Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided which is capable of reducing wiring resistance at a routing section of a common wiring and changes in a common voltage to be applied to the common wiring, thus achieving a reduction in “color degradation” and “horizontal stroke” in the LCD and of reducing “luminance irregularity”. The liquid crystal display (LCD) has a first routing section made up of a metal film having very low transmittance of light emitted from a backlight and formed in a manner that a gap between blocks being adjacent along one side of a display area is almost filled in and a second routing section made up of the above metal film and formed in a manner that a region surrounded by an outer side portion of a block mounted outside the display area and by straight lines being four sides of the display area which have extended toward end portions of a glass substrate is almost filled in.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display device in which the gap between its transparent substrates can be kept uniform irrespective of whether the temperature of the device is normal temperature or high temperature. The liquid crystal display device includes transparent substrates disposed in opposition to each other with a liquid crystal being interposed therebetween, and plural spacers secured to one of the transparent substrates so as to support the other transparent substrate. The plural spacers include first spacers and second spacers, and the first spacers are formed of a material whose elasticity is higher than that of the second spacers, and are larger in height than the second spacers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substantially parallel substrates disposed opposite to each other to leave a gap extending two-dimensionally therebetween including a rectangular wider gap region and a peripheral frame-shaped narrower gap region surrounding the wider gap region, a plurality of spacers disposed in the gap over the wider and narrower gap regions, and a liquid crystal disposed between the pair of substrates so as to form pixels in the wider gap region. The spacers are disposed to have a larger volume per unit substrate area in the wider gap region and a smaller volume per unit substrate area in the narrower gap region, thus providing a uniform cell gap between the substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of first and second transparent substrates having first and second transparent conductive films formed on opposing surfaces, with liquid crystal between the first and second transparent substrates. An airtight seal encapsulates the liquid crystal, and includes a conducting portion which electrically interconnects the transparent conductive films. The transparent conducive films have metal thin films deposited on respective surface portions, including the conducting portion. A driving circuit is connected to the metal thin films, to control the liquid crystal. Spacer members are mixed and generally evenly dispersed in the seal, for controlling the thickness of the seal, which comprises first spacer members mixed in the conducting portion, and second spacer members mixed in portions of the seal other than the conducting portion. The first spacer members have a particle diameter smaller than that of the second spacer members by a predetermined value X.

Abstract: An LCD having the liquid crystal in at least a portion of the interpixel region displaced by a spacer material. The spacer material has a low dielectric constant relative to the liquid crystal, thus further impeding the formation of a bend deformation in the liquid crystal in the interpixel region when pixels on opposite sides of the spacer material are operating in the inversion mode. This elimination of the bend deformation in the interpixel region eliminates the reverse tilt disclination.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates 10, 20, and a liquid crystal layer 30 formed between said pair of substrates 10, 20, wherein one substrate 10 is equipped with a first polymer spacer 13 and 14, a second polymer spacer 16 formed to have overlapped areas over the first polymer spacer, and pillar-like protrusions 17 formed on said overlapped areas of the second polymer spacer 16.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal light modulating element comprising a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal modulating layer interposed between the substrates. The liquid crystal modulating layer mainly comprises (1) a liquid crystal material for light modulation, (2) a plurality of spacers for maintaining a gap between the substrates, and (3) a plurality of resin structural nodules for supporting and adhering said pair of substrates. The resin structural nodules are arranged within a light modulating region based on a predetermined principle or a predetermined pattern.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device and a manufacturing method thereof are described. The device comprises a liquid crystal panel and an auxiliary panel formed with an IC circuit for supplying driving signals to the liquid crystal device. The auxiliary substrate is separately provided with the circuit and the function thereof is tested in advance of the assembling with the liquid crystal panel. By this procedure, the yield is substantially improved.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display apparatus, a transfer electrode is formed on a first insulating substrate, and a columnar spacer and a counter electrode are formed on a second insulating substrate. A sealing element formed by seal material and conductive spacers adheres and seals the first and second insulating substrates, so that the counter electrode is in contact with the transfer electrode through the conductive spacers.

Abstract: A method for forming a liquid crystal display device includes forming a metal film over a drive substrate, and patterning the metal film to form at least one pixel electrode and an optical shield film. The optical shield film is provided outside of a pixel electrode area and has a width greater than a width of each of the pixel electrode. A resin is deposited over the patterned metal film, and the resin is patterned to form at least one pole spacer and strip spacer. The strip spacer surrounds the pixel electrode area and has a width greater than a diameter of each of pole spacer. Liquid crystal material is supplied into an inside space which is surrounded by the strip spacer, and a sealing material is filled at outer edges of the strip spacer for fixing the drive substrate and a common substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display cell having improved cell gap uniformity is made by depositing a plurality of spacer particles on the cell substrate then subjecting the substrate to an external energy source to selectively dislodge and remove the larger particles, such as by immersing the substrate in and ultrasonic bath. Because the larger particles will inherently have a lesser attraction to the substrate relative to their mass, subjecting the entire substrate to the ultrasonic bath will inherently preferentially remove the larger particles, resulting in a distribution having a smaller standard deviation than the initial mixture of particles deposited on the substrate as well as an asymmetric reduction in the number of gap-dominating large particles.

