Abstract: A printed circuit board antenna and a printed circuit board are disclosed. The printed circuit board antenna includes a feeding part having at least one first branch; a coupling interdigital part having at least one second branch, where a gap is formed between the first branch and the second branch; a grounding part, where a gap is formed between the grounding part and the feeding part, a gap is formed between the grounding part and the coupling interdigital part, an opening is provided on the grounding part, and a feeding point of the feeding part extends out from the opening. The embodiments of the present invention resolve a problem of relatively low efficiency when high-frequency bandwidth of an antenna is relatively wide, implementing that efficiency meets a product requirement in an entire range of bandwidth.

Abstract: A planar array antenna structure includes a substrate, an array antenna, and a bottom ground portion. The substrate has a front surface and a rear surface. The array antenna is composed of a plurality of antenna units and disposed on the front surface of the substrate in a symmetrical and polygonal arrangement. A spaced slot is formed between every two antenna units. The bottom ground portion is polygonal and arranged on the rear surface of the substrate. The bottom ground portion has a plurality of included angles thereon, and one notch is formed between two included angles and the notches are correspondingly arranged to the spaced slots. Accordingly, the planar array antenna structure is used to generate high-gain radiation variations, effectively restrain the isolation between the radiators, and significantly increase overall performance of the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna includes a grounding conductor, a feed conductor, a resonant conductor, and a radioactive conductor. The feed conductor is disposed apart from the grounding conductor. The resonant conductor having a resonant width is disposed along the grounding conductor and disposed apart from the grounding conductor by a resonant-ground distance. The resonant conductor connects to the feed conductor. The radioactive conductor has a radioactive width. One end of the radioactive conductor connects to one end of the resonant conductor with the feed conductor, and another end of the radioactive conductor is disposed apart from the grounding conductor. The radioactive conductor is disposed along the resonant conductor and disposed apart from the resonant conductor by a resonant-radioactive distance. The resonant conductor is positioned between the radioactive conductor and the grounding conductor.

Abstract: Electronic components, conductors, and the like that the form a detecting-and-transceiving circuit are positioned in a space inside a casing other than a space E that is enclosed by an imaginary surface that forms a predetermined angle ? with respect to a coil axis x toward the outside from a position on the edge of an aperture surface of the end part of a coil-shaped antenna 450 in the direction of the coil axis x. The angle ? is, e.g., 5° or more and is preferably 90°. Minute electronic components and conductors may be positioned within the space E if doing so does not dramatically change the magnetic current of the antenna 450.

Abstract: An antenna device mounted on a roof surface of a vehicle roof includes a ground plate disposed on the roof surface, an antenna ground, a first antenna element, and a second antenna element. The antenna ground is disposed on a plane perpendicular to the ground plate apart from a ground plate surface by a predetermined distance in a direction perpendicular to the ground plate surface. The first antenna element, whose first base end portion is connected to a first predetermined position of the antenna ground, extends from the first base end portion to a first front end portion in a direction moving away from the antenna ground. The second antenna element, whose second base end portion is connected to a second predetermined position of the antenna ground, extends from the second base end portion to a second front end portion in a direction moving away from the antenna ground.

Abstract: An on board diagnostic (OBD) device having a radio modem is provided. An antenna of the radio modem is connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) housed within a plastic housing, where the PCB has a ground plane which is extended by a conductive extension. The conductive extension lengthens an effective length of a counterpoise of the antenna without necessitating an increase in size of the OBD device/plastic housing, resulting in maintaining a small form factor for the OBD device, while increasing antenna efficiency and/or bandwidth.

Abstract: The invention provides an antenna for a wireless device, e.g., a cellular phone for wireless mobile telecommunication. The antenna includes a conductive feed strip and a conductive ground component. The ground component is for connecting a ground voltage, and comprises a portion along a surface of the device. The feed strip has a feed port for relaying a feed signal, and does not physically contact the ground component, so as to feed the ground component by noncontact electrical coupling, instead of physical contact.

Abstract: An integrated circuit for a packaged device is proposed. The circuit comprises: a circuit having first and second electromagnetic radiating elements fabricated on a die; a package substrate comprising an upper surface and a lower surface; and a grounding layer provided on the lower surface of the package substrate, the grounding layer being adapted to connect to a grounding plane of a printed circuit board. The die is mounted on the upper surface of the package substrate. The grounding layer comprises a void, at least a portion of the void being positioned so as to at least partially electromagnetically isolate the first electromagnetic radiating element from the second electromagnetic radiating element.

