Abstract: This disclosure relates to a portable ionizer worn in the vicinity of the human face, including, for example, a necklace to diffuse concentrations of negative ions in the facial area of the wearer where the ions are beneficial. As a consequence of this capacity to focus the ion flux, fewer ions must be produced by the source to obtain the benefit to the wearer because of a greater local concentration. The necklace ionizer is given a pleasing external appearance and a useful purpose, such as an advertising display. The negative ions are generated by a high-voltage alternate frequency ion generating needle. A control module including a power management system, a transformer, and a multiplier is used to minimize power drain on a rechargeable battery. Other features of the power management system include an LED display shut-off, battery voltage cut-off, management of needle life, and management of power supply drain time through frequency modulation or voltage control.

Abstract: Discharge electrodes for generating ion and a member for cleaning the discharge electrodes are mounted on an electrode support frame, which is detachably attached to the case of an ionizer. When the electrode support frame is attached to the case, the cleaning member occupies a retraction position where the cleaning member does not shut off or disturb air that is supplied from a fan. Upon the detachment of the electrode support frame from the case, the cleaning member becomes moveable. Then, the cleaning member is moved while being brought into contact with the discharging parts of the discharge electrodes one after another. As a result, the cleaning member sweeps dust or other particles off the discharging parts thereof.

Abstract: For protecting a circuit (1) against a mechanical or electromagnetic attack, an active protection device attached to the circuit comprises: —at least one generator (13, 14) for generating a magnetic field, —at least one magnetic sensor S1, S2, S3, S4 for measuring a value of the magnetic field, —an integrity circuit connected to the at least one magnetic sensor S1, S2, S3, S4 and to the circuit (1). The integrity circuit activates a reaction procedure in the circuit if the measured value of the magnetic field made by the magnetic sensor is out of a values domain, the values domain being correlated to the generated magnetic field.

Abstract: An ion generating element includes a positive ion discharger for generating positive ions and a negative ion discharger for generating negative ions. The ion dischargers are arranged separately from and independently of each other with a distance securing insulation between them. At least one of the dischargers includes a discharging portion for causing electric discharge, and a conducting portion having a voltage same as the discharging portion. The conducting portion surrounds a perimeter or part of the discharging portion. The conducting portion may surround a perimeter or part of the discharging portion so as to partition the ion dischargers from each other.

Abstract: A mobile, transportable, unipolar electrostatic chuck for clamping thin wafers is described, which avoids unintentional discharging of the package of Mobile Chuck and wafer during wet processing. Short circuits between the contact holes of the chuck and the clamped wafer can lead to the loss of clamping force. A pn-junction within the semiconductor substrate material electrode of the chuck is disclosed, which is using a diode effect to avoid the loss of charges. Dielectric protection layers of PTFE, Y2O3 or ferroelectric materials can be used to cover the open contacts of the chuck. This enables the application of Mobile Chucks also for wet etch-, photo- and cleaning processes. Mobile Chucks are made of semiconductor material and semiconductor manufacturing processes are applied. Those Mobile Chucks have nearly identical properties as the clamping substrate itself.

Abstract: A method of creating low-particle ionizers by combining silicon-containing emitters and a high frequency AC voltage. The high frequency AC voltage provides voltage and current to the corona emitters of the ionizer. Within the scope of this invention, emitters or emitter surfaces contain 47% by weight (or more) of silicon. The combination of silicon-containing emitters and a high frequency AC voltage produces ionizers that are cleaner than prior art ionizers, based on particles greater than 10 nanometers. This improvement in cleanliness has been experimentally determined.

