Abstract: A radio communication route enables communication from an originating ground station to a destination ground station via one of multiple randomly orbiting satellites with no active attitude control. The ground stations and satellites include multi-feed parabolic antennas for receiving radio signals from and transmitting radio signals in multiple directions. The satellites store an address of a destination ground station from which an initial information signal is transmitted and antenna information identifying the satellite antenna feed on which the initial information signal was received. Plural satellite antennas transmit linking information identifying the satellite to the originating ground station.

Abstract: A low sidelobe beam forming method and dual-beam antenna schematic are disclosed, which may preferably be used for 3-sector and 6-sector cellular communication system. Complete antenna combines 2-, 3- or -4 columns dual-beam sub-arrays (modules) with improved beam-forming network (BFN). The modules may be used as part of an array, or as an independent 2-beam antenna. By integrating different types of modules to form a complete array, the present invention provides an improved dual-beam antenna with improved azimuth sidelobe suppression in a wide frequency band of operation, with improved coverage of a desired cellular sector and with less interference being created with other cells. Advantageously, a better cell efficiency is realized with up to 95% of the radiated power being directed in a desired cellular sector.

Abstract: A single element antenna with the ability to have pattern control by placing multiple feeds on opposite ends of the antenna element and controlling the amplitude and phase distribution of each of the feed ports.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method for use in a terminal device. The method comprises: obtaining signal quality measurements of plural beams; and selecting at least one serving beam from the plural beams depending upon the obtained signal quality measurements and scheduling constraint information of the plural beams. The embodiments of the present disclosure also relates to relevant radio access node device. When selecting or reselecting a serving beam for a terminal device, the scheduling constrains applied on the beams/links can be taken into consideration, which may allow an mmW network operating the link-specific coordination to control the probability that a terminal device is served by a coordinated beam on constrained radio resources at a lower level as possible.

Abstract: A switchable transmit and receive phased array antenna (“STRPAA”) is disclosed. The STRPAA includes a housing, a plurality of radiating elements, and a plurality of transmit and receive (“T/R”) modules. The STRPAA may also include either a first multilayer printed wiring board (“MLPWB”) configured to produce a first elliptical polarization or a second MLPWB configured to produce a second elliptical polarization within the housing.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) including at least two antennas configured to allow the UE to communicate via a first connection. The UE selects a connection performance parameter associated with the first connection, generates historical measurement information for the at least two antennas based on the connection performance parameter, for the plurality of antennas, the historical measurement information indicating an expected performance associated with using a selected one of the at least two antennas for a packet transmission and selects, based at least on the historical measurement information, one of the at least two antennas for use in transmitting the packet.

Abstract: This invention disclosure relates to a community access television (CATV) signal distribution system which improves signal isolation issues for systems which are distributing both CATV signals and in-home entertainment (IHE) signals. The signal distribution system includes a signal input port, a first multi-port signal splitter and a second multi-port signal splitter. The first multi-port signal splitter is coupled to the signal input port through a first diplexer, and the second multi-port signal splitter is coupled to the signal input port through a second diplexer. In some embodiments the first diplexer high-pass node and the second diplexer high-pass node are coupled together. In some embodiment the signal distribution system includes a signal output port coupled to the signal input port through a third diplexer. The high-pass node of the third diplexer is coupled to the high-pass node of the first diplexer.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to a power division structure. The power division structure has an input port to receive a transmission signal, a plurality of output ports to transmit portions of the transmission signal to a signal structure, and a plurality of transmission paths to propagate the transmission signal from the input port to the plurality of output ports, each transmission path having an associated weight and configured with power division vias to distribute the transmission signal according to its associated weight.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method for receiving a request to steer wireless signals generated by a plurality of dielectric antennas, and adjusting, by the controller, a plurality of adjustable delays coupled to a transceiver to adjust an orientation of wireless signals received or generated by the plurality of dielectric antennas, each of the plurality of dielectric antennas comprising a feed point coupled to a different one of the plurality of adjustable delays, the transceiver facilitating reception or transmission of electromagnetic waves propagating via a different one of the feed points of the plurality of dielectric antennas along corresponding dielectric feedlines without an electrical return path. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A beamforming integrated circuit has a single channel with a transmit chain and a receive chain. The transmit chain is configured to transmit an output signal and, in a corresponding manner, the receive chain is configured to receive an input signal. The integrated circuit also has separate horizontal and vertical polarity ports, and a double pole, double throw switch operably coupled between the chains and the ports. The double pole, double throw switch is configured to switch between operation in a first mode and a second mode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to transmitting and receiving beam information in a wireless communication system. An operation of a receiving end includes: generating a signal indicating two or more analogue transmission beams which are allocable to the receiving end; and transmitting the signal. In addition, the present disclosure includes other embodiments different from the embodiment described above.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a method in a network node is provided for adaptive initial synchronization beam sweep transmission. The method includes transmitting a plurality of initial synchronization beams with at least two different beam sweep cycles. At least one beam sweep cycle is an exhaustive beam sweep cycle and at least one beam sweep cycle is an optimized beam sweep cycle. The exhaustive beam sweep cycle covers all of a serving area of the cell and the optimized beam sweep cycle covers a subset of the serving area.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus/system/method utilizing directional transmission over a mmW band performing transmission of signals on a sub-6 GHz band that aids scanning for mmW mesh network discovery. A new node sends an assistance request on the sub-6 GHz band. The network node responds to the assistance request by sending an assistance response on the sub-6 GHz band. Upon exchanging the discovery assistance request and response with the network node on the sub-6 GHz band, the new node switches to the mmW band to discover neighbor(s). The network node upon exchanging the discovery assistance request and response on the sub-6 GHz band switches to mmW band to discover new nodes. Implementations can provide assistance directly or in response to cooperation between network stations.