Abstract: A reduced ground plane shorted microstrip antenna comprising: a metal ground plane having a radius of about 0.24?; a substrate comprising a material having a dielectric constant of at least 4 disposed on top of said ground plane; a metal top layer including a radiating patch disposed on top of said substrate; a shorting wall disposed between said ground plane and said patch; and a power feedline connected to the metal top layer such that the top layer impedance and the feedline impedance match.

Abstract: An antenna device has a feed line including a triplate line. Each triplate line has a central conductor and two ground plates sandwiching the central conductor via an air layer. At least a part of the triplate line is configured such that the two ground plates sandwich a center substrate including a wiring pattern as the central conductor provided on a dielectric substrate via the air layer.

Abstract: An antenna includes a first body having an array of resonators; a spacer adjacent to the first body, and a second body adjacent to the spacer such that the spacer is between the first and second bodies. The first body can be configured as an artificial metasurface ground plane and the second body can be configured as a monopole.

Abstract: An antenna module is disclosed. The antenna module comprises a first conductive unit, a second conductive unit and a third conductive unit. The first conductive unit has a feeding point. The second conductive unit is disconnected with the first conductive unit electrically. The third conductive unit is disposed adjacent to the first conductive unit and electrically connected with the second conductive unit.

Abstract: Electronic devices may be provided that contain wireless communications circuitry. The wireless communications circuitry may include radio-frequency transceiver circuitry and antennas. An antenna may have an antenna ground that is configured to form a cavity for the antenna. The antenna ground may be formed on a support structure. The antenna ground may have an opening. The support structure may have a planar surface on which the opening is formed. A folded monopole antenna resonating element and an L-shaped conductive antenna element may be formed in the opening and may be capacitively coupled. The folded monopole antenna resonating element may have an end at which a positive antenna feed terminal is formed. A ground antenna feed terminal may be formed on the antenna ground. A segment of the antenna ground may extend between the ground antenna feed terminal and an end of the L-shaped conductive antenna element.

Abstract: A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) electronic circuit is described that uses an antenna and a fractal ground plane conductor or a fractal counterpoise. Some embodiments of the electronic circuit include a first ground plane conductor portion on a first electronic substrate, and a second ground plane conductor portion on a second electronic substrate. The second ground plane conductor portion is shaped to include at least one fractal pattern. The fractal pattern of the second ground plane conductor portion makes the ground plane seem electrically larger than it is. The fractal ground plane conductor portion minimizes the reception of GNSS satellite signals below the antenna, and improves the reception of signals from low elevation GNSS satellites above the horizon.

Abstract: An antenna device to be inserted in a memory card slot of an electronic device, includes an insulating layer, an antenna element formed on one surface of the insulating layer, and a ground element formed on the other surface of the insulating layer, the antenna element and the ground element being formed such that at least a part of the antenna element and at least a part of the ground element protrude from the memory card slot of the electronic device when the antenna device is inserted in the memory card slot, respectively; and a ground pattern extending in parallel relationship with the antenna element to be electrically connected to at least the ground element.

Abstract: Low passive intermodulation (PIM) antenna assemblies and methods for utilizing the same. In one embodiment, the low PIM antenna assembly includes an ultra-wide band quarter wave monopole over ground plane antenna apparatus that operates within a band from 698-5900 MHz. The radiating element is comprised of three (3) features that are separated from one another by one hundred twenty (120°) thus producing a triangular shaped pattern. Such a configuration reduces the nulls by about twenty percent (20%) as compared with similar antenna implementations having flat radiating elements. Moreover, in order to reduce the diameter of the ground plane while simultaneously increasing the electrical length of the ground plane, forming of the ground plane is required. Methods of using the aforementioned low PIM antenna assembly are also disclosed.