Abstract: The ion chip operating module allows for the inevitable ionizing electrode erosion by high voltage ionization of the prior art ion chip, by extending its life, improving its performance and maintenance. A ionizing module is provided which lengthens the life of its ionizing structure by providing more ionizing electrodes, which usually operate sequentially, and also allows replacement of an exhausted module by a fresh one. The ionizing electrodes are provided by ionizing needles, conductive carbon coated fibers and mixtures thereof. The carbon coated fibers when in brush form present a very large number of potential ionizing electrodes. The module is a metal plate with the ionizing structure on one side and a pin adapted to engage a socket on the other. The advantage of injecting negative ions into air conditioning systems to enhance air quality by increasing negative ions and by precipitating particulate contaminants is known.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck device includes an electrostatic chuck section including a substrate and a power supply terminal for applying a DC voltage to an electrostatic-adsorption inner electrode; and a metal base section fixed to the other main surface of the electrostatic chuck section. Here, a concave portion is formed in the main surface of the metal base section facing the electrostatic chuck section and a dielectric plate is fixed to the concave portion. The dielectric plate and the electrostatic chuck section are adhesively bonded to each other with an insulating adhesive bonding layer interposed therebetween. The dielectric plate and the concave portion are adhesively bonded to each other with an insulating adhesive bonding layer interposed therebetween. The dielectric constant of the insulating adhesive bonding layer is smaller than that of any one of the dielectric plate and the substrate.

Abstract: A lightning protection or internal surge device designed to suppress surges on electrical transmission or distribution lines by expending some of the excess energy in the form of corona discharge in both wet and dry conditions. The device is a very thin (of diameter not exceeding 0.1 mm) conducting wire, fiber, filament, or a bundle of such filaments, or a yarn or woven or knitted fabric made of such fibers or wires which is wound around a live conductor or ground wire forming a coil. When the coil is exposed to the fields created by the voltage surges on the line or ground wire it enhances corona losses on the line thereby damping/suppressing the surges as well as prolonging the front time of the surge to reduce its steepness.

Abstract: An emitter tip for a corona discharge device. The emitter tip comprises an elongated body with a tapered end. The body defines a central passage and the tapered end defines a tip passage in fluid communication with the central passage. A method is provided for controlling electrostatic charge comprising providing a voltage source; providing a pressurized fluid source; connecting the emitter tip to the voltage source and to the fluid source; passing the fluid through the emitter tip; and electrically energizing the emitter tip.

Abstract: When charges are removed from a charged workpiece by applying positive and negative pulse-like high voltages to positive and negative electrode needles to generate positive and negative ions in a charge removing area and feeding the charged workpiece into the charge removing area, an ion balance inside the charge removing area is measured by a surface potential sensor before the workpiece is fed into the charge removing area, and a pulse width and/or a voltage value of the pulse-like high voltage applied to the electrode needle is changed depending on a measured result, thereby adjusting an amount of ions generated from the electrode needle to take a balance between the positive and negative ions.

Abstract: An ion generating element of the present invention includes a discharge electrode and an inductive electrode, both of which are provided so as to face each other with a dielectric body sandwiched therebetween, and a heater electrode which warms the ion generating element by Joule heat produced because of a passage of an electrical current. A distance between the discharge electrode and the heater electrode is larger than that between the discharge electrode and the inductive electrode, and further a shield electrode having a connection for ground is provided between the heater electrode and the inductive electrode on a surface of the dielectric body at a side on which the inductive electrode is provided. Hence, it is possible to prevent a leak to the heater electrode at low cost, while giving consideration towards safety.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck structure according to example embodiments of the present invention may include at least one specific region of a conductor having a thickness relatively smaller than those of other regions, at least one specific region of a dielectric having a thickness relatively larger than those of other regions, or at least one specific region of a conductor having a thickness relatively smaller than those of other regions and at least one specific region of a dielectric having a thickness relatively larger than those of other regions. Therefore, etching rate and CD uniformity can be improved during a semiconductor manufacturing process.

