Abstract: A system for capturing a color image, includes a two-dimensional array having first and second groups of pixels, pixels from the first group of pixels have narrower spectral photoresponses than pixels from the second group of pixels and the first group of pixels has individual pixels that have spectral photoresponses that correspond to a set of at least two colors; the placement of the first and second groups of pixels defining a pattern that has a minimal repeating unit including at least twelve pixels, and a plurality of non-overlapping cells wherein each cell has at least two pixels representing a specific color selected from the first group of pixels and a plurality of pixels selected from the second group of pixels; a structure for combining pixels of like color from at least two of the plurality of cells within the minimal repeating unit.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a gray converter to convert an inputted color image to be printed into a gray conversion image and to outputs the gray conversion image a difference calculator to calculate a at least one difference value between a at least one color channel image with respect to the color image and the gray conversion image; and a gray reviser to revise the gray conversion image based on the at least one difference value and to output a gray conversion image.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide an image display apparatus, an image processing apparatus, and an image display method that are able to display images without motion blur without increasing the transmitted amount of image signal. An image display apparatus of the invention comprises an image reception unit that receives an image signal; a gray-level correction unit that corrects image signals each corresponding to sub-frames consisting of a plurality of pixel groups split from the received mage signal, using respective grayscale characteristics different from sub-frame to sub-frame; and an image display unit that displays the frame image by successively displaying the sub-frame images each having been gray-level-corrected.

Abstract: A method and system for adaptive color space conversion includes a color space converter, a brightness adaptive controller and a soft clipper. The color space converter receives a first color space format signal and converts the first color space format signal into a second color space format signal. The brightness adaptive controller is connected to the color space converter in order to produce a gain and an offset based on a brightness value. The soft clipper is connected to the color space converter and the brightness adaptive controller in order to clip the second color space format signal based on the gain and the offset to thereby produce a corrected second color space format signal.

Abstract: A printing apparatus having a print unit and a print controller with a first density correcting component performing a density correction to image data transmitted to the unit is provided. The correction accords with a printing capacity of the unit. The apparatus comprises a component notifying a separate apparatus of an order to make a second density correcting component perform a density correction an amount of which is the same as that of the density correction by the first correcting component. The separate apparatus is provided with a transmitter and the second correcting component, the transmitter being capable of transmitting image data to the unit bypassing the first correcting component provided in the controller, and the second correcting component being capable of performing a density correction to the image data. The correction accords with the printing capacity of the unit.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a system and method for efficiently and accurately estimating the complete TRC for a color marking device equipped with a multi-center cluster halftone screen which has a similar halftone tiling geometry and a similar growth specified by a corresponding single-center cluster halftone screen. The present method introduces a cluster-based printer model which establishes a relationship between a color output of a single-center cluster halftone screen and a color output of a multi-center cluster halftone screen. The present cluster-based printer model determines the complete TRC for the multi-center cluster halftone screen using the measurements for the single-center cluster halftone screen. Results of halftone dot linearization with different printing devices demonstrates that high accuracy can be achieved using the reduced measurements from the single-center cluster halftone screen.

Abstract: A method for color grading an image within RGB color space including color values includes receiving a source image having first pixels, wherein second pixels from the first pixels are associated with colors within a first gamut but not a second gamut, receiving a color grading signal, determining a graded image by automatically modifying the colors associated with second pixels to become modified colors in response to the color grading signal, wherein the modified colors are within the second gamut, and wherein at least one color component value of the colors of the second pixels is similar to at least one color component value of the modified colors of the second pixels, wherein ordinality of colors in the one color component of the second pixels in the source image are preserved in the modified colors in the graded image, and storing the color grading signal in a memory.

Abstract: A display drive circuit of the invention has: an initial-color-gamut-apex-coordinate-storing unit capable of storing initial color gamut apex coordinates; a user-target-color-gamut-apex-coordinate-storing unit capable of storing user target color gamut apex coordinates; a saturation-expansion-coefficient-deciding unit for deciding expansion coefficients of saturation data based on the initial and user target color gamut apex coordinates; and an expansion unit for expanding saturations of display data based on the saturation expansion coefficients. The expansion coefficients of saturation data are decided based on the initial and user target color gamut apex coordinates, and saturations of display data are expanded according to the expansion coefficients. Thus, the degree of expanding the saturations can be controlled for each color gamut or each of R, G and B color properties of an LC display panel.