Abstract: A conical radiator coupled to an antenna patch disposed along a first end of the radiator, said patch disposed on an insulator. A ground plane is connected to the insulator and a radome is disposed opposite a second end of the radiator. The radome has a first region presenting a convex surface towards the radiator, and a second region presenting a concave surface towards the radiator. The first end of the conical radiator is the apex of the cone. A ground plane is included and a portion of the ground plane is a planar surface and another portion extends away from the planar portion towards the radome. Also disclosed is a method for forming a radiation pattern by shaping the radome to effectuate a predetermined radiation pattern using localized convex and concave surfaces positioned on the radome at different points in relation to the conical radiator.

Abstract: A plurality of first linear sections in a coil conductor are disposed on a lower surface of a first resin sheet. A plurality of second linear sections in the coil conductor are disposed on an upper surface of a second resin sheet. A plurality of via conductors in the coil conductor are disposed in the resin sheets. The coil conductor including the linear sections and the via conductors constitutes an antenna section. A first ground conductor is disposed on the lower surface of a third resin sheet. A second ground conductor is disposed on the upper surface of a fourth resin sheet. The first ground conductor and the second ground conductor are connected to each other by a interlayer connection conductor including a plurality of via conductors. The interlayer connection conductor does not define a closed loop surrounding the coil conductor.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a compact, multi-port, multi-band, Wi-Fi antenna system is configured for high-isolation and improved performance. The antenna includes four monopole type antennas each having at least two resonances including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz for use in Wi-Fi applications.

Abstract: A mobile communication device includes an antenna structure having a dielectric substrate and an antenna. The dielectric substrate includes a ground portion, a first non-ground portion, and a second non-ground portion. The ground portion further includes a main ground and a protruded ground electrically connected to the main ground and extending between the first non-ground portion and the second non-ground portion. The first non-ground portion and the second non-ground portion are separated by the protruded ground. One edge of the protruded ground aligns with one edge of the dielectric substrate. The antenna includes a feeding portion located in the first non-ground portion and a radiating portion extending over the protruded ground and having a first end located in the first non-ground portion and electrically connected to the main ground and a second end of the radiating portion is located in the second non-ground portion and electrically connected to the main ground.

Abstract: A dual-band antenna including a ground plane, a first resonating plate that resonates in a first frequency band, a first shorting plate that shorts the first resonating plate to the ground plane, a second resonating plate that resonates in a second frequency band, with the second resonating plate raised above the first resonating plate with respect to the ground plane, and a second shorting plate that shorts the second resonating plate to the first resonating plate. Also, a dual-stack dual-band MIMO antenna comprising four dual-band antennas arranged in a square or rectangular pattern.

Abstract: Ground connecting system for microwave plane or helical antenna structures comprising a radiating body that is connected to a power supply source located at ground level. In a plane antenna structure the radiating body is a flat plate with a plurality of ground connecting iron strips applied within appropriate recesses at selected regions thereof, whilst in a helical antenna structure the radiating body comprises a plurality of dielectric cylinders arranged along the circumference and inwardly the radiating surface, each dielectric cylinder located at the top of a coaxial power supply cable and being helicoidally wound with a conducting wire with ground connecting iron strips at the upper and bottom ends thereof. This selective grounding system results in a magnetic field being applied in between grounded and non-grounded regions that provides improved antenna transmission performance and effective isolation of the radiating body from the power supply source.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved antenna element. Such an antenna element comprises a substrate, a first conductor and a second conductor. The substrate has at least a first lateral surface. The first conductor is provided on the first lateral surface, and includes a feed line portion and a monopole portion. The second conductor is provided at least partially on the same, first lateral surface, and includes: two ground planes which are disposed on the first lateral surface adjacent to the feed line portion of the first conductor at opposite sides thereof, and two stubs which are disposed on the first lateral surface at opposite sides of the respective of the two ground planes, and which extend in a direction parallel to the feed line portion of the first conductor. The two ground planes and the two stubs of the second conductor are arranged to form a coplanar waveguide.

Abstract: An antenna system for a global navigation satellite system reference base station is disclosed. The antenna system includes an antenna positioned above a high capacitive impedance surface (HCIS) ground plane. Over a specific range of the lateral dimension of the HCIS ground plane and the height of the antenna above the HCIS ground plane, a high level of multipath suppression and high sensitivity for low-elevated satellites can be simultaneously maintained. The HCIS ground plane can be fabricated as a flat conducting plate with an array of conducting elements such as pins, pins with expanded tips, or mushroom structures. Alternatively, the HCIS can be fabricated as a flat conducting plate with a concentric series of choke rings. The antenna system can provide a positioning accuracy of +/?1 mm, an order of magnitude improvement over previous designs.