Abstract: A device for supporting wireless communication is provided. The device includes a transceiver, an antenna, and a radio frequency (RF) front end system communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the antenna. The RF front end system may include: a RF sampling block coupled to the transceiver and configured to sample signals received from the transceiver and output voltage signals; a RF switching logic coupled to the RF sampling block to receive the voltage signals and configured to switch the front end RF system between a transmitting mode and a receiving mode; a RF transmission gain block coupled to the RF switching logic and configured to increase a transmission power of the signals received from the transceiver; and a RF receiving gain block coupled to the RF switching logic and configured to remove noise signals contained in radio frequency signals received from the antenna.

Abstract: An electronic device may be provided with a phased antenna array, control circuitry, and a codebook. The control circuitry may control the phased antenna array to form a signal beam at a beam steering angle selected from a set of beam steering angles identified by the codebook. The set of beam steering angles may be evenly distributed along a two-dimensional or three-dimensional spiral path. The control circuitry may control the phased antenna array to sweep over the set of beam steering angles until external wireless equipment is found. Distributing the set of beam steering angles in this way may minimize the size of the codebook while allowing the phased antenna array to cover as much of its field of view as possible with satisfactory gain.

Abstract: A synthesized-beam transceiver system steers a beam of a two-dimensional antenna array by activating a first subset of antenna elements to orient the beam in a first direction and subsequently activating a second subset of the antenna elements to orient the beam in a different direction. The system also electrically connects antenna elements that are inactive, not in the first subset, or not in the second subset to a reference potential of the array.

Abstract: An integrated photonics monopulse comparator includes an array of squinted monopulse elements, each monopulse element producing an RF signal in response to a received inbound signal and each RF signal having a squinted RF voltage. The comparator includes a laser source for producing a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical signal comprising multiple components having discrete wavelengths. The component signals may be multiplexed and demultiplexed and routed through cascading optical phase modulators, each phase modulator connected to a monopulse element and capable of modulating a component signal according to the voltages of the RF signals produced by the corresponding monopulse element. The resulting modulated component optical signals undergo coherent photodetection by arrays of paired photodiodes, each pair receiving component signals of like wavelength.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna comprising multiple array elements with a first and second feeding point, each associated with orthogonal polarizations, each array element has a first and second phase centre each associated with the orthogonal polarizations, the first and second phase centres of said array elements are arranged in at least two columns, and one antenna port connected to the first and second feeding points of at least two array elements with first phase centre and second phase centre arranged in the at least two columns via a respective feeding network. The feeding network comprises a beam forming network having a primary connection, connected to the antenna port, and at least four secondary connections. The beam forming network divides power between the first feeding point and the second feeding point and controls phase shift differences between the respective feeding points with phase centre arranged in different columns.