Abstract: An ion generating element capable of cost reduction and space saving while exhibiting a high generation efficiency of positive ions and negative ions and stabilized generation capacity with less variation, and an ion generator and a neutralizer employing it. The ion generating element comprises a dielectric body having at least two faces, at least two discharge electrodes arranged on the at least two faces of the dielectric body, and an induction electrode arranged in the dielectric body and subjected to the action of the at least two discharge electrodes and is characterized in that positive ions and negative ions are generated on the body, and ions are generated from the at least two faces of the dielectric body through discharge generated because of the potential difference between the discharge electrode of the ion generating element and the induction electrode when a drive voltage is applied between them.

Abstract: In an ion blower 1 of the present invention, an opening/closing door 13 opens downward substantially by 90 degrees, so that discharge needles 16 are directed upward. In this case, since the direction of the discharge needles 16 do not intersect a blower body 10, at the time of maintenance, when the discharge needle 16 is pulled out, fingers and the hand move upward, and do not collide against the blower body 10 and the opening/closing door 13.

Abstract: An ion generator that can generate a controlled trace amount of ozone together with negative or positive ions. The ion generator includes an insulation substrate, a ground electrode and a high-voltage electrode on the insulation substrate, an insulating film formed on the ground electrode, and a wire electrode. The root of the wire electrode is soldered to the high-voltage electrode. The tip of the wire electrode is arranged so as to protrude in a recessed part. The ground electrode has a pair of legs disposed on the insulation substrate at the sides of the recessed part. The legs are parallel to the wire electrode on opposite sides of the wire electrode. The insulating film is provided on the surface of the ground electrode to cover the ground electrode except the high-voltage electrode contacting a first terminal, a contact portion contacting a second terminal and parts of the legs of tips of the ground electrode that face the tip of the wire electrode.

Abstract: A safety device for the air in a room has an intake air channel for supplying outside air to the room. A device for air treatment is provided. A detector for air contaminants is arranged in the intake air channel. A safety closure with a drive is arranged in the air intake channel and has an open position and a closed position for airtightly closing the intake air channel or an inlet of the device for air treatment that is arranged downstream of the safety closure. An exhaust air channel is connected to the room and the device for air treatment. When the safety closure is in the open position, a partial recirculating operation occurs. When the safety closure is in the closed position, a complete recirculating operation is present. The device for air treatment, the detector, and the drive are connected to a control device.

Abstract: A light to plug into a wall socket having a negative ion generator in the form of a pin. The pin design can be easily cleaned with a swab and cleaning solution such as rubbing alcohol, eliminating the need to trim or clean a brush electrode when corrosion or deposits form. The negative ion generator is always on and produces the negative ions to purify the air. The device can have a light sensor to activate the light when light is low. The device can also come with light emitting diodes which can be set to indicate the status of the various systems of the device. The device can come equipped with an air freshener that disperses vaporized perfume into the air.

Abstract: A static eliminator capable of replacing a discharge needle and improving maintainability of the eliminator is disclosed. The static eliminator comprises: an air-guiding duct having a tubular portion provided with an outer electrode and a boss portion; and an electric discharge module detachably mounted on the tubular portion, wherein ionized air is supplied to the air-guiding duct by a fan of an air blower. The electric discharge module has a holder fitted in a boss portion and a plurality of discharge electrodes attached to the holder so as to protrude toward the outer electrode in an outer-radial direction. When foreign substances or the like adhere to a tip of the discharge electrode or when the discharge electrode deteriorates, the electric discharge module is detached from the boss portion.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing static electricity includes an ionizer that generates ions for neutralizing static electricity, a blower that produces a current of air for moving the ions to a desired location, and a motion detector operatively connected to the blower. Upon detecting motion, the motion detector activates the blower, which disperses ions to reduce static electricity at the desired location. The apparatus can include a heater for heating the current of ionized air. In addition, the motion detector can be operatively linked to the ionizer and heater so that they are also activated upon detection of motion. The blower can be linked to a timer such that it runs for a predetermined amount of time upon activation by the motion detector, or the blower can run continuously until the motion detector no longer detects any motion. The apparatus is particularly useful for reducing static electricity around fuel dispensers.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck assembly having a dielectric material and/or having a cavity with varying thickness, profile and/or shape is disclosed. The electrostatic chuck assembly includes a conductive support and an electrostatic chuck ceramic layer. A dielectric layer or insert is located between the conductive support and an electrostatic chuck ceramic layer. A cavity is located in a seating surface of the electrostatic chuck ceramic layer. An embedded pole pattern can be optionally incorporated in the electrostatic chuck assembly. Methods of manufacturing the electrostatic chuck assembly are disclosed as are methods to improve the uniformity of a flux field above a workpiece during a plasma processing process.