Abstract: A color conversion method and apparatus for a multi-primary display (MPD) are provided with analyzing an input image to determine a transformation parameter; interpolating at least two look-up tables for color conversion according to the transformation parameter, in order to calculate a look-up table for the input image; and applying the calculated look-up table to the input image to perform the color conversion. Accordingly, it is possible to provide good color reproduction and efficiently use a color gamut of an MPD having color coordinates that are different from those of primaries of an input image.

Abstract: The color printing control device outputs color material reduction processed data generated by applying a color material reduction process to each pixel of bitmaps converted to color material colors to be used in printing, when it is judged that the color material reduction printing mode is specified. The color material reduction process includes chroma conversion that reduces chroma and under-color removal/black generation that replaces at least a portion of achromatic components generated by overlaying of a plurality of color materials.

Abstract: Machine-enabled methods of, and devices for, encoding color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes image forming device for forming an image, switching device for switching resolution of an image formed by the image forming device, processing device for performing stabilization processing for stabilizing quality of the image formed by the image forming device and changing device for changing a processing procedure of the stabilization processing in accordance with the resolution switched by the switching device. With these features, it is possible to avoid deterioration of image quality even if the resolution is switched.

Abstract: Stored reference patch data are outputted, and a gray level of the reference patches obtained by scanning the outputted reference patches is compared with a reference level, such that a conversion table for storing gray level setting information is modified according to the comparison result. A driving condition of a light source for the light exposure is set by a user interface to newly set a print density of an image forming apparatus. Moreover, prior to the user setting, test printing is performed and the print density can be set according to a result of the test printing.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting three-color image signals to four-color image signals including a white signal comprises a data processor which generates the four-color image signals from the three-color image signals, calculates distortion values associated with conversion to the four-color image signals, and calculates scaling factors from the distortion values, the scaling factors being used to scale image signals in generating the four-color image signals. A method for operating the apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus is configured to divide and read a document to generate divided image data. The image processing apparatus includes an image reading unit, a high-frequency-color identifying unit, an individual-density conversion information generating unit, and a color-component-data converting unit. When the image reading unit divides and reads the document, the high-frequency-color identifying unit detects a density frequency distribution for the entire document and identifies, from a plurality of colors represented by a plurality of pieces of color component data, a high-frequency color that appears in an image of the entire document with a frequency satisfying a predetermined high-frequency condition; the individual-density conversion information generating unit generates individual-density conversion information based on the entire document; and the color-component-data converting unit generates converted color image data based on the entire document.

Abstract: The present invention aims at obtaining a high-quality video signal by reducing tone jumps. A second grayscale conversion characteristic is calculated from a video signal to which a first grayscale conversion process has been applied using a first grayscale conversion characteristic used to convert an M-bit video signal into an N-bit video signal, where M and N are integers and M is larger than N. The first grayscale conversion characteristic is corrected by using the second grayscale conversion characteristic. The first grayscale conversion process is applied to the video signal by using the corrected first grayscale conversion characteristic.

Abstract: The present invention aims at obtaining a high-quality video signal by reducing tone jumps. A second grayscale conversion characteristic is calculated from a video signal to which a first grayscale conversion process has been applied using a first grayscale conversion characteristic used to convert an M-bit video signal into an N-bit video signal, where M and N are integers and M is larger than N. The second grayscale conversion characteristic is corrected by using the first grayscale conversion characteristic. A second grayscale conversion process is applied to the video signal by using the corrected second grayscale conversion characteristic.

Abstract: In a method of mapping data from a source space to a target space, a space transformation look-up table (LUT) that contains a plurality of locations storing information is maintained, wherein each of the plurality of locations includes information specifying a function to be evaluated. First data defined according to a multi-dimensional source space is input, and second data defined according to a multi-dimensional target space is generated, by applying information contained in the LUT to the first data.

