Abstract: The present invention provides a method for detecting a ground fault in a battery of a uninterrupted power supply, the battery includes at least one string with multiple battery cells, the method including the steps of defining multiple individual battery blocks of battery cells along the at least one string, performing an reference impedance measurement for the multiple individual battery blocks at a first point of time, performing a verification impedance measurement for the multiple individual battery blocks at a second point of time, evaluating a change of measured impedance between the reference impedance and the verification impedance for the multiple individual battery blocks of the at least one string, and identifying a ground fault based on a correlated change of measured impedance of the multiple individual battery blocks along the at least one string.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a circuit breaker with a monitoring device having an electronic switch and a mechanical changeover switch, where the mechanical changeover switch has a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, where in a neutral position of the mechanical changeover switch the first terminal is connected to the third terminal and where in an operating position of the mechanical changeover switch the second terminal is connected to the third terminal, where the electronic switch is connected to the third terminal of the mechanical changeover switch as a series circuit, where when switching on the circuit breaker in a first switching state, initially the electronic switch is activated, where a measurement is taken at the first terminal using the monitoring device to determine whether essentially the same potential is present at the first terminal as at the third terminal and, it this is the case, the electronic switch is activated and the mechanical changeover switch is in an operating p

Abstract: A ground-fault detecting device includes: a first detecting module, having a first input terminal, a second input terminal, and a third input terminal coupled to a first-phase electric power, a second-phase electric power, and a third-phase electric power on an AC side of a photovoltaic power generating system respectively, for sampling voltages of the first-phase electric power, the second-phase electric power, and the third-phase electric power to generate a first sampled voltage, a second sampled voltage, and a third sampled voltage respectively; and a controller, coupled to the first detecting module, for determining if a ground-fault occurs in the AC side before the photovoltaic power generating system is connected to a grid according to the first sampled voltage, the second sampled voltage, and the third sampled voltage; wherein the controller generates an alarm signal when the ground-fault occurs in the AC side.

Abstract: An electrical wiring device having a solid-state switch element positioned between the fault detection switch element and the solenoid coil to prevent the solenoid coil from being energized when the circuit interrupter is in the tripped state. The solid-state switch element may have a gate that receives a gate signal that turns the solid-state switch element on when the circuit interrupter is in the reset state and does not receive the gate signal so that the second switch element is turned off when the circuit interrupter is in the tripped state. The gate may be connected to the line terminals and to ground by a mechanical switch responsive to the circuit interrupter state or by another solid-state switch driven by a processor that is programmed to detect whether the circuit interrupter is in the reset state or the tripped state.

Abstract: A system for detecting miswiring in an AC power supply for an appliance may comprise a phase sensor sensing the phase difference between the first and a second hot line powering heavy electrical loads therebetween, and a control module coupling to the phase and voltage sensors. The control module may identify a fault condition and may disconnect different electrical loads from the power supply in the fault condition.

Abstract: A switching apparatus for electric power distribution grids including: a withdrawable first switching unit having one or more first electric poles; a withdrawable second switching unit having one or more second electric poles and electrically connected ins series with said first switching unit; a controller implementing control strategies directed to increase the safety of the withdrawal manoeuvres of said first and second switching units.

Abstract: Implementations of fault detection circuits may include a first current transformer coupled to a second current transformer, a positive feedback circuit including the first current transformer, the second current transformer, a first switch, and one of a comparator, an amplifier, and an inverter. The circuit may also include a plurality of logic gates that may be coupled with the positive feedback circuit. The positive feedback circuit may be configured to oscillate upon detecting a ground neutral fault and to send a fault signal to the plurality of logic gates. The plurality of logic gates may be configured to analyze the fault signal and open the first switch. The plurality of logic gates may be further configured to identify whether the fault signal represents one of a true fault or a noise fault by analyzing the output of the positive feedback circuit after the first switch has been opened.