Abstract: An antenna device including a dielectric resonator antenna configured to generate resonances in a first frequency band; a printed circuit board electrically connected to the dielectric resonator antenna and configured to process radio signals; and a defected ground structure formed on the printed circuit board and configured to generate resonances in a second frequency band using a current flowing on the dielectric resonator antenna and the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A radio-frequency device for a wireless communication device includes an antenna disposition area; a plurality of linearly polarized antennas for transmitting and receiving a plurality of radio signals, wherein the plurality of linearly polarized antennas are substantially disposed in the antenna disposition area in a manner such that polarization directions of the plurality of linearly polarized antennas are orthogonal to each other; and a grounding resonant element coupled to a grounding terminal of one of the plurality of linearly polarized antennas for enhancing isolations of the plurality of linearly polarized antennas.

Abstract: In an antenna apparatus, on an undersurface of a metal cover, a feeding coil module is disposed. In a casing, a printed circuit board is included. A ground conductor, a feeding pin, and a ground connection conductor are disposed on the printed circuit board. When the metal cover is mounted on the casing, the feeding pin is in contact with a connection portion of the feeding coil module and is electrically connected thereto. The ground connection conductor is in contact with the metal cover and connects the metal cover to the ground conductor. The ground connection conductor is disposed at either side of a slit outside an area in which the current density of an induced current flowing through the metal cover is in a range from a maximum value to approximately 80% of the maximum value or one side of the slit in the area.

Abstract: An antenna with a curved shape may be mounted behind a curved antenna window. The antenna may have an antenna resonating element such as an inverted-F antenna resonating element and may have an antenna ground. The antenna resonating element may be formed from patterned metal traces on a flexible printed circuit. The flexible printed circuit may have ground traces that run along a peripheral edge of the flexible printed circuit. The antenna ground may be formed from a metal can with walls surrounding a cavity having an opening. The metal can may have a lip formed from bent portions of the walls. The flexible printed circuit may be soldered to the lip so that the ground traces are shorted to the can. A cable connector may be mounted on a bent tab in the flexible printed circuit that extends through a notch in the lip.

Abstract: An antenna element (100) comprises an active patch formed by a conductive layer (104) on a front surface of a substrate (102) and a parasitic ground patch (106) on a back surface of the substrate. The active patch has a spiral slot (112) in a central portion, and peripheral portions (110a-110d) which are substantially wider than the spiral slot. A signal feed strip (114) extends from a side of said active patch across the front surface of the substrate. Two signal ground strips (116, 118) are provided on the front surface, each separated from the active patch by a predetermined gap (120, 122). The parasitic ground patch has a slot in a central portion substantially back-to-back with the central portion of the active patch through the substrate. The element has broadband properties that can be tuned by various modifications. Several elements can be used in close array, with lower cross-talk than known antenna designs.

Abstract: An electronic device with an antenna device is provided. The electronic device include a radiator configured to transmit/receive an electromagnetic wave, a ground portion connected to one end of the radiator, the ground portion configured to conduct current such that a current corresponding to an opposite polarity of a current, which flows in the radiator, flowing in the ground portion, an expanded ground extending from a part of the ground portion, and a ground path extending from the ground portion to a region adjacent to the expanded ground so as to cause current to flow from the ground portion through a current path corresponding to the length of the radiator.

Abstract: An antenna structure comprising a substrate and an antenna is provided. The substrate comprises an upper surface and an under surface. The antenna comprises a first metal pattern and a second metal pattern. The first metal pattern is disposed on the upper surface. The first metal pattern comprises a feeding portion and a transmission line connected to the feeding portion. The second metal pattern is disposed on the under surface, and comprises a first parasitic grounding arm, a second parasitic grounding arm, a connecting arm, a grounding plane and a grounding strip. The connecting arm has a parasitic slot, and connects the first parasitic grounding arm and the second parasitic grounding arm. The grounding strip connects the connecting arm and the grounding plane.

