitude for the incoming signal are calculated. Using this calculated phase angle, magnitude and antenna characteristics, the location of the user (i.e. the navigation receiver) and the location of the navigation satellite, the attitude of the antenna and hence the user or user vehicle can be determined.

Abstract: A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) chipset embedded within the cellular device is accessed. The GNSS chipset calculates raw pseudoranges. The raw pseudoranges are extracted from the GNSS chipset for processing elsewhere in the cellular device outside of the GNSS chipset. A position fix is determined based on the raw pseudoranges. Locally measured cellular device movement information is obtained from at least one sensor that is in a known physical relationship with the cellular device. The locally measured cellular device movement information is applied to the position fix.

Abstract: A method of determining the reliability of long-term predicted orbit data, includes: determining the reliability of long-term predicted orbit data, which is acquired by predicting a satellite orbit in a target period of at least one day, using predicted position data including predicted positions of a positioning satellite in time series and actual position data including actual positions of the positioning satellite corresponding to the predicted positions.

Abstract: A global navigation system includes a first navigation receiver located in a rover and a second navigation receiver located in a base station. Single differences of measurements of satellite signals received at the two receivers are calculated and compared to single differences derived from an observation model. Anomalous measurements are detected and removed prior to performing computations for determining the output position of the rover and resolving integer ambiguities. Detection criteria are based on the residuals between the calculated and the derived single differences. For resolving integer ambiguities, computations based on Cholesky information Kalman filters and Householder transformations are advantageously applied. Changes in the state of the satellite constellation from one epoch to another are included in the computations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of determining an anomalous satellite in a multi-reference station environment and a determination apparatus using the method, which detect an anomaly in a satellite and determine the cause of the anomaly in a multi-reference station environment, and continuously provide services in an environment in which the cause of the anomaly is removed, thus improving availability and continuity, and enhancing an integrity monitoring function.

Abstract: A wireless local messaging system includes a transmitter transmitting a local message to a navigation receiver configured to receive and process navigation messages from satellites of a global navigation satellite system on a given carrier frequency, each of the satellites transmitting the navigation messages with a satellite-individual PRN code. The transmitter transmits the local message in a local message signal on the given carrier frequency with a local PRN code that is not used by a satellite of the global navigation satellite system, and the receiver receives the local PRN code and processes the local message signal.

Abstract: A receiver receiving global positioning data from one or more satellites above the Earth's surface detects a change in at least one parameter associated with the receiver and determines if the change is to be treated as erroneous. As a result of determining if the change in the at least one parameter is to be treated as erroneous, a further action may be performed. Determining if the change is to be treated as erroneous may include, for example, detecting changes in more than one parameter and determining if the changes are coincident. Detecting the change may also enable the receiver to predict the presence and magnitude of multipath components of signals, predict changes in an environment local to the receiver, predict large errors in position estimates determined by the receiver and modify an acquisition and tracking strategy used by the receiver.

Abstract: Embodiments provide for a positioning device comprising a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiving unit, a communication antenna and a communication module. The GNSS receiving unit is adapted to receive satellite information. The communication antenna allows for reception and/or transmission of complementary data. The communication module is connectable to the GNSS receiving unit and the communication antenna. The communication module is configured to provide complementary data received at the communication antenna to the GNSS receiving unit and/or to provide complementary data generated at the GNSS receiving unit to the communication antenna. The communication module is detachable or switchable for adaptation to an available communication technology.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing events in an electrical distribution system. A number of events in the electrical distribution system are identified for an operator based on a profile for the operator. A wireless mobile device is assigned to the operator and the profile includes a role of the operator. The number of events is sent to the wireless mobile device assigned to the operator.

Abstract: A timing signal generating device includes a GPS receiver and a processing unit. The GPS receiver functions as a positioning calculation unit, and receives satellite signals transmitted from GPS satellites and performs positioning calculation based on trajectory information and time information contained in the received satellite signals. Further, the processing unit functions as a position information generation unit, and generates position information of a receiving point based on a mode value or a median value in results of the positioning calculation at a plurality of times by the GPS receiver.