Abstract: A power distribution unit includes a housing having walls defining a main cavity provided at a first side and a secondary cavity provided at a second side. The power distribution unit includes a main contactor received in the main cavity having first and second fixed contacts and a movable contact movable between a mated position and an unmated position to electrically connect the first and second fixed contacts. The main contactor includes a coil assembly energized to move the movable contact. The power distribution unit includes a pre-charge assembly received in the secondary cavity having a control circuit board, a pre-charge resistor coupled to the control circuit board, and a pre-charge switch coupled to the control circuit board. The power distribution unit includes a cover coupled to the housing to enclose the pre-charge assembly in the secondary cavity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining an insulation resistance and for locating insulation faults in a power supply system whose active parts are ungrounded and which is supplied via a converter operated grounded and equipped with controlled power semiconductor switches. A common-mode voltage against ground is generated at the output of the converter and is superimposed on the ungrounded network as an active measuring voltage in order to measure the insulation resistance. The direct integration of the generation of the common-mode measuring voltage in the converter allows cost-effective implementation including similarly comprehensive insulation monitoring functions as those possible in fully ungrounded power supply systems. Furthermore, the method for determining the insulation resistance can be expanded into a method for locating insulation faults and thus for locating faulty system branches.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a leakage protector, and relates to the technical field of electrical apparatus protection. The leakage protector includes a protector device, pins, a bottom plate and a elastic sheet. The protector device includes a communication maintaining device, a communication device and a locking device. The locking device includes an elastic sheet pressing block and a locking deflector rod. The locking device includes a latch, a movable pressing plate and a hasp slide way, the latch, the movable pressing plate and the hasp slide way is provided on the locking deflector rod. The locking device includes a pressing rod, a hasp and a vertical fork groove, the pressing rod, the hasp and the vertical fork groove is provided on the elastic sheet pressing block.

Abstract: A system of a vehicle includes a processor configured to control output current of a remote power distribution circuit (PDC) connected to the vehicle according to a temperature change of a power line or return line of the PDC. The temperature change is derived from a PDC output voltage or output current change. The PDC output voltage and output current are measured at an input to a load connected to the PDC. And, the PDC output voltage is measured between a ground line of the PDC and one of the power and return lines.

Abstract: An elongated lighting module having an asymmetric illumination source formed from at least two rows of light emitting diodes (LEDs) that extend along the long axis of the module and are independently controllable. The illumination source is rectangular and oriented so that the rows of LEDs extend along the long axis of the module. The lighting modules are powered via a wiring harness that extends down a support pole to a power supply having LED drivers to control the power to the modules. The power supply is divided between a core enclosure housing the LED drivers and a master enclosure that commands and controls the core enclosure. Multiple core enclosures may be used to power multiple luminaires under the control of a single master enclosure.

Abstract: A fault protection arrangement. The fault protection arrangement may include a neutral grounding resistor including a first non-ground end, connected to a neutralizing point, and a second non-ground end. The fault protection arrangement may include a neutral grounding resistance monitor assembly, directly coupled to the second non-ground end of the neutral grounding resistor. The neutral grounding resistance monitor assembly may include comprising a signal source coupled to the neutralizing-point; a first current sense circuit coupled between the signal source and the neutralizing-point; a first voltage sense circuit coupled between the signal source and the neutralizing-point; a second current sense circuit, comprising a current sensor, coupled between the second non-ground end of the neutral grounding resistor and a protective earth connection.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter includes a solid-state switch and a mode control circuit. The solid-state switch is serially connected between a line input terminal and a load output terminal of the circuit interrupter. The mode control circuit is configured to implement a first control mode and a second control mode to control operation of the circuit interrupter. The first control mode is configured to generate a self-bias turn-on threshold voltage for the solid-state switch during power-up of the circuit interrupter, while maintaining the solid-state switch in a switched-off state until the self-bias turn-on threshold voltage is generated. The second control mode is configured to disrupt the self-bias turn-on threshold voltage and place the solid-state switch into a switched-off state.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a power supply grounding fault protection circuit. A power supply grounding fault protection circuit may include a power supply circuit, a leakage grounding detection circuit, a signal amplifying and shaping circuit, a microcontroller control circuit, a power supply detection and indicator circuit, a tripping mechanism control circuit, a reverse grounding detection and execution circuit, a wireless network circuit, and an automatic resetting circuit. The practice of the present disclosure may permit a user to reset the grounding fault circuit interrupter remotely after a leaking fault of a circuit is eliminated.