Abstract: Eliminating differences in cell gap of a liquid crystal panel is effected to prevent display irregularities while avoiding contamination of the liquid crystal material due to unwanted contact of a seal material with the liquid crystal material. To this end, the liquid crystal panel includes a first substrate DSUB having multiple pixel electrodes AL-P in the form of a matrix, a second substrate USUB opposing the first substrate with a specified gap therebetween and having one or more transparent electrodes ITO-C, a liquid crystal layer LC made of a liquid crystal material sealed in the gap between the opposing substrates, and an alignment film on at least one of inner surfaces of the first and second substrates in contact with the liquid crystal layer for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal light modulating element comprising a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal modulating layer interposed between the substrates. The liquid crystal modulating layer mainly comprises (1) a liquid crystal material for light modulation, (2) a plurality of spacers for maintaining a gap between the substrates, and (3) a plurality of resin structural nodules for supporting and adhering said pair of substrates. The resin structural nodules are arranged within a light modulating region based on a predetermined principle or a predetermined pattern.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is provided with a switching element in neighborhoods of crossing points of a gate wiring and a data wiring. An interlayer insulating film is provided on the switching element. A pixel electrode connected with the switching element is provided on the interlayer insulating film. Moreover, a spacer for keeping a thickness of a liquid crystal layer constant is disposed in the liquid crystal layer and in a sealing member for sealing the liquid crystal layer. Materials of the interlayer insulating film and spacers are optimized. This configuration prevents degradation of a defective ratio and reliability due to the spacer disposed in the liquid crystal layer sinking into the interlayer insulating film.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display cell spacer with improved in coloring effect and light shielding effect and optimal electrical, physical, chemical, and optical properties and a liquid crystal display cell with use thereof. A liquid crystal display cell spacer comprising surface-coated carbon black; a liquid crystal display cell spacer comprising a pigment component comprising carbon black and at least one set of organic pigments of dissimilar colors other than carbon black; and a liquid crystal display cell spacer comprising a pigment component comprising surface-coated carbon black and at least one set of organic pigments of dissimilar colors other than carbon black. A liquid crystal display cell with use any of above liquid crystal display cell spacers.

Abstract: The invention relates to an essentially pressure-insensitive liquid crystal cell. Electrode-equipped (5, 6) plates (1, 2) are arranged at a predetermined distance from each other and define a liquid crystal layer of a thickness d. At least a first (1) of the plates is transparent and has a thickness b not exceeding 1 mm, and a modulus of elasticity E. Spacers (11) fixed in the cavity and having a height h are distributed with a spacing L and have substantially the same modulus of elasticity E as said first plate. The spacers (11) have a width not exceeding 50 &mgr;m, at least in one direction. The degree of the surface coverage s by the supporting areas of the spacers (11) on said first plate (1) exceeds or is equal to a minimum value which is dependent on the type of liquid crystal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates each provided with a plurality of electrodes and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed so as to fill a prescribed gap between the substrates together with a plurality of spacers dispersed therein. The substrates includes a substrate having four sides at least one of which has a connecting portion to be connected with a drive circuit supplying a voltage to associated electrodes. The prescribed gap is decreased with an increasing distance from the connecting portion, whereby an uneven temperature distribution within the device resulting from heat generation in the vicinity of the connecting portion for the drive circuit can be alleviated or minimized to improve a display irregularity.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for manufacturing polymer stabilized liquid crystals on large flexible films by lamination wherein the polymer stabilized liquid crystals contain microparticles or microspacers. Also, a method for manufacturing polymer stabilized liquid crystals on large flexible films by lamination of substrates having a replicated structure is provided. Polymer-free liquid crystals may also be used in some of the methods of the invention.

Abstract: The liquid crystal device of this invention includes a liquid crystal layer between a pair of substrates, wherein column-shaped spacers are disposed for controlling a gap between the pair of substrates, and each of the column-shaped spacers has a portion for substantially controlling the gap between the pair of substrates and a portion for reflecting or absorbing visible light, and the portion for reflecting or absorbing visible light is located at an interface between the spacer and at least one of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: The batch manufacturing of laminated cells whose spacing is kept constant by means of spacers (11) of diameter d, comprises the steps of forming a first line on a substrate (1), with a hot melt adhesive material for the sealing frames (3) and junction portions (5) between the holes (6) of spacing e and a second line (7) closed at one end (8) to create a filling channel (9), said lines having a constant cross-section So and a height h; depositing the spacers (11) over the substrate (1) and close to the holes (6), destructible or deformable spacers (12) of diameter D such that h>D>d; sealing a second flat deformable substrate (2) with a reduced application of pressure above the holes (6); filling all the cells; exerting a second pressure equal to or greater than the first and heating the zones above the holes to a temperature equal to or greater than that of the hot melt adhesive material; and cutting out each cell.