Abstract: A radiator coupled to an antenna patch disposed along a first end of the radiator, said patch disposed on an insulator. A ground plane is connected to the insulator and a radome is disposed opposite a second end of the radiator. The radome may have a region presenting a convex surface towards the radiator, and the radome has a second region presenting a concave surface towards the radiator. The first end of the conical radiator is the apex of the cone. A ground plane is included and a portion of the ground plane is a planar surface and another portion extends away from the planar portion towards the radome. Also disclosed is a method for forming a radiation pattern by shaping the radome to effectuate a predetermined radiation pattern using localized convex and concave surfaces positioned on the radome at different points in relation to the conical radiator.

Abstract: There is provided an antenna having a spiral-shaped loading formed on the ground plane, in which a resonant frequency is lowered as the reactance component of a CRLH-TL structure is adjusted.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus that is able to improve isolation between antennas that are arranged adjacent to each other and an electronic device having the same are provided. The antenna apparatus includes a plurality of antennas, and a printed circuit board connected to the plurality of antennas, wherein the printed circuit board comprises a plurality of feeding units respectively connected to the plurality of antennas and a plurality of ground units respectively connected to the plurality of antennas, and each of the ground units is separated from the other ground units by means of at least one slot.

Abstract: Antenna structures of electronic devices and methods of operating the electronic devices with the antenna structures are described. One apparatus includes a RF feed coupled to a split-feed antenna element of an antenna structure. The antenna structure also includes a parasitic grounding element coupled to a ground plane. The split-feed antenna element is configured to operate as a feeding structure to the parasitic grounding element that is not conductively connected to the RF feed.

Abstract: A communication electronic device includes a grounding element and an antenna element. There is a first notch, a second notch and a first protruded portion disposed at an edge of the grounding element, and the first notch and the second notch are not located at corners of the edge of the grounding element. The first protruded portion is located between the first notch and the second notch. The antenna element and the grounding element are disposed on different planes. The antenna element has a projection on the grounding element, and the projection covers a portion of the first protruded portion, a portion of the first notch and a portion of the second notch.

Abstract: Provided is an antenna device including an antenna element configured to receive a broadcast wave and a signal that is superimposed on the broadcast wave and then is transmitted, a ground element having a predetermined length, the ground element being configured to be capable of adjusting a relative position with respect to the antenna element, and a feeding part to which the antenna element and the ground element are connected and from which the signal received by the antenna element is taken out.

Abstract: An antenna system includes a ground plane including at least one slot, a first antenna element coupled to a first portion of the ground plane, a second antenna element coupled to a second portion of the ground plane which is spaced apart from the first portion and a tuner configured to change the influence of the slot to a current flow through the ground plane from the first portion to the second portion.

Abstract: A wireless terminal including a display device; a first conductive plate that supports the display device; a second conductive plate that supports the display device; a circuit board including a ground pattern that is connected to the first conductive plate; a radio frequency (RF) circuit mounted on the circuit board; and a first feeding unit connected to the RF circuit and disposed between the first and second conductive plates.

Abstract: A communication device including a ground element, a dielectric substrate, and an antenna element is provided. The dielectric substrate is disposed nearby the ground element and has a first surface and a second surface. The antenna element includes a first metal portion and a second metal portion. The first metal portion is disposed on the first surface and has a feeding point. The second metal portion is disposed on the second surface. The first metal portion is electrically connected to the second metal portion through a conductive via-hole, and the conductive via-hole is located at or nearby a first edge of the first metal portion. The first edge is away from the ground element. The projection of the second metal portion on the first surface is covered by the first metal portion.

Abstract: An antenna device includes an input/output portion for a high frequency signal to be input or output, a distributing portion for distributing the high frequency signal input to the input/output portion into a plurality of high frequency signals, a phase shifting portion for imparting the plurality of high frequency signals with a predetermined amount of phase shift, and a feeding portion for feeding a plurality of antenna elements with the plurality of high frequency signals imparted with the predetermined amount of phase shift to cause the plurality of antenna elements to radiate the plurality of high frequency signals. The feeding portion is configured as a triplate line with a center conductor placed between one pair of parallel plate shaped outer conductors.

