Abstract: A process for self testing a fault circuit includes disabling an actuator, performing a self-test by creating a simulated fault signal across at least a portion of a half cycle of a first polarity and across at least a portion of a half cycle of a second polarity, and determining whether the self-test was successful.

Abstract: An arc fault circuit interrupter is disclosed. This arc fault circuit interrupter can include any one or more of three different sensors such as a high frequency sensor, and any one of lower frequency sensors such as a current sensor or a differential sensor. The arc fault circuit interrupter can be configured as an in line arc fault circuit interrupter installed in a wall box. In addition, the arc fault circuit interrupter can include a processor configured to determine any one of a series arc fault, or a parallel arc fault.

Abstract: A measuring device includes: a sensor arrangement; and an insulating support for use in an electric switching device. The sensor arrangement includes at least a sensor for measuring at least one of a current strength and a voltage of an electric current flowing through an electric path. The insulating support includes a sleeve comprised of electrically insulating material, the sleeve enclosing a space enclosing the electric path. The sensor arrangement is arranged on an outer side of the sleeve.

Abstract: Fault protection devices for electrical distribution systems and related reclosing methods are provided. One exemplary method of reclosing a switching element of a fault protection device after fault detection involves pulsing the switching element closed to enable a temporary current flow through the fault protection device and verifying absence of a fault condition based at least in part on the temporary current flow using a testing fault detection threshold. After verifying the absence of the fault condition, the method closes the switching element to enable current flow through the fault protection device, monitors the current flow through the fault protection device for the fault condition using the testing fault detection threshold for a transition period, and monitors the current flow through the fault protection device for the fault condition using a different fault detection threshold after the transition period.

Abstract: An arc detection circuit that detects an arc that occurs in a transmission path that transmits power from a power supply apparatus to a power conditioner, the arc detection circuit includes: a current detector that detects a current flowing through the transmission path; a storage unit configured to store a base characteristic which is a frequency characteristic of the current flowing through the transmission path when the arc is not present; and an arc determination unit configured to determine whether the arc has occurred based on a result of a comparison between the base characteristic and a detection characteristic which is a frequency characteristic of the current detected by the current detector.

Abstract: A control module for a lighting fixture may include an input circuit (e.g., a wireless communication circuit) that may be susceptible to noise generating by a noise-generating source (e.g., a lighting control device in the lighting fixture). The control circuit may execute a self-test procedure to determine if the magnitude of the noise is acceptable or unacceptable for normal operation of the control module. During the self-test procedure, the control circuit may measure a noise level at a connection of the input circuit and determine if the noise level causes the self-test procedure to fail. The control circuit may control the lighting load to multiple intensities, measure noise levels of the output signal at each intensity, and process the noise levels to determine if the test has passed or failed. The control circuit may illuminate a visual indicator to provide an indication that the self-test procedure has failed.

Abstract: A power distribution system comprises a first power distribution unit coupled to an electrical power source and a second lower power distribution unit serially coupled to the first distribution unit and configured to supply to power to one or more loads. The first and second distribution units each comprise at least one solid state power controller configured to control current flow through the respective first and second distribution units. The first distribution unit further comprises control means configured to receive and analyze data related to measurements of downstream current and to interrupt the power within the first distribution unit when the received current measurements exceed a predetermined threshold. The system further includes a current monitoring component configured to measure the current flow to, or within, the second distribution unit, the current monitoring component configured to transmit current data to the control means within the first distribution unit for analysis.

Abstract: A cool running ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) with radio frequency (RF) noise suppression and a Capacitive Power Supply tbr interrupting the flow of current through a pair of load and neutral lines extending between an input power source and a load is provided. The GFCI includes a pair of switches disposed between the input power source and the load. The switches are actuated by a relay circuit initially powered by a booster circuit and a constant on power supply. A capacitive power supply for cool operation of the GFCI is connected to the load line via a current limiting resistor and provides power to the constant on power supply circuit.

Abstract: A method that tests a differential protection device having a first and a second differential protection chain includes: a step of controlling the flow of a test signal for a duration smaller than a no-trip time, and steps of determining the state of the two differential protection chains after the flow of a test signal, of monitoring the conformity of the evolution of the protection chains, and of determining the state of the test. The differential protection device includes two differential protection chains and controls the flow of a test current for a duration smaller than a no-trip time. It includes modules for monitoring the evolution of the protection chains and determining the state of the test in order to control the opening of an electrical unit if the test is good. The device can be included in the electrical unit.