Abstract: A circuit breaker comprises a solid-state switch, an air-gap electromagnetic switch, switch control circuitry, a zero-crossing detection circuit, and a current sensor. The solid-state and air-gap switches are connected in series in an electrical path between line input and load output terminals of the circuit breaker. The switch control circuitry controls the solid-state and air-gap switches. The zero-crossing detection circuit detects zero crossings of an AC waveform on the electrical path. The current sensor senses current flow in the electrical path to detect a fault condition based on the sensed current flow. In response to a detected fault condition, the switch control circuitry generates control signals to place the solid-state switch into a switched-off state and place the air-gap switch into a switched-open state after the solid-state switch is placed into the switched-off state.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes measuring, by a first local controller connected to a first converter, one or more characteristics of the first converter. The first converter belongs to a set of two or more converters in a power system configured to power equipment, and each of the two or more converters is connected to a respective local controller. An arc fault is detected based at least in part on the one or more characteristics of the first converter, and an indication of the arc fault is communicated to the central controller. The arc fault is remediated by performing one or more remedial operations determined by at least one of the first local controller and the central controller.

Abstract: A disconnect device includes a mounting plate having a thermally conductive substrate applied onto the mounting plate. A first layer of an electrically conductive material is applied onto the substrate. A semiconductor switch supported on the first layer connects or disconnects an input power source to or from a load. A second layer of an electrically conductive material applied onto the substrate is electrically isolated from the first layer. An electronic sensing, control and protection circuit is supported on the second layer and is connected to the semiconductor switch to control operation of the semiconductor switch. A control unit in communication with the electronic sensing, control and protection circuit via an electrically isolated control path provides control and communication between the electronic sensing, control and protection circuit and the semiconductor switch.

Abstract: The earth leakage circuit breaker of the present disclosure includes a leakage current detection unit outputting a leakage current detection signal; a conversion unit outputting the leakage current magnitude of a fundamental wave component, a ratio of a third harmonic component, and a ratio of a positive pole peak current value to a negative pole peak current value; and a control unit comparing the leakage current magnitude of a fundamental wave component, the ratio of a third harmonic component, and the ratio of a positive pole peak current value to a negative pole peak current value with predetermined reference values to determine whether a leakage current of the alternating current component is generated or a leakage current of the direct current component is generated and to thereby output a trip control signal when it is determined that the leakage current of the direct current or alternating current component is generated.

Abstract: A method for locating a ground fault in an IT network which has a converter with a rectifier connected to a power transmission network, a DC link and an inverter connected to an electrical machine includes measuring a common-mode voltage property of the converter or of the power transmission network and comparing the common-mode voltage property with an output voltage property of an output voltage of the inverter. When the IT network experiences a ground fault, the comparison of the common-mode voltage property with the output voltage property is used to determine whether a machine area of the IT network connected downstream of the converter, which includes the electrical machine and a connecting line between the electrical machine and the converter, causes the ground fault.

Abstract: A rack BMS detects a ground fault through a circuit embedded therein, and as a master BMS is configured to disconnect all the connections between battery racks and a grid in the case in which the rack BMS detects the ground fault, no more current flows through chassis, thereby protecting the battery racks and ensuring safety of a person using the battery racks.

Abstract: Systems and methods of shielding a hand sensor system in a steering wheel are disclosed herein. An exemplary hand sensor system includes a sensor mat and a heater mat that is disposed between the sensor mat and a frame of the steering wheel. A power source selectively provides a heating current to the heater mat to provide heat to the steering wheel and a shielding voltage signal to the heater mat to provide electrical shielding for the sensor mat when heating is not needed or when sensing takes priority over heating. Alternatively, the system may include a shield mat that is separate from the heater mat and is disposed between the sensor mat and the heater mat. In addition, to isolate the signal carried by individual sensor return wires, a metallic or insulating covering or conduit may be provided around the wires or portions thereof.

Abstract: A packaging machine including a hot plate assembly adapted to fuse a length of heat-sensitive film wrapped around a package. A controller is adapted to calculate a time period the heating element is energized to fuse the length of heat-sensitive film wrapped around the package based on an initial temperature of the heating element. A hot plate status indicator is adapted to indicate at least to different statuses of operation of the packaging machine.

Abstract: An electrical installation includes: a switch cabinet; a protective switch arranged in the switch cabinet; and a cladding having electrical conductors and a voltage-measuring device/current-measuring device for measuring a current flowing through the electrical conductors, the voltage-measuring device/current-measuring device being operatively connected to the protective switch and being capable of triggering or switching off the protective switch when a measured value exceeding a threshold value is detected.