Abstract: A hybrid satellite communication system for cockpit, cabin, and crew connectivity includes a hybrid antenna mountable on an exterior surface of an aircraft. The hybrid antenna includes an L-band antenna. The hybrid antenna includes a high-throughput antenna configured to operate on at least one of a ku-band or a ka-band. The hybrid satellite communication system includes a multi-constellation modem manager in communication with the hybrid antenna. The multi-constellation modem manager includes an L-band antenna modem card configured to communicate with the L-band antenna. The multi-constellation modem manager includes a high-throughput modem card configured to communicate with the high-throughput antenna. The multi-constellation modem manager is configured for simultaneous operation on multiple satellite constellations by simultaneously communicating via the L-band antenna and the high-throughput antenna.

Abstract: A measuring system for determining phase differences of antenna element signals of antenna elements of an antenna array under test is provided. The measuring system comprises a signal generating means, which is configured to provide a measuring signal to the antenna array under test over the air and receiving means configured to measure the antenna element signals, resulting from receiving the measuring signal by the antenna elements of the antenna array under test and determine the phase difference of the antenna element signals.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a phased array antenna panel and a plurality of beam former circuits. The phased array antenna panel generally comprises a plurality of antenna elements. The plurality of beam former circuits are each mounted on the phased array antenna panel adjacent to a number of the antenna elements. Each beam former circuit has one or more ports directly coupled to each of the adjacent antenna elements. Each beam former circuit may be configured to generate a plurality of radio-frequency output signals at the ports while in a transmit mode and receive a plurality of radio-frequency input signals at the ports while in a receive mode. Each beam former circuit generally implements a hard-wired address.

Abstract: A multi-mode phased array antenna (“MPAA”) is disclosed. The MPAA has at least two modes of operation, where a first mode of operation produces a first main-beam and a second mode of operation produces a second beam. The MPAA includes a plurality of radiating elements arranged as an array of radiating elements and a controller in signal communication with the plurality of radiating elements. The controller is configured to excite the plurality of radiating elements to produce a first radiation pattern having the first main-beam in the first mode of operation and a second radiation pattern having the second beam in the second mode of operation. The second beam is wider than the first main-beam and the second radiation pattern is similar to a radiation pattern for a single radiating element of the plurality of radiating elements. The controller also switches between the first mode and second mode of operation.

Abstract: The various embodiments described herein include methods, devices, and systems for reducing mutual coupling between antennas. In one aspect, a wireless charging system includes: (1) two antennas configured to direct electromagnetic waves toward a wireless power receiver such that the electromagnetic waves interfere constructively at the receiver; and (2) a housing structure configured to receive the antennas, including: (a) a metallic base, (b) a first set of isolating components extending upwardly and defining a first region configured to receive a first antenna, and (c) a second set of isolating components extending upwardly and defining a second region configured to receive a second antenna, the second set including at least some isolating components distinct from those in the first set. The first and second sets of isolating components configured to: (i) create a physical gap between the antennas, and (ii) reduce a mutual coupling between the antennas.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication node (1) comprising an antenna arrangement (2) that is adapted to radiate at least one radiation beam (3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8) of a first type and at least one radiation beam (9) of a second type. Said at least one radiation beam (3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8) of the first type has a first type beamwidth (BT1) ) and said at least one radiation beam (9) of the second type has a second type beamwidth (BT2) that exceeds the first type beamwidth (BT1). Said at least one radiation beam (3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8) of the first type is arranged for communication with at least a first other node (10, 11), and where said at least one radiation beam (9) of the second type is arranged for detection of changes in propagation paths for said other node (10, 11) and/or appearances of further other nodes.

Abstract: A system is described. The system includes remote antenna units of a distributed antenna system. The system also includes a combiner unit of the distributed antenna system. The combiner unit is communicatively connectable to a base station and communicatively connectable to the remote antenna units. The combiner unit is configured to receive at least two uplink signals from the remote antenna units. The remote antenna units receive the at least two uplink signals from one or more wireless terminal devices. The combiner unit is also configured to combine the at least two uplink signals into at least one combined uplink signal and send the at least one combined uplink signal to the base station.

Abstract: Embodiments of a Next Generation Node-B (gNB) and User Equipment (UE) are generally described herein. The gNB may transmit control signaling to configure transmission of position reference signals (PRSs) by a plurality of transmit-receive points (TRPs). The gNB may receive, from the UE, for each of the TRPs, a set of signal location parameters (SLPs). The gNB may perform an iterative process to estimate a position of the UE. For a current iteration, the gNB may: determine a current estimate of the position of the UE based on a current plurality of sets of SLPs; and determine a cost function for each of the current plurality of sets of SLPs. The gNB may determine, based on the cost functions, a next plurality of sets of SLPs for a next estimate of the position of the UE.