Abstract: A ventilation unit and controller device comprises a ventilation unit with a housing. The housing has an intake port permitting flow of gas into the housing and an exhaust port permitting flow of gas out of the housing. Within the housing, a motorized fan is positioned to direct gas into the housing via the intake port and out of the housing via the exhaust port. A controller capable of controlling the ventilation unit communicates with a sensor capable of detecting an environmental stimulus. A source of electric current provides power to the ventilation unit and controller device. The device further comprises a switch capable of interrupting the electric current that powers the device. The device is capable of being removably attached via fasteners to an arc flash hood, and the arc flash hood comprises a ventilation opening to permit gas discharged by the device to enter the arc flash hood.

Abstract: A system and method for an LCDI power cord and associated circuits is provided. The system and method include energizing shielded neutral wires and shielded line wires and monitoring the energized shields for surges, e.g., arcing, detected by a Leakage Current Detection Circuit (LCDC) and/or voltage drops, e.g., shield breaks, detected by a Shield Integrity Circuit (SIC).

Abstract: A fault interrupt module includes a detector circuit, a counter circuit, and a switch circuit. The detector circuit is configured to detect faults as a difference in current between an input power line and a neutral line. The counter circuit configured to increment a fault count each time a fault is detected by the detector circuit, and the switch circuit is configured to terminate power to a load upon the fault count reaching a threshold count within a threshold time period.

Abstract: An electrical equipment includes a first load configured for a nominal use of the equipment, at least one first metal screen, a sensor configured to measure a quantity characteristic of the first load, and a power supply conductor, wherein the first load and the at least first metal screen are linked electrically to the power supply conductor, and in that the equipment also comprises a comparator configured to compare measurements from the sensor to detect a dormant failure of the at least first metal screen.

Abstract: Methods and systems are presented for configuring a rectifier across a secondary side of a current transformer; configuring circuitry to harvest energy across one or more loads coupled across an output of the rectifier selectively in response to an indication that a variable line current at a primary side of the current transformer is small enough; configuring circuitry to shunt at least a first load of the one or more loads coupled across the output of the rectifier selectively in response to an indication that a line current at the primary side is large enough; and configuring circuitry to harvest energy across the first load of the one or more loads coupled across the output of the rectifier again selectively in response to an indication that a line current at the primary side is again small enough.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to a first trip unit that is configured to be coupled to a power distribution system arranged in a Zone Selective Interlocking (ZSI) arrangement. The first trip unit includes an Input/Output circuit including a ZSI input terminal and a ZSI output terminal, a heartbeat signaling module configured to transmit a second signal to a second trip unit in a lower-level zone than the first trip unit, responsive to the normal condition, a first monitoring module configured to monitor a first signal received by the first trip from a third trip unit in a higher-level zone, responsive to the normal condition, and a second monitoring module configured to detect the fault condition. Related systems, devices, and methods are also described.

Abstract: A leakage protector comprises a housing, a rotating member, a MCU (Microprogrammed Control Unit), an electromagnet, and a leakage protection module. The rotating member, the MCU, the electromagnet and the leakage protection module are all disposed in the housing. The housing is provided with an input terminal and an output terminal. The MCU is configured to perform power supply through the input terminal. The leakage protector has a compact structure while reducing the cost, and effectively reduces the occupied space.

Abstract: In an arc detector, a frequency analyzer analyzes frequency components of a current subject to detection in a first frequency band. A detector detects an occurrence of an arc by referring to the frequency components in the first frequency band. When the detector does not detect the occurrence of an arc by referring to the frequency components in the first frequency band, the frequency analyzer analyzes frequency components of the current subject to detection in a second frequency band lower than the first frequency band, and the detector detects the occurrence of an arc by referring to the frequency components in the second frequency band.