Abstract: A PIFA includes a substrate having a first side, a second side, a third side, and a fourth side, a ground portion, a radiation body, a shortening portion, a shortening extension portion, and a ground extension portion. The first side is opposite to the third side, and the second side is opposite to the second side. The ground portion is adjacent to all of the first side, all of the fourth side, and a part of the third side. The radiation body is adjacent to the second side. The shortening portion is adjacent to a part of the second side and a part of the third side, and is electrically coupled to the radiation body and the ground portion. The radiation body is extended from the shortening portion toward the first side. The ground extension portion is extended from the ground portion toward the second side.

Abstract: An antenna assembly which can be adapted for the metal housing of any wireless device includes a feeding terminal, a first radiator connecting to the feeding terminal, a second radiator positioned parallel and adjacent to the first radiator, and a metal element connecting to the second radiator. The wireless signal fed to the first radiator can be coupled to the second radiator, and flows through the metal element to ground, thus utilizing the metal housing itself in the wireless transmission and reception process. An electronic device using the antenna assembly is also described.

Abstract: Antennas for electronic devices are provided. First and second antennas may be mounted within an electronic device. Free-space coupling between the first and second antennas may give rise to interference. The first and second antennas may be coupled to a global ground. The global ground may be formed using a conductive member in the electronic device such as a conductive frame member. Signals that pass between the antennas through the global ground may serve as canceling signals that reduce the magnitude of free-space interference signals and thereby improve antenna isolation. The antennas may be coupled to the global ground using electrical paths or through near-field electromagnetic coupling. Coupling efficiency to the global ground may be enhanced by configuring the conductive traces of one or both of the antennas to form a resonant circuit.

Abstract: An antenna device comprises an antenna board, wherein an antenna pattern is formed in or on a front surface of a dielectric layer, a ground layer is formed in or on a rear surface of the dielectric layer, and a feed pin is inserted into a thickness of the antenna board through the ground layer and the dielectric layer. The diameter of the antenna pattern is set to one half of the wavelength of an RF signal passed through the antenna pattern, and a length of one side of the dielectric plate is set shorter than the wavelength. A metallic plate is coupled to the ground layer with a plurality of metallic spacers interposed therebetween, whereby the metallic plate is electrically connected to the ground layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of interlocking spacers that may be used for suspending transmission lines of a feed network between electrically-conducting ground planes of an antenna assembly. Also disclosed are exemplary embodiments of antenna assemblies including such interlocking spacers. An exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly generally includes a feed network including one or more transmission lines, a first ground plane, and a second ground plane spaced apart from the first ground plane with a space therebetween. At least one pair of spacers is configured to be interlocked to one another when positioned on opposite sides of a substrate including the transmission lines of the feed network. The spacers are operable for suspending the transmission lines in the space between the ground planes.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus includes an electrically conductive section having peripheral edges, an antenna element coupled to the electrically conductive section, which transmits or receives electromagnetic signals, and an electromagnetic absorbing carbon material component. The carbon material component is generally disposed adjacent to the electrically conductive section, and includes a border region extending beyond the peripheral edges of the electrically conductive section. The carbon material component can be constructed of a carbon fiber fabric in which the carbon fibers are arranged to increase the effective signal to noise ratio of the antenna apparatus and enhance antenna performance without increasing the baseline power consumption level. The carbon fibers can be coated with silicone to insulate them externally while enhancing their lengthwise conductivity.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus is provided close to an external metal component. The antenna apparatus is provided with an antenna and a ground conductor plate. The ground conductor plate is provided on as to be close to the metal component to be electromagnetically coupled to the metal component, and so as to oppose the metal component. The ground conductor plate has at least one opening.

Abstract: Electronic devices may be provided that contain conductive paths. A conductive path may be formed from an elongated metal member that extends across a dielectric gap in an antenna. The antenna may be formed from conductive structures that form an antenna ground and conductive structures that are part of a peripheral conductive housing member in the electronic device. The gap may separate the peripheral conductive housing member from the conductive structures. A conductive path may also be formed using one or more springs. A spring may be welded to a conductive member and may have prongs that press against an additional conductive member when the spring is compressed. The prongs may have narrowed tips, curved shapes, and burrs that help form a satisfactory electrical contact between the spring prongs and the additional conductive member.

Abstract: A patch antenna is disclosed as comprising a circular patch and a circular ground plane. The patch and the ground plane are spaced apart from each other by a substrate made of a dielectric material, with the antenna being shorted concentrically by a certain number of conductive vias.