Abstract: Mapping spectral colors in an Interim Connection Space (ICS) of a full spectral space based on an objective function is provided. A spectral color value in the ICS is accessed, and a spectral gamut boundary of the destination gamut is accessed. The spectral color value is mapped into mapped spectral color value based on minimization of an objective function of coordinates of a first subspace of the ICS, by fixing coordinates of a second subspace of the ICS, subject to a constraint that a result is within the spectral gamut boundary. The first subspace is a null space of a transformation from the ICS to a color space, while the second subspace is an orthogonal complement of the first subspace in the ICS. The constraint is determined by a gamut section that is an intersection of the spectral gamut in the ICS and an affine subspace characterized by the fixed coordinates of the second subspace.

Abstract: Method and device are disclosed for adjusting a preferred color which enables a user to set a preferred color conveniently and a liquid crystal display device with the same. The method and device for adjusting a preferred color includes displaying a menu selection image and setting a variety of optional information, making successive display of at least one selection image which shows a plurality of selection images having information on preferred colors different from one another to set information on the preferred colors in succession, and storing the information on the preferred colors set and generating an image having preferred colors adjusted according to the information on the preferred colors stored.

Abstract: There is provided a method of changing a theme for a user interface of a computer system comprising receiving an identification of an image with which to define a color palette of a theme for rendering elements of a user interface on a color display of the computer system; analysing the image to determine at least one predominant color; and defining the color palette in response to the analysis. The image may comprise a background image selected by a user for display by the computer system. Dynamic generation of the color palette matches the user interface to colors to provide flexible and appealing themes. A computer readable memory having recorded thereon instructions to carry out this method is also provided, as well as a device comprising such memory.

Abstract: A correction characteristic storage portion stores coordinates (Xp,Yp) of a break point P and curve approximation range widths Wa and Wb. A basic broken line coefficient calculation portion calculates a coefficient C1 for a straight line OP and a coefficient C2 for a straight line PP?. An auxiliary straight line coefficient calculation portion obtains division points P and Q at which to divide two line segments AP and PB in the proportion in which a curve approximation range is divided by input data X, and calculates a coefficient C0 for an auxiliary straight line PQ. A range determination portion determines whether the input data lies within the curve approximation range. A coefficient selection portion and a primary expression calculation portion perform either correction based on the basic broken line or correction based on the auxiliary straight line according to the determination.

Abstract: A system and method for gamut mapping out-of-gamut signals. A method includes adjusting each color in a color signal, determining a maximum color value of the color signal, in response to a determining that the maximum color value exceeds a maximum displayable color value, scaling color values of colors not having the maximum color value, and setting the color value of the color having the maximum color value to be equal to the maximum displayable color value. The method further includes leaving the color values of the colors in the color signal unchanged in response to a determining that the maximum color value does not exceed the maximum displayable color value. The scaling of color values not equal to the maximum color value results in a maintaining of a proper hue of the color signal, thereby not introducing color artifacts and other forms of color noise.

Abstract: A CPU of a color printer performs gamma correction and a matrix operation M on an RGB color space image data derived by a matrix operation S. Using gamma correction value settings, the CPU performs gamma conversion of image data. Matrix operation M converts the RGB color space to an XYZ color space. When performing matrix operation M, the CPU refers to a PrintMatching tag and performs the matrix operation using a matrix (M) that corresponds to the indicated color space, in order to reflect the color space used for generation of image data.

Abstract: A method of retaining original natural language commands along with the mathematical LUT transform of the commands and a private tag within the same ICC profile. The private tag can be read only by an exclusive or proprietary application or color management module. When a user loads a color editing profile into the proprietary application, the natural language commands could then be read from the private tag and displayed on a user interface. The user can then immediately see the qualitative effect of the color editing profile and provide selected modifications to the commands and retain a new set of commands stored in another profile.

Abstract: An image displaying device and a method for controlling color thereof. The image displaying device includes a lattice selection unit which selects a lattice of a look-up table (LUT) for reference of each pixel of an input image, a lattice control unit which determines whether the selected lattice requires to be changed for color adjustment and calculates a change degree of the lattice, an LUT conversion unit which converts the LUT by changing the lattice based on the calculated change degree, and a lattice reference/interpolation unit which refers to or interpolates the lattice based on the converted LUT. Accordingly, the LUT can be updated real time, thereby realizing more accurate adjustment of color.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus which having a plurality of image processing modes, that is capable of accurate density gradation control without performing output of any patch image to a recording medium in all the image processing modes. A first correction parameter corresponding to a first image processing mode is prepared on the basis of a result of detection, by a second density detection unit, of the image formed on a recording medium in a first image processing mode. A second correction parameter corresponding to a second image processing mode is prepared on the basis of the first correction parameter and a correlation, stored in a storage unit in advance, between density of a toner image formed on an image bearing member in the first image processing mode and density of toner image formed on the image bearing member in the second image processing mode.