Abstract: A solar power generation fault diagnosis device includes one or more processors configured to perform the following: receiving signals indicating an electrical quantity output from a solar cell to acquire quantity information indicating the electrical quantity output from the solar cell; calculating a first quantity value relating to the electrical quantity based on the quantity information; implementing a low-pass filter unit so as to output a second quantity value from the first quantity value; determining a state of the solar cell based on a result of comparison between the first quantity value and the second quantity value; and outputting the determined state of the solar cell.

Abstract: A method operates an electrical network, in particular a power supply network or power distribution network, in which protective apparatuses are connected to a multiplicity of measurement positions. The protective apparatuses monitor an assigned network section of the electrical network and are respectively parameterized with at least one apparatus-side parameter value which influences the mode of operation of the respective protective apparatus. Accordingly, the protective apparatuses are remotely readable and are connected to a superordinate central device, and the central device reads out the apparatus-side parameter values from the protective apparatuses.

Abstract: A Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device comprises an evaluator circuit that receives a temperature signal, where the evaluator circuit compares the received temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and where the evaluator circuit generates an evaluation signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value; and a loading circuit that receives the evaluation signal, where the loading circuit generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, and wherein the loading circuit generates a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the upper threshold value, such that the MEMS device functions as a 2-wire electronic sense circuit providing both an indication state and deriving power from an external two-wire sense circuit.

Abstract: A protective device including: a plurality of line terminals and a plurality of load terminals a circuit interrupter including a solenoid and a set of interrupting contacts that connect at least one line terminal and at least one load terminal in a reset state and disconnect the at least one line terminal and the at least one load terminal in a tripped state; a voltage detection element configured to detect voltage across the plurality of line terminals and generate a line voltage rejection signal when greater than a predetermined overvoltage; a reset assembly including a reset button and a reset switch operatively coupled to the reset button; and a reset prevention mechanism configured to prevent the circuit interrupter from entering the reset state when the reset signal is absent.

Abstract: An intelligent leakage current detection and interruption device for a power cord, including a switch module for controlling electrical connection of two power lines between input and output ends; a leakage current detection module, including two leakage current detection lines and a signal feedback line, one end of the parallelly coupled two leakage current detection lines being coupled via the signal feedback line to a point between the two power lines, for respectively detecting a leakage current on the two power lines; a detection monitoring module, coupled to the leakage current detection module, for detecting open circuit conditions in the two leakage current detection lines; and a drive module, coupled to the switch module, the leakage current detection module and the detection monitoring module, for driving the switch module to disconnect power to the output end in response to any detected leakage current or open circuit condition.

Abstract: An intelligent leakage current detection and interruption device for a power cord, including a switch module configured to control electrical connection of first and second power lines between input and output ends; a leakage current detection module, including first and second leakage current detection lines coupled in series, configured to detect a leakage current on the first and second power lines, respectively; a detection monitoring module, coupled in series to the first and second leakage current detection lines and to the first and second power lines, configured to detect an open circuit condition in the first or second leakage current detection line; and a drive module, coupled to the switch module, the leakage current detection module and the detection monitoring module, configured to drive the switch module to cut off power to the output end in response to any detected leakage current or open circuit condition.

Abstract: An electronic temperature switch (10), comprises a measurement circuit (11) that measures temperature and generates an temperature signal corresponding to the sensed temperature; an evaluator circuit (12) that receives said temperature signal and compares said temperature signal to a lower threshold value and an upper threshold value, and generates an evaluation signal indicating when said temperature signal is between the lower temperature threshold value and an higher temperature threshold value; and a loading circuit (13) that in response to the evaluator circuit, generates a first pre-set output signal indicating when the temperature signal is between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value, and a second pre-set output signal when the temperature signal is not between the lower threshold value and the higher threshold value.

Abstract: A switching apparatus is disclosed for switching a current, formed using a phase conductor and a switch arranged in the phase conductor, for the purpose of switching a transmission of current via the phase conductor. In addition, the switching apparatus includes a circuit for deriving a test current from the phase conductor via a ground conductor; a sensing apparatus for detecting the test current and an evaluation apparatus for evaluating the detected test current. A control apparatus is used to control closing of the switch arranged in the phase conductor. The evaluation apparatus is configured to detect a zero crossing for an alternating current and the control apparatus is set up to prompt closing of the switch arranged in the phase conductor in accordance with the time of the zero crossing. An embodiment reduces abrasion or wear on the switch as a result of short-circuit currents during switching-on.