Abstract: A device and method for ionization control is provided. The device and method controls the ionization balance using a sensor element, a control circuit that produces output signal as a function of an input signal from the sensor and transmits that output signal to the ionizer being controlled. The device also has a mechanism for detecting rapid changes in the input signal and a mechanism for disabling changes in the control signal for the duration of presence of said rapidly-changing signal.

Abstract: An electrode for atmospheric corona discharge apparatus provide a passive conductor whose surface is decorated with nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes provide for a lower corona discharge initiation voltage and raise the possibility for reduced ozone production on corona discharge devices.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrostatically chucking technology capable of chucking a workpiece formed of an insulator or a workpiece attached with an object to be processed such as a semiconductor wafer on a stage. A layered body attached with a glass substrate for supporting a semiconductor substrate having an electronic device on its surface is prepared, and a conductive film is attached thereto. Then, the layered body is set on a surface of a stage set in a vacuum chamber such as a dry-etching apparatus. After then, a voltage is applied to an internal electrode to generate positive and negative electric charges on the surfaces of the conductive film and the stage, and the layered body is chucked with static electricity generated therebetween. Then, the layered body chucked on the stage is processed by etching, CVD, or PVD.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vehicle air purifier with a negative/positive ion generator and an air conditioning system using the same. The vehicle air purifier includes a case including an air inlet and an air outlet, a filter arranged in the case at the side of the air inlet, a blower fan rotatably mounted in the case, and a negative/positive ion generator arranged in an air path of at least one of the air inlet and the air outlet, to emit negative ions and positive ions to air in accordance with emission of electrons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a DC type ionizer comprising a positive electrode 13P and a negative electrode 13N, an alternating current power supply 10, a rectifying and smoothing circuit 11, and high voltage generation circuits 12P and 12N that apply a high direct current constant voltage of positive polarity to the positive electrode 13P and apply a high direct current constant voltage of negative polarity to the negative electrode 13N, respectively, and a fan 14 that sends positive and negative ions generated by corona discharge around each of the electrodes 13P and 13N, in the direction of a target of static electricity removal.

Abstract: A ceramic electrode structure designed to have an enhanced construction, wherein an induction electrode has an area larger than that of a discharge electrode. A high square pulse voltage is applied to the enhanced ceramic electrode structure, thereby increasing an efficiency of ion generation and effectively restricting generation of ozone.

Abstract: Static electricity or electrostatic generator static energy these positively charged ions can now be controlled by using my theory, a refrigerant repellent retain accelerator chamber, more simply put. A cold air chamber or refrigerating chamber like your home freezer or icebox which inside of it, you place a Van De Graaff generator or any type of static generator will work. As the generator source as it creates static electricity or positively charged ions molecules the acceleration of positively charged ion molecules is drawn to the inside wall's of the ice box, like a super conductive magnet or sponge absorbing the static electricity energy as it builds up without neutralizing the positively charged ion molecules. Thermal or heated ionized air particles matching the outside air temperature is then blown through the freezer which the positively charged ion molecules follow through the ion jetting port's thus creating anti-gravity propulsion.