Abstract: Circuit interrupter positioned between supply circuit and load circuit includes fault detection circuit that senses wave forms to the load circuit, fault processing circuit that detects presence of fault and generates fault output signal when fault detected, and control circuit switch connected to fault processing signal output, wherein control circuit switch is opened by presence of fault output signal, thus isolating load circuit from supply circuit. Preferably fault processing circuit and control circuit are optically linked, such that when fault is detected, control circuit switch is opened by optical fault output signal, thus isolating load circuit from the supply circuit. Circuit interrupter may couple another circuit interrupter via power distribution control unit, optionally manageable remotely via automated control interface.

Abstract: An excitation unit applies, to an excitation coil, an excitation voltage with a voltage level alternately changing between a first high voltage value higher than a reference voltage value and a first low voltage value lower than the reference voltage value. The excitation unit includes a comparison circuit and a voltage switching circuit. The comparison circuit outputs a comparison signal having a voltage level switching between a high level and a low level depending on whether a detection voltage is greater than, or equal to or less than, a threshold voltage. The voltage switching circuit switches the voltage level of the excitation voltage between the first high voltage value and the first low voltage value according to the voltage level of the comparison signal.

Abstract: A ground fault locating method for a power distribution network includes: monitoring each phase line of three phase distribution lines, and in the event of occurrence of waves with fault features, performing wave recording to obtain phase line record files; combining the record files corresponding to each of the three phase lines to obtain fault record files; and synthesizing the fault record files to form a transient record file, determining a fault location according to a wave having a maximum change in wave amplitude between two points in the transient record file, and displaying the fault location in a wiring diagram. The ground fault locating method for a power distribution network can significantly improve accuracy of single-phase ground fault detection.

Abstract: A spa cover and sensor are disclosed. The spa cover may include a rigid portion and a floating portion connected to the rigid portion to reduce heat loss. A sensor may be provided within the spa cover, the spa tub, or a combination of the cover and tub to determine when a cover is in an open or closed position over the spa tub. A processor may communicate with other automated features of the spa and/or cover, such as, causing air bladders in the cover to automatically inflate when the cover is in a closed position or locking or unlocking the spa cover. The processor may communicate with features on the spa, such as initiating custom start settings when the cover is removed from the spa tub, or initiate energy saving functions with the cover is placed over the spa tub.

Abstract: A circuit breaker, for interrupting an electrical circuit including electrical conductors, includes an energy converter, a primary side being formed by a conductor and a secondary side being connected to a power supply; a sensor for determining the level of the electric current of an electrical conductor; and a controller, connected to the power supply and the sensor, to cause an interruption of the electrical circuit when current limit values or current/time period limit values are exceeded. The secondary side of the energy converter is connected to the input of a measurement circuit, the output of the energy converter being connected to the controller. The measurement circuit determines an amount of energy and delivers this to the controller, the controller comparing the amount of energy with the level of the current determined by the sensor and emitting a warning signal when a first threshold value is exceeded.

Abstract: A detection method and system are provided to detect an arc fault signal in a (HF) high frequency signal monitored on a power line. The HF signal is monitored on the power line over a predefined time period such as a half-cycle of a base frequency, and is partitioned into a plurality of smaller time-segmented signal segments over the period. For each signal segment, a first filter is applied to a signal spectrum of the signal segment to produce a filtered signal spectrum having one or more frequency intervals associated with power line communication filtered from the signal spectrum. HF signal content is checked in the filtered signal spectrum, and a binary value is assigned to the signal segment based upon a presence or absence of HF signal content. Thereafter, an arc fault event is determined based on the accumulated binary values of the signal segments.

Abstract: A verification device for verifying an electrical overvoltage between two electrical conductors includes a conductor-track carrier made of an electrically insulating carrier material, a plurality of conductor tracks applied in spaced-apart relation from one another on the conductor-track carrier, and a measuring device acquiring an electrical resistance of one of the conductor tracks. Each of the two electrical conductors is electrically connected to at least one of the conductor tracks with the proviso that none of the conductor tracks is electrically connected to both of the two electrical conductors. The conductor tracks are configured such that a prespecified overvoltage between the two electrical conductors causes a partial discharge that changes the electrical resistance of the one conductor track between the one conductor track and another one of the conductor tracks that is electrically connected to one of the two electrical conductors.