Abstract: An image-processing device includes: a color conversion unit that converts an input image data expressed by a combination of light's primary colors into an intermediate image data in which a color of each pixel is expressed by a combination of basic printing colors; a density correction unit that corrects the intermediate image data so that density of a pixel of the intermediate image data corresponds to that of a corresponding pixel of the input image data; an identifying unit that identifies an area in which the density is close to a prescribed value by analyzing the intermediate image data; and an output unit that corrects a density distribution in a pixel of the intermediate image data contained in the area in accordance with a prescribed distribution function and outputs the result.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image processing device, a color correction table generation device, a display device, an image processing method, a color correction table generation method, a color adjustment method of a display device, and an image processing program capable of color matching to preferred colors of which excessive emphasis in chroma is suppressed. There are provided a chroma limit setting section for setting a chroma limit based on a optimal color, and a color correction table generation section for generating a color correction table by making a correspondence between an input color and an output color having chroma no greater than a chroma limit. The color correction table is stored in a color correction table storage section. The color correction execution section executes color correction along the color correction table so that the projector outputs a color with chroma no greater than the chroma limit.

Abstract: A camera capable of compensating for facial field of a person to a proper brightness, and maintaining the luminance scale of the background, comprising an imaging portion for generating the picture data of the person; a gamma compensator for performing gamma compensation for the picture data; a facial field detecting portion for detecting a facial field from the picture data; a photometric portion for exposure metering value of the facial field detected by the facial field detecting portion; an exposure controlling portion for calculating a target exposure amount in response to the output of the photometric portion and controlling exposure depending on the target exposure amount; and a gamma compensation controlling portion for determining a luminance scale characteristic in accordance with the target exposure amount, wherein the gamma compensating portion is controlled on the basis of the luminance scale characteristic determined by the gamma compensation controlling portion.

Abstract: A system and method of converting a red-green-blue (RGB) pixel to a red-green-blue-white (RGBW) pixel by using a W value extraction, the RGB-to-RGBW converting system including: a lookup table generator to generate an RGBW lookup table using one or more RGB lattice points; and an RGBW value computation unit to compute an RGBW value of an input pixel with respect to an RGB value of the input pixel based on the generated RGBW lookup table.

Abstract: An image adjustment includes adapting a universal palette to generate (i) an input image palette statistically representative of pixels of an input image and (ii) a reference image palette statistically representative of pixels of a reference image, and adjusting at least some pixels of the input image to generate adjusted pixels that are statistically represented by the reference image palette. In some embodiments, a user interface for controlling the image adjustment includes a display and at least one user input device, the user interface displaying a set of colors indicative of the regions of color space represented by a palette and receiving a selection of one or more regions of the color space, so that the image adjustment adjusts those pixels of the input image lying within the one or more selected regions of the color space.

Abstract: A method for processing color image data that enables to optimally render a color image on a target device. The method incorporates a color gamut mapping step, where the amount of gamut mapping is adapted dynamically, in dependence of at least a color saturation value of the input pixel. Preferably, also a luminance value of the input pixel is used. The adaptive gamut mapping incorporates correction of saturation, and preferably also hue and white point, of the image data. The color gamut of the target device is used to the fullest possible extent, while clipping and loss of local details in highly saturated areas of the input image is largely prevented.