Abstract: A method for forming a uniform cavity between electrode substrates of a dlay comprises the steps of patterning a border to define a display area between the electrode substrates, patterning electrode spacers between the electrode substrates, and wafer bonding the electrode substrates to the border and to the electrode spacers to form a uniform cavity within the display area. A cavity comprises a pair of substrates enclosing the cavity and patterned spacers wafer bonded to the substrates to form and maintain a uniform thickness of the cavity.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided having two substrates. One substrate includes active aperture areas and a non-active area. A spacing layer is provided between the two substrates and includes spacing elements of anisotropic shape and geometry. The anisotropic spacing elements are formed only within the non-active areas of the substrate. A method of manufacturing is also provided including mechanically rubbing the liquid crystal display after the spacing elements are formed on the one substrate.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this stucture, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for assembly of liquid crystal cells with a thin (<4 pm), uniform (.+-.100 .mu.m) cell gap. The method can be used for the assembly of either individual or multiple liquid crystal cells on a single substrate. The method uses a photo-definable polymeric resin as both an edge seal and a spacer and has several important steps: spin-coating defines the cell gap, patterning defines the cell structure, and thermocompression bonding provides adhesion. The method for assembling liquid crystal cells having a thin, uniform cell gap, comprises the steps of: diluting a photo-definable polymeric resin with a solvent; applying the diluted photo-definable polymeric resin on a substrate; patterning the diluted photo-definable polymeric resin by selective exposure to a light; and selectively removing portions of the diluted photo-definable polymeric resin based upon exposure to the light resulting in a resin pattern.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed of a pair of substrates oppositely disposed with adhesive particles dispersed between the substrates, a sealing member disposed along a periphery of the substrates while leaving a liquid crystal injection port to be later sealed, and a liquid crystal disposed in a region surrounded by the sealing member and the liquid crystal injection port later sealed. In the device, the region surrounded by the sealing member for disposing the liquid crystal is divided into a rectangular first region for effective optical modulation and a second region surrounding the first region not contributing to substantial optical modulation, and the adhesive particles are disposed in a dispersed state in the first region and selectively at a portion of the second region in proximity to the injection port so as to minimize a cell gap distribution and provide a broader drive margin temperature characteristic.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrate assemblies and a pattern of electrodes that define active and inactive areas of the display. Spacer elements are disposed only in inactive areas of the display to maintain a uniform predetermined cell gap between the substrate assemblies for the liquid crystal material. Some of the spacers are adhesive to provide shock resistance for the device.

Abstract: A structural principle is described for control of the gap and the area around the periphery of a liquid crystal display by the formation of an insulating layer out of which, gap dimension maintaining posts and contaminant diffusion inhibiting segmented walls, remain after the display area is etched back out of the layer.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: An optical switching device of the present invention includes at least two substrates disposed facing opposite to each other. By scattering hard spacers which are thermally undeformable and soft spacers which are larger in size than the hard spacers and adapted to deform and then to cure by heat to adhere to the substrates, the spacing defined between the substrates is kept constant by diameters of the hard spacers. A medium having an optical switching function is retained in a gap defined between the substrates. The periphery of the gap between the substrates is sealed with a sealer. The sealer is made of a thermosetting resin having a thermosetting point equal to or higher than the thermosetting point of the soft spacers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus has a junction panel obtained by joining a plurality of liquid crystal display panels so that display surfaces of the liquid crystal display panels become flush. The liquid crystal display panels each have picture elements for displaying images by transmitting and shielding a transmitting light, a black matrix for shielding a light which enters a position where the picture elements do not exist and a zonal sealing member for sealing liquid crystal into each picture element. A width of the sealing member on the junction surface where the liquid crystal display panels are joined is set so as to be narrower than a width of the black matrix. Joints of displayed images on a border of the liquid crystal display panels of the junction panel can be made inconspicuous, and quality of displayed images on the junction panel which is a big screen can be improved.

Abstract: A method for forming a uniformly-spaced plastic substrate liquid crystal cell (100) includes the step of forming a cell with a liquid crystal-monomer mixture (150) disposed between upper and lower plastic substrates (111, 112). The cell (100) is then exposed to ultraviolet light (170) causing the monomer to be selectively polymerized to form support walls (108) between substrates (111, 112) of the cell in the light-intense areas. The monomer may be selectively polymerized by exposing the cell (100) through a mask (180, 188). The distance between the substrates (111, 112) is maintained before the walls (108) are formed by dispersing plastic ball spacers (114) between the substrates (111, 112). During exposure to the UV light, the substrates (111, 112) are sandwiched between substantially planar supports (182, 184) to maintain contact between the substrates (111, 112) and the spacers (114) and thus a uniform distance between the substrates (111, 112).

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the invention includes; a pair of substrates disposed so as to be opposed to each other; and a display medium interposed between the pair of substrates, the display medium having liquid crystal regions comprising one or a plurality of pixels, and the liquid crystal regions being surrounded by polymer walls, wherein a number of substrate gap control materials which are disposed in a gap between the pair of substrates is larger in the polymer walls rather than in the liquid crystal regions.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a multi-domain liquid crystal display wherein adjacent areas of the display are oriented in different direction by coating the substrate with a polymer and exposing a first set of areas to ultraviolet/light from a source polarized in a first direction and then exposing a second set of areas to ultraviolet light from a source polarized in a second direction.