Abstract: A method for determining an error in the estimation of time taken to cross the ionosphere by a signal along a vertical sight axis associated with a receiver, the vertical sight axis cutting the ionosphere at a point of interest, the vertical sight axis being an axis passing through the receiver and a satellite of interest, comprises: determining at least two points of cutting of the ionosphere by two sight axes between a satellite and at least two ground stations; determining at least one angle formed by segments going from the point of interest to two of the cutting points; and determining the spatial dispersion of the cutting points with respect to the point of interest on the basis of the angle, by finding the difference with a predetermined angle and taking the average of the difference or differences.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for calculating a pseudo-range and position in a global navigation satellite system receiver. A first pseudo-range of a satellite is calculated for position determination of the global navigation satellite system receiver. A second pseudo-range of the satellite is calculated for position correction of the global navigation satellite system receiver. A differential operation is performed using the first pseudo-range and the second pseudo-range to eliminate an error. A more precise pseudo-range of the satellite is calculated using the differential pseudo-range.

Abstract: A tracker used to analyze a desired borepath prior to horizontal directional drilling operations. The tracker analyzes an amount of interference present at a plurality of different frequencies at multiple locations along the borepath and maps a plot of the interference at the different frequencies. The lower the point on the plot, the less interference present at that frequency at the location analyzed. The tracker summarizes the overall interference along the desired borepath for the different frequencies analyzed and will recommend a preferred frequency. An operator may program the beacon prior to boring operations to emit a beacon signal at the preferred frequency. The operator may also tune the tracker to receive the preferred frequency. The tracker and beacon may then communicate during boring operations at the preferred frequency in order to detect the position of the beacon underground relative to the tracker.

Abstract: A navigation receiver operating in a differential navigation mode transmits primary estimates of coordinates with an accuracy estimate that can vary during operation. To improve the positioning quality when the accuracy estimate changes, smoothed estimates of coordinates are generated according to a two-branch algorithm. The current-epoch accuracy estimate is compared to a current-epoch value of threshold accuracy. Upon determining that the current-epoch accuracy estimate is greater than or equal to the current-epoch value of threshold accuracy, the current-epoch smoothed estimates of coordinates are set equal to the current-epoch extended estimates of coordinates calculated from the sum of the previous smoothed estimates of coordinates and coordinate increments calculated from carrier phases.

Abstract: A navigation receiver operating in a differential navigation mode can change from one solution type to another. At each epoch, primary estimates of coordinates and the solution type are received. Each solution type has a corresponding accuracy. To improve the positioning quality when the solution type changes, smoothed estimates of coordinates are generated according to a two-branch algorithm. Two conditions are evaluated. If both conditions are satisfied, the current-epoch smoothed estimates of coordinates are set equal to the current-epoch extended estimates of coordinates calculated from the sum of the previous smoothed estimates of coordinates and coordinate increments calculated from carrier phases. If at least one of the conditions is not satisfied, updated smoothed estimates of coordinates are generated based on the sum of the current-epoch extended estimates of coordinates and a correction signal.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method identify and eliminate false satellite signals that are cross correlation signals without prior knowledge of any possibly interfering strong satellite signals. The disclosed method analyzes a small number of code phase offsets relative to a threshold value based on the detected peak of a weak satellite signal to determine if the weak satellite signal is not a true satellite autocorrelation signal but a cross-correlation signal. The number of code phase offsets and the threshold value may be determined based on the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected weak satellite signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing and transmitting precise orbit predictions of satellites in a Global Navigation Satellite System such as Navstar-GPS which employs curve fitting techniques and a polynomial and sinusoidal model to encode ephemerides, and particularly ephemerides of durations 6 hours or longer, in order to minimize bandwidth requirements over-the-air and NVRAM storage requirements. The methods also apply to GNSS constellations such as Galileo or GLONASS. Also, methods are disclosed for recovering the ephemeris on a GNSS receiver device in the constellation's native format.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method of generating a correlation function with no side-peak and a system for tracking a BOC signal in order to synchronize the BOC signal. The method of generating a correlation function includes step S1 of generating sub-correlation functions {Sl(?)}l=0N?1, step S2 of generating a first final correlation function R0(?) by combining some of the sub-correlation functions, and step S3 of generating a second final correlation function Rproposed(?) by combining R0(?) with each of the remaining sub-correlation functions that have not been used for the combination at step S2. The BOC signal is one or more of BOCsin(kn,n) and BOCcos(kn,n) signals.