Abstract: A module for detecting an electrical fault includes a housing; a first conductor and a second conductor; a first measurement toroid, positioned around the first conductor and around the second conductor, for measuring a differential current flowing between the first and second conductors; a second measurement toroid, positioned around the first conductor, for detecting an electric arc signal flowing through this conductor; a relay; an electronic processing circuit configured to switch the relay according to the current measured by the measurement toroids. The measurement toroids are aligned with one another and the first toroid takes the shape of an elongated tube and allows the differential protection to operate with its own current.

Abstract: An anti-icing/de-icing system for an airfoil structure having multiple layers is provided and includes a thermal article, wherein the thermal article is embedded within the airfoil structure to be located between the multiple layers. The thermal article includes a first terminal end, a second terminal end and a thermal expanded mesh material which connects the first terminal end with the second terminal end, and wherein the thermal expanded mesh material is configured to have at least one predetermined resistance between the first terminal end and the second terminal end.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a reverse grounding protection circuit and a ground fault circuit interrupter. The reverse grounding protection circuit may include a power supply circuit, a leakage signal amplifying circuit, a leakage grounding detection circuit, a power supply indicator circuit, a manual detection circuit, a tripping mechanism control circuit, a reverse connection detection and execution circuit, and a power-on driving signal generating circuit. A ground fault circuit interrupter may comprise an interrupter body and a reverse grounding protection circuit in the interrupter body. The practice of the present disclosure may avoid the risk from reverse connection of the ground fault circuit interrupter and output of power of reverse connection, and thus improve safety of the ground fault circuit interrupter.

Abstract: A circuit-breaker includes an electronic trip unit, which initiates an interruption or reduction of the current flow in a low-voltage circuit when current or current-time limits are exceeded in the low-voltage circuit. The electronic trip unit includes at least two processors that independently check whether current or current-time limits are being exceeded. A test signal is fed to the circuit-breaker via a first communication interface, which is fed to one of the two processors during operation so that a test of the circuit-breaker is carried out during operation, while at the same time an active protection is provided with regard to the exceeding of current or current-time limits.

Abstract: A wiring device including an interrupting device, a fault detection device, and a controller. The interrupting device is configured to place the wiring device in a tripped condition in which the flow of power between one or more line terminals and one or more load terminals is interrupted. The fault detection circuit is configured to detect a fault condition and generate a fault detection signal in response to detecting the fault condition, the fault detection signal being provided to the interrupting device to place the interrupting device in the tripped condition. The controller is configured to monitor a current of the one or more line terminals, identify a presence of an in-rush condition or a steady-state condition, and prevent the output of the fault detection signal upon identifying either the in-rush condition or the steady-state condition.

Abstract: An electrical pin and sleeve device is disclosed. The pin and sleeve device incorporating one or more features to facilitate easier assembly and use. For example, the pin and sleeve device may include one or more indicators (e.g., LEDs) mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) for providing power supply indication, and/or status or fault notification. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the PCB may be adapted and configured to be inserted into one or more slots formed in the contact carrier and/or the body member of the device. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the PCB may receive electrical power via clips coupled to electrical wires or leads, the clips electrically contacting the pins and/or sleeves of the device.

Abstract: An electric vehicle charging circuit breaker for charging an electric vehicle with power from a power source. The electric vehicle charging circuit breaker includes a circuit protection unit structured to provide circuit protection between the power source and the electric vehicle, an electric vehicle charging unit structured to control charging of the electric vehicle, a metering unit structured to meter power flowing between the power source and the electric vehicle, and a display unit structured to display information including at least one of metering information and a status of electric vehicle charging.

Abstract: A power distribution system configured as a radial network includes buses having respective voltages, and distribution lines having respective currents. The radial network interconnects the buses with the distribution lines in a tree-like manner. A bus has a link to at least two distribution lines. The bus voltages and distribution line currents are determined by a processing circuitry configured to receive a Branch Matrix (BM) iteratively determine currents for the distribution lines and voltages for each of the buses until a difference is below a predetermined tolerance, and output final bus voltages and final distribution line currents. The circuitry iteratively determines the currents by determining a current matrix (CM) using the BM, and by determining the currents for the plurality of distribution lines in a zig zag manner over the matrix elements in the CM. The system finds a solution using fewer iterations than the backward forward sweep method.