Abstract: A photovoltaic installation comprising at least one photovoltaic module (1) and an electromechanical unit capable of producing a non-stray electric arc of a duration less than or equal to a given arc-quenching duration (x) when contacts of the electromechanical unit are opened.

Abstract: A system for an electrical power distribution network includes an electrical apparatus configured to monitor or control one or more aspects of the electrical power distribution network, the electrical apparatus including a contact switch configured to open and close. The system also includes an input apparatus. The input apparatus includes an impedance module; and an input interface electrically connected to the impedance module and to the contact switch of the electrical apparatus. The input interface is configured to have one of a plurality of input impedances, the plurality of input impedances include at least a first input impedance and a second input impedance that is lower than the first input impedance, and the input interface has the second input impedance when the contact switch of the electrical apparatus is open. The input apparatus may include a plurality of leakage current detection modules.

Abstract: An electrical link includes an electrical protection device. The electrical link, for linking an AC high-voltage generator to a user apparatus, includes an electrical conductor surrounded by a first inner insulating envelope. An electrical protection device includes a conductive sheath around the inner insulating envelope. A fixed DC current generator is connected to a current injection point of the conductive sheath. A circuit breaker that can be activated is on the electrical conductor and configured to break the electrical link when it is activated. A detection module is connected to a current tap-off point of the conductive sheath and to the circuit breaker, the detection module being configured to detect a break in the conductive sheath, a current leak out of the electrical conductor or a current leak out of the sheath and to activate the circuit breaker.

Abstract: A Testguard circuit with auto-monitoring and end-of-life circuitry is provided. The Testguard circuit interrupts the flow of current through a pair of lines, wherein one of the pair of lines extends between a line input and a line output and the other line extends between a neutral input and a neutral output. The Testguard circuit includes a monitoring module for detecting an end of life condition. The monitoring module includes a simulated ground fault generator for simulating a ground fault; an auto-monitoring logic module; a relay synchronized switch; and an end-of-life switch for disabling the Testguard circuit if certain Testguard component failures are detected.

Abstract: Disclosed is an intelligent space safety monitoring system, including: a management server for storing and outputting data, a state sensing unit disposed in a sensing space to be sensed and for transmitting a sensing value having sensed a normal state or an abnormal state within the sensing space to the management server, a sensing space photographing unit for transmitting a first screen having photographed the sensing space of the normal state as a case where the sensing value sensed by the state sensing unit is smaller than a setting value and a second screen having photographed the sensing space of the abnormal state as a case where the sensing value sensed by the state sensing unit is the setting value or more to the management server, and an abnormal state determining unit for determining the sensing space as a risk state.

Abstract: A ground fault monitoring system for an electrical service panel is provided. The ground fault monitoring system includes a current transformer coupled to a primary bonding location of the electrical service panel. The ground fault monitoring system also includes a current monitoring device in communication with the current transformer to detect ground fault electrical current returning to the electrical service panel. The ground fault monitoring system also includes a ground fault output interface in communication with the current monitoring device to provide ground fault status of the electrical service panel.

Abstract: A method for detecting earth-fault conditions in a power conversion apparatus including the following steps: acquiring a first detection signal indicative of an earth-leakage current flowing between the power conversion apparatus and the ground; processing the first detection signal to calculate a first processing signal indicative of a time variant component of the earth-leakage current for one or more selected frequency bands of interest; processing the first detection signal to calculate a second processing signal indicative of a time-invariant component of the earth-leakage current; processing the first and second processing signals to calculate a third processing signal indicative of a resistive component of the earth-leakage current; and processing the third processing signal to determine whether earth-fault conditions are present.

Abstract: A drive device for a motor vehicle includes at least one electric machine and at least one shaft, which shaft is rotatably mounted on a housing element of the drive device and can be driven by the electric machine. At least one discharge ring is provided by which the shaft is brought into electrical contact with the housing element in order to dissipate electrical charges from the shaft to the housing element via the discharge ring. The discharge ring is formed from an electrically conductive fluid.

Abstract: A protection module is for a modular ground fault protective relay. The modular ground fault protective relay includes a power supply module having a connection port. The protection module includes a body having a first side and a second side disposed opposite the first side, a module connector extending outwardly from the first side, the module connector being structured to be removably coupled to the connection port of the power supply module, and a module expansion port extending inwardly from the second side toward the first side.