Abstract: An RF/digital signal-separating receiver is provided for GNSS and other RF signals. The receiver includes a first master antenna and a second slave antenna, which are positioned in spaced relation for directional, radio compass applications. First and second downconverters and first and second ADCs are located under the first and second antennas in analog signal areas, which configuration minimizes cross-coupling RF signals from the antennas and reduces noise. The first and second ADSs are connected to respective first and second correlators in a digital signal location, which is centrally located relative to the antennas. The correlators are connected to a microprocessor for computing distances for the received signals, from which the receiver's orientation or attitude is determined. A method of manufacturing receivers with this configuration is also disclosed.

Abstract: Antenna systems for receiving transmitted signals comprising at least a first tuned antenna disposed in a known relationship spatially with a second antenna, with the first tuned antenna electrically connected to the second antenna, are disclosed. The antenna system may be configured to allow the antennas to reliably discriminate between left-hand and right-hand polarized circular signals.

Abstract: An execution method of a position calculating circuit that calculates a position by receiving a satellite signal transmitted from a positioning satellite and that has an externally readable storage section includes: receiving a selection signal for selecting acquired information, which is information acquired from information obtained from the satellite signal, from the outside; selecting the acquired information on the basis of the selection signal; and storing the acquired information in the storage section and outputting a notice signal, which indicates that the acquired information has been obtained, when the acquired information selected from the satellite signal being received is obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus for providing timing information, the apparatus comprising: a primary reference time clock (PRTC) that provides a reference time of day (ToD) and a reference frequency; a packet master clock that receives the ToD and reference frequency and is configured to distribute timing to a slave clock in accordance with a timing over packet procedure responsive to the ToD and the reference frequency; and a housing that houses the PRTC and packet master clock which may be plugged into a conventional small form factor (SFP) compliant cage to connect the packet master clock to a packet switched network (PSN).

Abstract: Wireless receiver for receiving a plurality of co-existing wireless signals respectively from different positioning systems, includes an analog frontend and an analog-to-digital converting unit. The analog frontend is arranged to convert bands of the co-existing wireless signals into a plurality of corresponding intermediate bands by a local frequency and to provide an intermediate signal including the intermediate bands. The analog-to-digital converting unit is coupled to the analog frontend, and is arranged to convert the intermediate signal to a digital signal, wherein an operation band of the analog-to-digital converting unit covers the plurality of intermediate bands.

Abstract: A mobile wireless communications device may include a circuit board, a dielectric extension extending outwardly from the circuit board, and wireless transceiver circuitry on the circuit board. The mobile wireless communications device may also include satellite positioning signal receiver circuitry on the circuit board, and an antenna on the dielectric extension and coupled to the satellite positioning signal receiver circuitry. A passive antenna beam pattern director is associated with the antenna and includes at least one electrically conductive director element in spaced apart relation from the antenna.

Abstract: A method and system of a GPS system controlling a voltage of an input signal to an oscillator, the oscillator producing a clock reference signal to the GPS system and a modem system, such that a frequency of the clock reference signal is altered to synchronize the modem system with a corresponding network while the GPS system remains in a locked state.

Abstract: In one exemplary implementation, an electronic apparatus includes: a reference clock source, for generating a reference clock; a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver for receiving satellites signals and the reference clock, comprising: a monitoring circuit, for monitoring a status of the GNSS receiver to generate a monitoring result; and a compensating circuit, coupled to the reference clock source and the monitoring circuit, for compensating the reference clock according to the monitoring result.

Abstract: A directional tap detection algorithm and a single tri-axis accelerometer are employed to extend the number of unique button less input commands available for a small mobile electronic device. The algorithm analyzes acceleration data from the tri-axis accelerometer to detect the direction and number of taps imparted to any of the six sides of a housing of the device, yielding 12 unique inputs. The algorithm employs a parameter referred to as the performance index (PI) to identify tap induced movements. The PI is determined by calculating the time derivative of each acceleration signal for each axis and then calculating the sum of the absolute values of the calculated acceleration derivatives. A tap is determined to have occurred if the sum exceeds a threshold value for a predetermined amount of time. If a second tap is detected within a predetermined time after the first tap, then a double tap is determined to have occurred.