Abstract: Embodiments include different multi-port ring combiners which are configured to act as multi-output signal routers. One type of multi-port ring combiner includes input ports that are driven by pairs of outphasing signals. The multi-port ring combiner also includes multiple channels that are independently routed to a first output, to a second output, or to a third output, according to a phase relationship of the multi-port ring combiner. The multi-port ring combiner enables an outphasing signal combination which provides output port selection. The multi-port ring combiner may be a 4-port ring combiner, a 5-port ring combiner or a 6-port ring combiner.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure describe configurations of, and methods for operating a large-scale optical phased array for contemporary applications including LIDAR, optical communications, imaging, and displays—among others.

Abstract: Provide is a radio communication system suitable for use in a factory or the like. The radio communication system includes a receiver provided with a plurality of antennas, and a transmitter for periodically transmitting a radio signal for information transmission including information to be notified to the receiver, and the receiver is an information receiver. Based on the output of each antenna during a period in which the transmission radio signal is not transmitted, a weighting factor for each antenna is generated, and the generated weighting factor is used to process the radio signal for information transmission from the receiver.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a package and a beam former circuit. The package may be configured to be mounted on an antenna array at a center of four antenna elements. Each antenna element may include a dual-pole antenna having a vertical feed and a horizontal feed. The beam former circuit may be (i) disposed in the package, (ii) have a plurality of pairs of ports, (iii) configured to generate a plurality of radio-frequency signals in the ports while in a transmit mode and (iv) configured to receive the radio-frequency signals at the ports while in a receive mode. Each pair of the ports is configured to be directly connected to a respective one of the antenna elements. All of the ports may be spatially routed into alignment with the vertical feeds and the horizontal feeds in a single conductive plane of the antenna array.

Abstract: It is provided a node in a wireless communication system comprising an analog architecture for achieving vertical sectorization. The node comprises at least four main input/output ports (1, 2, 3, 4), a power splitting stage (5), at least one power redistribution stage (20) and a plurality of pairwise arranged dual polarized antennas (31, 32, 33, 34).

Abstract: A phased antenna array comprises a plurality of antennas and photodiodes arranged on a substrate. Each antenna is driven by an electrical signal output by the photodiode. The photodiodes each receive an optical signal via an optical fiber. The optical fibers conform to the sheet-like shape of the antenna array (which may be planar or curved) and optically communicate with a corresponding photodiode via a corresponding reflector, such as a ninety degree reflector. The reflectors may comprise a v-groove in a silicon substrate on which the optical fiber is positioned and a reflecting surface. Each reflector may be attached to the substrate or a ground plane positioned parallel to the substrate and the optical fiber may connect to the reflector in a direction running parallel to the phased antenna array. This optical feed network may accommodate tight spacing of the antenna elements (such as spacing less than 5 mm apart) with a thin profile.

Abstract: A reception method and apparatus for use in a multi-cell orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless system. In a unicast receive mode during a first receive time period, a first group of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols is received by a mobile device from multiple of a plurality of antennas at a serving base station. In a single-frequency-network (SFN) receive mode during a second receive time period, a second group of OFDM symbols is received by the mobile device from one of a plurality of antennas at the serving base station. The transition between the first receive time period and the second receive time period occurs during a cyclic prefix or a cyclic postfix between OFDM symbols, and the plurality of antennas produce a first beam pattern during the unicast receive mode and a second beam pattern during the SFN receive mode.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for measuring the dimensions of physical objects. The systems and methods include a measuring instrument of significant length comprising an array of patch antennas arranged along the length of an elongate substrate such that the antenna array expands and contracts with the substrate. The system also includes a diagnostic computing device for measuring the array's electrical properties including resonance frequency and changes in said properties relative to reference electrical properties that correspond to a reference length of the array and substrate. Accordingly, based on the measured changes in electrical properties and the reference length, the diagnostic system can calculate the current length of the measuring instrument.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for adjusting communication channel bandwidth. In some implementations, a method includes determining to change a bandwidth of a wireless communication channel on which a transmitter and receiver communicate. In response, and while the transmitter and the receiver maintain data communication on the wireless communication channel, a target value and rate of change is determined for each of one or more communication parameters of the wireless communication channel. The rate of change is a rate at which the communication parameter can be changed over time while continuing to transfer data on the wireless communication channel. Data is provided to the transmitter. The data can cause, for each communication parameter, the transmitter to gradually adjust the communication parameter using the rate of change until the communication parameter reaches the target value.