Abstract: A surface discharge type air cleaning device comprises an insulating dielectric body formed in the shape of a sheet, a discharge electrode having a pattern part of a predetermined area formed on the upper surface of the insulating dielectric body and at least one non-pattern part disposed in the pattern part and a ground electrode formed at the lower surface of the insulating dielectric body. The discharge electrode and the ground electrode have a plurality of pointed ends protruded therefrom, respectively. The pointed ends of the discharge electrode and the pointed ends of the ground electrode are disposed at the upper and lower surfaces of the insulating dielectric body, respectively, such that the pointed ends of the discharge electrode and the pointed ends of the ground electrode correspond to each other. Generation of negative ions and hydroxyl radicals is increased while generation of ozone is decreased, and therefore, air cleaning efficiency is improved.

Abstract: In an ion generator, a high-voltage electrode with a contact portion is disposed on a first main surface of an insulating substrate and is connected to a wire electrode, and a ground electrode covered with an insulating film is disposed on a second main surface of the insulating substrate. The ground electrode is electrically connected to a contact portion on the first main surface via a through hole. By disposing the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode on different surfaces, the occurrence of an undesirable leakage current flowing from the high-voltage electrode to the ground electrode is prevented.

Abstract: An ion balance monitor for simultaneous monitoring of the positive and negative ion production rates, and therefore ion concentration, by measurement of currents resulting from the presence of airborne ions as created for example by an air (gas) ionizer. Additionally it examines the ion balance by comparing the aforementioned currents. Information acquired in this way can be used in real time monitoring of the ionizer. Ion balance and production rate of ions of both polarities can be recorded by the ion monitor, regardless of the type of the ionizer. The ion monitor can provide a feedback signal needed to keep an ionizer system in balance.

Abstract: A lightning protection system having a sensor for detecting a polarity of atmospheric charges, a direct current power supply, a controller interactively connected to the power supply and to the sensor so as to select a polarity of the direct current in relation to polarity of atmospheric charges, a first lead connected to one location on the structure, and a second lead connected to another location on the structure such that direct current passes from the first lead to the second lead. The controller selects a polarity of the direct current that is opposite to the polarity of the atmospheric charges sensed by the sensor.

Abstract: A head 2 has a through hole 7 into which compressed air is supplied and flows, and a discharge electrode 11 is disposed inside the through hole 7. When a voltage required for discharging is applied to the head 2 made of a conductor and the discharge electrode 11, a corona C is generated at a tip end 11a of the discharge electrode 11, whereby flowing air is ionized. By a cylindrical housing tube portion 17 made of an insulator and receiving most of the discharge electrode 11 and a tapered guide portion (transfer fluid guiding member) 18 formed at a downstream-side end thereof, an air flow is biased and guided on a side of an outer circumference thereof so as not to rush directly against the corona generating region. Thus, even when air supply pressure is increased, an ion balance can be stabilized without almost changing pressure or a flow rate in the corona generating region.

Abstract: An ionization system for a predefined area includes a plurality of emitter modules spaced around the area, a system controller for individually addressing and monitoring the emitter modules and communication lines for electrically connecting the plurality of emitter modules with the system controller. Each emitter module has an individual address and including at least one electrical ionizer.

Abstract: An ionization device with increased rigidity of a coupling portion is provided. The ionization device includes a casing member for applying high voltage to each needle electrode; a coupling member for mechanically coupling a plurality of casing members in a longitudinal direction and electrically connecting high voltage plates of the respective casing members; and a elongated main body casing for housing a casing body constituted by coupling the plurality of casing members with the coupling member and the electrical circuit unit, the main body casing having the needle electrodes with a space from each other in the longitudinal direction and protruding outside. The main body casing integrally forms a space for arranging the casing body therein so as to be separated from a space for arranging the electrical circuit unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring the output of an ionizing blower. A measuring chamber captures a portion of the air ion stream, and measures balance plus air ion current. Since the measurement chamber is isolated from extraneous electrostatic fields, measurements contain less analytical noise. Air flow through the measurement chamber is created by the inherent pressure difference between the high pressure and low pressure sides of an air mover. Two electrodes inside the measurement chamber are combined with a power supply, a low current amplifier, and a controller. The controller also makes adjustments to the ionizing blower.