Abstract: A mobile wireless communications device may include a portable housing, at least one wireless transceiver carried by the portable housing, and a satellite positioning signal receiver carried by the portable housing. An antenna may also be carried by the portable housing and connected to the satellite positioning signal receiver. Further, at least one electrically conductive director element may be carried by the portable housing in spaced apart relation from the antenna and inductively coupled thereto for directing a beam pattern thereof.

Abstract: The wireless communication device includes a wireless communication transceiver to generate an oscillator control signal and an activation signal, a positioning-system receiver (e.g. a GPS receiver) to process received positioning signals, and a shared oscillator (e.g. a temperature compensated and voltage controlled crystal oscillator TCVCXO) responsive to the oscillator control signal and to generate a reference frequency signal for the wireless communication transceiver and the positioning-system receiver. The positioning-system receiver may control processing of the received positioning signals based upon the activation signal to reduce a noise contribution (e.g. phase noise) due to frequency control of the shared oscillator based upon the oscillator control signal. The activation signal may indicate that the oscillator control signal is being varied to provide frequency control or adjustment of the shared oscillator.

Abstract: A configurable calculating circuit includes a multiplexer, a mixer and an accumulator. The multiplexer is for receiving input signals including at least a first and a second input signals, and selectively outputting at least one of the input signals. The mixer is for mixing a selected input signal outputted from the multiplexer with a local oscillation signal to generate a mixed signal. The accumulator is for accumulating the mixed signal to generate an accumulated signal. When the configurable calculating circuit is operated under a first mode, the multiplexer selects the first input signal, and the accumulator performs a first accumulating operation upon the mixed signal; and when the configurable calculating circuit is operated under a second mode, the multiplexer selects the second input signal, and the accumulator performs a second accumulating operation, different from the first accumulating operation, upon the mixed signal.

Abstract: A method is provided, which optimizes a represented route of a traveling object. The method herein provides route representation compatible with various sampling protocols and accounts for high velocity states and near stand still states. In addition, route representation can be optimized for a given number of waypoints, accommodating a maximum waypoint storage file size. Waypoints are captured and significance scores are calculated and compared. The least significant waypoint is discarded in favor of a subsequently captured waypoint and the significance of waypoints surrounding the discarded waypoint are recalculated. By quantified waypoint selection the user can obtain an optimized route representation with quantified errors from a manageable number of waypoints.

Abstract: A GPS module, normally in an inactive mode and switchable to an active mode, receives signals in the active mode from GPS satellites and develops position coordinates. A communications module, remotely switchable between a standby mode and an active mode, is switched to the active mode by signals from a remote control station. A micro-controller is coupled to both modules and receives a control signal from the communications module when the communications module is active. The micro-controller controls the GPS module to switch to the active mode and develop position coordinates. The micro-controller receives the position coordinates and supplies them to the communications module. A power supply, the GPS module, the communications module, and the micro-controller are assembled in a unit designed to be small enough and compatible so as to be either implanted in an animal or secreted in an inanimate device.

Abstract: A system for locating an object in a GPS-denied environment includes first and second stationary nodes of a network and an object out of synchronization with a common time base of the network. The system includes one or more processors that are configured to estimate distances between the first stationary node and the object and a distance between the second stationary node and the object by comparing time-stamps of messages relayed between the object and the nodes. A position of the object can then be trilaterated using a location of each of the first and second stationary nodes and the measured distances between the object and each of the first and second stationary nodes.

Abstract: A method is provided, which optimizes a represented route of a traveling object. The method herein provides route representation compatible with various sampling protocols and accounts for high velocity states and near stand still states. In addition, route representation can be optimized for a given number of waypoints, accommodating a maximum waypoint storage file size. Waypoints are captured and significance scores are calculated and compared. The least significant waypoint is discarded in favor of a subsequently captured waypoint and the significance of waypoints surrounding the discarded waypoint are recalculated. By quantified waypoint selection the user can obtain an optimized route representation with quantified errors from a manageable number of waypoints.