Abstract: Provided are a method for channel information feedback in a multi-antenna system, and a terminal. The method comprises: a terminal receives CSI-RSs of M ports sent by a base station, and performs estimation according to the CSI-RSs to obtain M-dimensional downlink channel information; the terminal uses a transformation function Fk to perform a linear transformation on the M-dimensional downlink channel information, and obtains Nk-dimensional kth type channels, wherein k is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to K, M?Nk, and K?1; the terminal uses a preset Nk-dimensional codebook to respectively perform channel information quantisation on the kth type channels, and determines a corresponding precoding matrix and precoding matrix indicator information (PMIk); the terminal selects S type channels from within K type channels, and feeds index numbers of the selected channels and corresponding PMI back to the base station.

Abstract: A circulator system for use in a simultaneous transmit and receive system includes a transmitter port connected to a first port of a circulator component by a phase shifter and possibly a pre-conditioning impedance, an antenna port connected to a second port of the circulator component by a pre-conditioning impedance, and a receiver port connected to a third port of the circulator component by a phase shifter and a pre-conditioning impedance. A loop with an impedance is connected between the transmitter port and the receiver port. A double loop circulator system includes further phase shifters and impedances at the first and third ports of the circulator component and a second loop with an impedance connected signal paths for the transmitter and receiver ports, being connected between the phase shifters in the signal paths. High isolation between the transmitter and receiver ports is provided.

Abstract: Antenna modules and systems, and applications and methods of manufacturing thereof, are described herein. An example radio frequency (RF) signal transmitter includes a data signal port to receive a baseband data signal; a carrier signal port to receive an initial carrier signal; and an antenna module coupled to the signal ports. The antenna module includes: a substrate with a front face that has a phased array of active antenna elements that includes at least two columns of the active antenna elements; and a rear face that has, for each column, a RF signal launcher to receive a RF data signal for the column; and a transmitting module mounted to the rear face. The transmitting module has, for each column of active antenna elements: a combiner to form the RF data signal; and a RF signal port to transmit the RF data signal to the RF signal launcher.

Abstract: A method performed by a transmission device and a reception device in a wireless communication system, the method including: executing a process for receiving a reference signal, which is transmitted from each of plural transmit antennas of the transmission device, through a specific receive antenna which is one of at least one receive antenna of the reception device; executing a process for deciding a transmit antenna weight and a receive antenna weight based on the reference signal, the transmit antenna weight and the receive antenna weight being applied in a case where only the specific receive antenna receives a signal which is transmitted by each of the plural transmit antennas based on same transmission data; and executing a process for transmitting first information about the transmit antenna weight and second information about the receive antenna weight to the transmission device.

Abstract: An electronic device, of the present disclosure, may include: a housing; an antenna unit disposed inside the housing and including a conductive pattern configured to generate a magnetic field; a plate comprising at least a part of the housing and including a material through which at least a part of the magnetic field generated by the conductive pattern can pass; and a control circuit configured to transmit at least one piece of payment information to an external device using the conductive pattern, wherein the antenna unit including the conductive pattern includes: a first coil having a first plurality of turns that is substantially perpendicular to one surface of the plate; and a second coil having a second plurality of turns that is substantially parallel to the surface of the plate, and a shielding structure comprising a shielding material is disposed inside the first coil or below the second coil.

Abstract: Apparatuses, computer readable media, and methods for extending association beamforming training are disclosed. An apparatus is disclosed including processing circuitry. The processing circuitry being configured to decode an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) beacon comprising a multiplier field and a length field of an association beamforming training (A-BFT) interval. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a count of sector sweep (SSW) slots based on a value of the multiplier field and a value of the length field of the A-BFT interval, and select a SSW slot of the count of SSW slots. The processing circuitry may be further configured to encode a SSW frame, and configure the station to transmit the SSW frame during the selected slot of the count of SSW slots.