Abstract: In an ion generator comprising a discharge needle 2, an opposed electrode 3 opposite the discharge needle 2 and an AC high voltage power source 4, for generating positive and negative air ions by giving rise to a corona discharge when a high voltage is applied by the AC high voltage power source 4 between the discharge needle 2 and the opposed electrode 3, the AC high voltage power source 4 comprises a high frequency oscillator 7 and a piezoelectric transformer 9, and outputs a high frequency voltage. An insulator 5 is placed intervening between the high voltage output line 4a of the AC high voltage power source 4 and the discharge needle 2 to capacitance-couple them, and the discharge needle 2 is enabled to discharge electricity. Preferably, the surface of the opposed electrode 3 should be covered with an insulator. This enables the balance between positive and negative air ions and its stability to be improved while reducing the hardware configuration in size and weight.

Abstract: A piezoelectric anion generator controlled by an integrated circuit IC, which includes an oscillation circuit, a frequency following-up circuit, an power amplification circuit, a step-up circuit, a voltage-doubling circuit, an ion discharging pin, a negative feedback voltage-stabilizing circuit and a bleeder circuit. Due to using the integrated circuit IC controlling circuit, it can provide the AC exciting voltage at the certain frequency to the piezoelectric ceramic transformer and has the functions of regulating the exciting voltage and the frequency following up. The piezoelectric ceramic transformer is used as the main AC step-up element to realize the AC high voltage output. After the voltage-doubling commutation the DC high voltage can be obtained, and the anion-discharging pin connected to it generates the high voltage electrical field, and then the gas is ionized to give out a lot of anions.

Abstract: A high voltage output device in accordance with the present invention, which comprises a transformer that amplifies a voltage being fed to a primary side coil thereof so as to be produced from a secondary side coil thereof, and in which an alternate current input voltage is fed from the primary side coil, and an output voltage is taken out from the secondary side coil, further comprises a feedback circuit that feeds back the output voltage, and a voltage amplifying circuit that amplifies the voltage being fed back so as to be fed to the primary side coil. As a result, it is possible to provide such a high voltage output device as can obtain an output voltage efficiently, although a load capacity on a secondary side of a transformer fluctuates.

Abstract: A portable ionizer is arranged for generating ionized air in an area of a user's fingers. The portable ionizer includes a battery-powered oscillator coupled via a high voltage conversion circuit to a positive electrode and a negative electrode for generating positive and negative ions. A fan positioned near the positive and negative electrodes is arranged providing a positive and negative ion flow path to the area of the user's fingers.

Abstract: A system and method for removing energy from tornados and hurricanes whereby the formation of a tornado is prevented or the force of the tornado or hurricane is substantially decreased. The system comprises superconducting donuts not requiring cryogenic cooling for producing magnetic fields, high permeability posts mounted on the ground in positions at the center of the donuts for developing artificial lightning that can be directed toward the tornado or adjacent clouds to remove energy from the tornado or hurricane.

Abstract: An air conditioning apparatus incorporates an ion generating device that generates positive and negative ions by applying an alternating-current voltage between electrodes. The generated positive and negative ions coexist in the air and, when they attach to the surfaces of airborne bacteria, they react chemically with each other and generate radical hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide, which extract hydrogen atoms from the cells of the bacteria and thereby kill them. This sterilizing effect is combined with the temperature-conditioning, dehumidifying, humidifying, air-purifying, and other functions of the air conditioning apparatus to bring about a comfortable and healthful indoor environment.