Abstract: A color processing method which sets viewing conditions easily and properly from shooting conditions added to an image. Shot image data and shooting conditions of the image data are obtained. Input side viewing conditions from the obtained shooting conditions are set. The image data with a color appearance model based on the set input side viewing conditions are converted.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to decreasing the required buffer memory capacity while reducing the impact of an arithmetic error in error diffusion processing. A quantization circuit (4) quantizes input image data and outputs an output code. The quantization error generated in the quantization circuit (4) is calculated by an inverse quantization circuit (5) and subtracter (6). The calculated quantization error is stored in a buffer (8). Since the buffer (8) only needs to have a size capable of storing the quantization error, the size can be made smaller than before. A diffusion filter (9) diffuses the quantization error using a quantization error or the like, which is stored in the buffer (8). A latch (3) and bit connector (1) can usefully reduce the impact of an arithmetic error in error diffusion processing on the next input image data.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel; a correcting circuit configured to carry out gamma correction on input gradation data in response to correction data which specifies a shape of a gamma curve to generate output gradation data; and a driving circuit configured to drive the display panel in response to the output gradation data from the correcting circuit. The correcting circuit carries out approximation calculation for the gamma correction based on the input gradation data by using a correction calculation equation whose coefficients are determined based on the correction data, and the correction calculation equation is switched based on a value of the input gradation data and a value of the correction data.

Abstract: An analog front-end circuit includes an analog processing circuit, an A/D converter, a calculation circuit, and a target register in which a black level target value is set. The analog processing circuit includes a clamp circuit that performs a line clamp operation, and an offset adjustment circuit. The calculation circuit monitors an A/D-converted value of a black reference pixel after the line clamp operation in a black level monitor period after a line clamp period but before an effective pixel output period, and performs a black level error correction process by writing an offset adjustment value that causes the A/D-converted value to be set at the black level target value into the offset adjustment register.

Abstract: An image-forming device includes: an image-forming unit; a sensor; a storing unit; a reference ratio determining unit; an estimated ratio determining unit; and a density correcting unit. The image-forming unit is capable of forming a plurality of density patches corresponding to a plurality of reference densities. The sensor detects the densities of the density patches and outputs a measured output value for each reference density. The storing unit stores reference output values for the reference densities. The reference ratio determining unit determines reference ratios to compensate for differences between the measured output values and the reference output values for the reference densities. The estimated ratio determining unit determines estimated ratios corresponding to densities other than the reference densities based on the reference ratios for the reference densities. The density correcting unit corrects density of image data based on the reference ratios and estimated ratios.

Abstract: The present invention transforms a source device colorant value to a destination device colorant value, by determining whether all non-black colorant values of the source device colorant value are zero, transforming the source device colorant value to a colorimetric value using a source device model, transforming the colorimetric value to a gamut-mapped colorimetric value using a user-selectable gamut-mapping model, and selecting a destination device colorant value based on the determination. In a case where all of the non-black colorant values of the source device colorant value are zero, the destination device colorant value is selected so that its black colorant value reproduces a lightness of the gamut-mapped colorimetric value, and all of its non-black colorant values are zero. Otherwise, the destination device colorant value is selected so that a combination of its non-black and black colorant values reproduces the gamut-mapped colorimetric value.

Abstract: White balancing is performed using a mapping that maps the visible gamut's boundary into itself. A predefined color Win is mapped into a color Wout which is a white color or a color perceived as white under some viewing conditions. If Sin is some other color, a corresponding color Pin is determined on the visible gamut's boundary. Pin can be on the intersection of the visible gamut's boundary with a plane containing Sin and Win in a linear color coordinate system. Sin is mapped into a color Sout obtained from Wout and a value of the mapping on Pin.

Abstract: The present invention is provided with a storage section that holds characteristic data, a predicted output value calculating section that calculates predicted PCS values (XP, YP, ZP) in a predetermined designated color space, an error calculating section that calculates an error from the difference between the PCS values (X, Y, Z) and the predicted PCS values, a differential coefficient matrix creating section that creates a differential coefficient matrix, an inverse matrix calculating section, a primary-color intensity correction amount calculating section that calculates a corrected primary-color intensity by performing a primary conversion to the difference between the PCS values and the predicted PCS values with an inverse matrix defined as a conversion matrix, and a primary-color intensity correction section that calculates the output primary-color intensity by adding or subtracting to or from a temporal primary-color intensity (IR, IG, IB) the corrected primary-color intensity calculated at the primar