Abstract: In some examples, a device includes at least one input node configured to receive a signal indicating a current through a conductor to a load. The device also includes circuitry configured to determine a first magnitude of the received signal in a first frequency range by applying a first bandpass filter to the received signal. The circuitry is also configured to determine a second magnitude of the received signal in a second frequency range by applying a second bandpass filter to the received signal. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine that an electric arc has occurred on the conductor based on the first magnitude and the second magnitude.

Abstract: An apparatus may determine a parameter related to a voltage value at a midpoint terminal of a system power device, and may adjust a voltage applied to a second terminal of the system power device based on the parameter and a reference value. The second terminal may be different from the midpoint terminal.

Abstract: A method and circuit for determining and extinguishing electrical faults includes a power supply, and electrical load, a controller module, and electrical sensors, and when the controller module does not extinguish the electrical fault, another switch blows a fuse.

Abstract: A method and a monitoring device for selectively determining a partial system leakage capacitance in an ungrounded power supply system having a main system and at least one partial system. An extended insulation monitoring system is configured for determining an overall system leakage capacitance of the power supply system; an extended insulation fault location system for determining an ohmic and a capacitive partial test-current portion of a partial test current captured in the respective partial system; and an impedance evaluation system for determining a partial insulation resistance and a partial system leakage capacitance for each partial system to be monitored are provided. For preventing the entire ungrounded power supply system from being switched off, the fundamental idea of the present invention is advantageously based on identifying in which partial system a critical increase of a partial system leakage capacitance has taken place.

Abstract: An inverter circuit of an embodiment includes a plurality of semiconductor switching elements constituting a bridge circuit; a transformer connected to the output end of the bridge circuit; an electric current detector that detects whether an electric current carried through at least one of the switching elements exceeds a predetermined value; a pulse generator circuit that transmits a periodic pulse signal; a flip-flop circuit connected to the detector and the pulse generator circuit; a field effect transistor (FET) turned on or off by a signal from the flip-flop circuit; and a gate signal generator circuit connected to the FET and the bridge circuit. The flip-flop circuit inverts an output signal by a detection signal of the detector and interrupts the output of the bridge circuit. The gate signal generator circuit switches the switching element at the diagonal position of the bridge circuit based on a signal from the FET.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a directional over-current ground relay (DOCGR) for performing a protective relay of the power source system such as a micro-grid system using communications between an SV-remote terminal unit (SV-RTU) and the DOCGR, wherein the SV-RTU is configured for measuring voltage and current of the distributed power source system and thus generating a sampled value (SV) signal. Further, the present disclosure relates to a method for operating the DOCGR.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a safety fault interrupter circuit. The safety fault interrupter circuit includes a safety fault monitor coupled to a first bias node and configured to selectively assert a fault interrupter signal based at least in part on a first bias voltage and a first power consumption. The safety fault interrupter circuit also includes a power fault monitor for the safety fault monitor, wherein the power fault monitor is coupled to a second bias node and is configured to selectively assert the fault interrupter signal based at least in part on a second bias voltage and a second power consumption that is less than the first power consumption.

Abstract: Systems are provided to determine a location of an electrical fault in an electrical system of a vehicle. A test apparatus can include a control unit and a plurality of scan circuits. The control unit is configured to electrically couple the plurality of scan circuits to the electrical system and trigger the plurality of scan circuits to pass electrical signals to the electrical system. Each scan circuit is configured to detect a presence of an electrical fault in the electrical system based on an electrical signal passed. Each scan circuit provides information indicative of a location of the electrical fault in the electrical system, when detected, to the control unit.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for monitoring the integrity of an insulative material. A monitoring module detects a leakage current corresponding to an injection signal into the insulative material by a signal source. An output can provide an insulation fault signal when the leakage current is greater than a given threshold.

Abstract: A leakage current detection and protection device coupled between input and output ends of power lines, and includes first and second switching modules, a leakage current detection module, a self-test module, and first and second drive modules. When the leakage current detection module detects a leakage current on the power lines, the second drive module controls the second switching module to disconnect power to the output end. When the self-test module detects a fault in the leakage current detection module, the first drive module controls the first switching module to disconnect the power to the output ends. The first switching module is coupled between the input end and a point where the leakage current detection module, the self-test module, and the first and second drive modules are coupled, so that these modules are de-powered when the first switching module disconnects the electrical connection to output ends.