Abstract: An adjustable static current discharging bracelet includes a main body of inverse U-shaped section, a medium static current collector under the top of the main body and riveted to a protruding rod, a positioning device under the medium static current collector, a lower static current collector under the positioning device, a link having one end connected fixedly with the medium and lower static current collectors and the inlaid holes of the main body, and the other end connected to one end of the positioning device which has a pair of elastic retaining blocks engaged with a pair of serrated alignments of the main body. When press a pair of buttons inward to disengaged the elastic retaining blocks with a pair of serrated alignments of the main body, the positioning device together with one end of the link enable to slide on a pair of slender guides of the main body to adjust the length of the link.

Abstract: A booster coil is stored in a coil storing room provided in the bottom section of a common case having an opening on one side, and is insulation-molded with a filler. A circuit substrate is inserted into the common case and supported by a supporting edge which is provided circumferentially at the middle of an inner wall of the common case. An ion generating element is held on a lid plate for closing the opening of the common case and mounted on the outer surface of the common case together with this lid plate, and the space between the circuit plate and the ion generating element is insulation-molded with a filler. An ion generator including the ion generating element and the booster coil and circuit substrate for generating a driving voltage is constructed in a compact size so as to enable the ion generator to be readily used in a wide range of applications.

Abstract: An inner electrode formed inside a dielectric body and a surface electrode formed on a surface of the dielectric body. The surface electrode is formed in a grid pattern with pointed parts formed inside the grid section. Each pointed part is in the shape of a triangle whose vertices are two arbitrary points on a side of the grid section and an arbitrary point inside the grid section, or a quadrangle whose vertices are a crossing of grid lines, an arbitrary point near a straight line connecting crossings of grid lines in the diagonal positions, and two arbitrary points on sides of the grid section. An ion generating element is formed which can generate positive ions and negative ions. The ion generator can be used in an air conditioning apparatus, cleaner or refrigerator.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display part to display a picture, a signal processor to convert a video signal into a format suitable for the display part, an anion generator to generate anions, and a controller to control the display part and the signal processor and control the anion generator to generate the anions. The anion generator is controlled by a controller such as a microcomputer.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display module to display a picture, a casing placed around the display module, an anion generating unit including a plurality of electrodes provided inside the casing to generate anions and an electrode housing to accommodate the plurality of electrodes and formed with an opening opened in a predetermined direction to radiate the anions, and an anion cover provided at the casing in contact with the opening of the electrode housing and formed with an anion outlet to communicate with the opening of the electrode housing. Thus, the display apparatus can prevent electromagnetic waves from coming out through the anion outlet.

Abstract: The apparatus for generating ionic flow of media includes a DC voltage supply having a positive terminal and a negative terminal with a collector connected to the negative terminal of the direct current voltage supply. The collector has a substantially tubular configuration with a rear and front section with inwardly tapering frusto-conical section therebetween. An emitter pin is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current voltage supply with the majority of the tip being located within the frusto-conical section of the collector. Alternatively, the front section of the collector may be made of a dielectric material, such as plastic. As a result, fluid flow, such as air flow, is generated from the input port of the rear section of the collector, through the frusto-conical section of the collector and out the output port of the front section of the collector.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for powering opposing corona chargers for discharging moving receiver sheets. The discharging capacity of the chargers is expanded by adding a high voltage DC offset to a current regulated, AC voltage limited power supply.

Abstract: A calibration method suitable for highly precise and highly accurate surface metrology measurements is described. In preferred embodiments, an optical inspection tool including a movable optics system is characterized in terms of position and wavelength dependent quantities over a range of motion. Once the position-dependant quantities are determined at various wavelengths and positions, they are stored and used to interpret data from test wafers having an unknown metrology. Free of position-dependent variations and other information pertaining to the measurement system, the accuracy of the resulting wafer measurement more closely matches the precision of the tool than existing techniques. In particular embodiments, a portion of the characterization of the optical system is accomplished by using tilted black glass to provide a non-reflective reference.