Abstract: A method for color grading within a component color space associated with a display includes receiving a source image comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel is associated with a color comprising a plurality of color component values in the component color space, wherein the component color space comprises RGB, and wherein a pixel is associated with a color inside a gamut of the display but outside a gamut of a target media, receiving a color grading signal from a user, modifying the color associated with the pixel from the plurality of pixels in response to the color grading signal, to form a graded image comprising the pixel, wherein the pixel is associated with a graded color comprising a plurality of color component values, displaying the graded image on the display to the user, automatically performing a gamut remapping of the graded color associated with the pixel, to form a gamut remapped image comprising the pixel, wherein the pixel is associated with a gamut remapped color comprising a p

Abstract: A construction is achieved at low cost which reduces the loss of gradation in a dark portion of an image that has been subjected to gamma correction in accordance with characteristics of a display. In an image reading apparatus, to make it possible to more finely reproduce the gradation in the dark portion, the number of gradations expressed by an signal obtained by a CCD is reduced by performing non-linear gamma correction using a gamma coefficient below one, and the resulting signal is transferred to a computer serving as a host computer. In the computer, the transferred signal is subjected to gamma correction using a gamma coefficient that is an inverse of the gamma coefficient used in the image reading apparatus, thereby canceling out the influence of the gamma correction performed in the image reading apparatus.

Abstract: Various techniques for implementing aspects of color control in display devices are disclosed. One exemplary technique includes measuring an input/output profile of a display, then applying a mathematical model to the display's measured profile to generate color control tables. One exemplary technique may include tracking a first color temperature below a high-luminosity transition point and gradually transitioning to tracking a second color temperature above the high-luminosity transition point. One exemplary technique may also include gradually transitioning from tracking a darklight color temperature below a low-luminosity transition point to tracking the first color temperature above the low-luminosity transition point. Another exemplary technique may include tracking a response curve for a specified chromaticity above a low-luminosity transition point.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer-readable storage medium are disclosed for color conversion of a digital image. The digital image comprises a source set of pixels. A perceptual distance may be determined between the source set of pixels and a respective destination set of pixels for each of a plurality of rendering intents. A rendering intent corresponding to the smallest perceptual distance may be selected automatically. The source set of pixels may be converted to an output set of pixels using the selected rendering intent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing color plane adjustment are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a set of inputs for receiving a first input value and a second input value in a color space. The apparatus also comprises a color plane adjustment component operative to adjust the first input value and the second input value by amounts that depend on a distance of the first input value and second input value, respectively, from a value of neutral gray in the color space. The apparatus further comprises a set of outputs for outputting the adjusted first and second values. A related method and computer program are disclosed. Other embodiments are disclosed, and each of the embodiments can be used alone or together in combination.

Abstract: An image processing method is used to converting a color within a first color reproduction range that is a device-independent color space into a color within a second color reproduction range that is a color reproduction range of an output device. The image processing method includes defining, within the first color reproduction range, a third color reproduction range of a color that is estimated to be input; defining, within the second color reproduction range, a fourth color reproduction range that is smaller than the second color reproduction range; and, in performing the color conversion, compressing a color within the third color reproduction range into a color within the fourth color reproduction range and compressing a color within the first color reproduction range and outside the third color reproduction range into a color within the second color reproduction range and outside the fourth color reproduction range.

Abstract: Elements of the present invention relate to systems and methods for determining device white point and gamma correction curve characteristics.

Abstract: An image processing method according to the present invention achieves gamut mapping between devices having different color reproduction ranges in gamut compression, and enables good color reproduction without reversal of tonal change. An image processing method converts a color signal representing a color in a first color gamut to a color signal representing a color in a color gamut of an image forming apparatus. The image processing method includes modifying a shape of the color gamut of the image forming apparatus according to a shape of the first color gamut, and converting a color signal representing a color in the first color gamut to a color signal representing a color in the color gamut of the image forming apparatus.

Abstract: An image forming device that carries out color reproduction using plural of color materials having: a setting unit setting a color material curbing mode that curbs an amount of color material; and a color information inputting unit that inputs input color information. The image forming device further has a converting unit that, when the color material curbing mode is set by the setting unit, converts the input color information inputted by the color information inputting unit into output color information in a color material curbing region, on the basis of correspondence relationships that are set in advance such that a region that is color-reproducible by the image forming device is kept within the color material curbing region that is narrowed such that an amount of the color material is curbed.