Abstract: Devices and methods determining phase offsets are disclosed. A first test signal is transmitted from a first RF circuit part to a second RF circuit part, where a phase difference between the first test signal and a reference signal (ref) is measured. A second test signal is transmitted from the second RF circuit part to the first RF circuit part, where a second phase difference between the second test signal and the reference signal (ref) is measured. Phase offsets of a connection between the first and second circuit parts or of a line supplying the reference signal are determined based on the first and second phase differences.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatus for a fragmented beamforming training procedure. For example, an apparatus for wireless communications may include a processing system configured to generate a plurality of first frames, each first frame comprising a preamble, a data field, and one or more beamforming training fields. The apparatus may also include a first interface configured to output the plurality of first frames for transmission using a first transmit beamforming sector for the preamble and data field of each the plurality of first frames and a different second transmit beamforming sector for each of the one or more beamforming training fields of the plurality of first frames, and a second interface configured to obtain a second frame comprising feedback generated based on the one or more beamforming training fields of the plurality of first frames.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transmit-array radiofrequency antenna comprising: a support; a transmit-array arranged in a plane, called a transmission plane; at least one focal source fixed on the support and arranged at the focal length from the array; and a displacement mechanism for moving the transmit-array, the mechanism being connected to the support and being adapted to translationally move the transmit-array in at least one of the two directions in the transmission plane.

Abstract: Feeding a plurality of antenna elements of an array antenna, involves receiving at a photonic substrate at least one transmit modulated optical carrier (TMOC) signal. The TMOC signal is communicated to an array level photonic integrated circuit (ALPIC) disposed on the photonic substrate where one or more optical processing operations are performed involving the TMOC signal to obtain a plurality of element-level optical carrier (ELOC) signals. These ELOC signals are communicated from the ALPIC to a plurality of conversion locations distributed on the photonic substrate. Photodetectors respectively provided at the conversion locations convert each of the ELOC signals to an element-level modulated radio frequency (ELMRF) signal. The ELMRF signal are coupled from each photodetector respectively to one of the plurality of antenna elements.

Abstract: An antenna including: an array of individually-controllable elementary cells, each cell being capable of transmitting a radio signal by introducing into the signal a controllable phase shift selected from among at least two discrete phase-shift values; on the side of a first surface of the array, first, second, third, and fourth primary sources capable of respectively irradiating first, second, third, and fourth consecutive quadrants of the array; and a processing circuit capable of supplying a first signal representative of the sum of the signals S1, S2, S3, and S4 supplied, respectively, by the first, second, third, and fourth sources, a second output signal representative of difference S1+S2?S3?S4, and a third output signal representative of difference S1?S2?S3+S4.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved antenna integrated printed wiring board (“IAiPWB”). The IAiPWB includes a printed wiring board (“PWB”), a first radiating element, and a first split-via. The PWB has a bottom surface and the first radiating element is integrated into the PWB. The first radiating element has a first radiator. The first probe is in signal communication with the first radiator and the first split-via, where a portion of the first split-via is integrated into the PWB at the bottom surface.

Abstract: This disclosure describes methods, apparatus, and systems related to media access control (MAC) range extension. A device may cause to append a training field to each of one or more beacon frames. The device may cause to send the one or more beacon frames directionally using a sector sweep to one or more responder devices during a first interval. The device may determine an extended schedule element to be sent to the one or more responder devices, the extended schedule element including one or more directional antenna sectors to be used by the device during a second interval. The device may identify a first frame from a first responder device, during the second interval, wherein the first frame is received on a directional antenna sector of the one or more directional antenna sectors corresponding to an operating sector of the first responder device.

Abstract: A photonic microwave time delay apparatus and method thereof are disclosed. The microwave-modulated optical signal generation module of the photonic microwave time delay apparatus generates a microwave-modulated optical signal. The microwave-modulated optical signal is injected into the photonic microwave time delay module of the photonic microwave time delay apparatus, wherein the photonic microwave time delay module includes a microwave-time-delay laser. The optical power and carrier frequency of the microwave-modulated optical signal are adjusted so as to excite the laser cavity resonance red-shift effect in the microwave-time-delay laser. Under such operation, the microwave-time-delay laser emits a microwave-modulated optical signal with a microwave time delay.

Abstract: A wireless cellular base station (BS) transmitter transmits a downlink calibration pilot symbol. A receiver receives from a user equipment (UE) an uplink calibration pilot symbol and an effective downlink channel estimate transmitted by the UE. The effective downlink channel estimate is computed by the UE using the downlink calibration pilot symbol received from the BS. Processing devices compute an effective uplink channel estimate using the uplink calibration pilot symbol received from the UE and compute channel reciprocity calibration coefficients using the effective downlink channel estimate received from the UE and the effective uplink channel estimate computed by the BS. The BS includes multiple antennas, and the BS computes the channel reciprocity calibration coefficients for each antenna. Alternatively, the uplink channel estimate received by the BS is an inverted version of the effective downlink channel estimate, which the processing devices use for channel reciprocity compensation.