Abstract: A water and flame barrier button assembly is incorporated into an electrical enclosure such as a GFCI housing to provide water and flame resistant set and reset buttons. The buttons are contained within flexible sealing frames that allow one end of the buttons to extend through the top portion of the GFCI housing while the opposite end of the button is exposed within the base portion of the sealing frame. The base portion of the sealing frame attaches to the interior of the housing with the exposed button end positioned inward of the sealing frame base. The base of the sealing frame contacts the GFCI circuit board while providing a rebound force to return either the set or reset button exposed end from a position depressed and in contact with the circuit board to a position not in contact with the circuit board and returning inward of the sealing frame base.

Abstract: A power cord leakage current detection and protection device, including: a switch unit controlling an electrical connection between input and output ends of the device, a switch drive module, and a leakage current detection circuit which includes a leakage current detection line for detecting a leakage current on a power supply line. The switch drive module includes a semiconductor device assembly, and a solenoid assembly coupled between a power supply line and the semiconductor device assembly. The solenoid assembly includes multiple coils with their current paths coupled in parallel; the semiconductor device assembly includes multiple semiconductor devices with their current paths coupled in parallel. When at least one coil is not an open-circuit and at least one semiconductor device is not an open-circuit, the switch drive module controls the switch unit based on a leakage current signal detected by the leakage current detection circuit to disconnect the power supply.

Abstract: An electrical system can include a power supply configured to provide electrical power to components at a time at which the electrical system experiences an electrical fault. The electrical system can include a first battery electrically coupled in parallel to a second battery via an electrical bus, whereby the first and second batteries can provide electrical power to a first electrical load and a second electrical load. Upon experiencing a fault, a first circuit element can electrically decouple the first battery and the second battery by opening a circuit provided by the electrical bus, thereby isolating the first battery from the second battery. Next, the battery experiencing the fault can include a second circuit element that can electrically decouple the battery experiencing the fault from a respective electrical load, while the battery isolated from the fault can continue to provide electrical power to components.

Abstract: A device, system, and method is disclosed for improving safety of a power system. For example, a differential current may be detected using at least one sensor by temporarily enabling sampling of current flowing through one or more conductors. Additionally, current flow may be temporarily altered in order to sample current in a system. The measurements may be handled locally and/or remotely and appropriate actions may be taken to enhance the overall safety of the system.

Abstract: A vehicle power system includes an inverter, outlets, and circuit breakers. The inverter supplies power to the outlets through the circuit breakers. The inverter, in response to detecting no voltage at designated amount and combination of the outlets, based on the designated amount and combination, generates a signal indicating that one or more of electrical paths to the outlets has failed or one or more of the circuit breakers is open.

Abstract: A method for a power system having a string of a plurality of power sources connected across a power device includes connecting a plurality of safe voltage units having safety switches connected respectively across each of the power sources. The method includes sensing a plurality of parameters of the power sources, and monitoring for a signal transmitted from the power device. Each of the safety switches is activated to be OFF responsive to detecting the signal within a predetermined time period. Upon not detecting the signal from the power device within the predetermined time period, a safe mode of operation of the power system is entered in which the voltages of each of the power sources is reduced to a voltage level less than a predetermined voltage level by turning the safety switches ON.

Abstract: Presented are intelligent vehicle systems and control logic for driver coaching and on-demand vehicle charging, methods for making/using such systems, and motor vehicles with real-time eco-routing and automated driving capabilities.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, provided is an electric vehicle supply equipment having a line power contactor including a first line power input and a second line power input and a first line power output and a second line power output. It further has a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit, the sense circuit having a first line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground and a second line shunt resistor network connected from the first line power contactor output to ground. In another embodiment provided is an EVSE including a welded contactor detector with a contactor sense circuit having a bias resistor connected between the hot line relay input and the neutral line relay output.

Abstract: In described examples, a time-domain analyzer is arranged to generate an indication of a number of high-frequency events of an electrical monitor signal that includes a fundamental periodic frequency. The high-frequency events include frequencies higher than the fundamental periodic frequency. A frequency-domain analyzer is arranged to generate frequency band information in response to frequencies of the electrical monitor signal that are higher than the fundamental periodic frequency. A fault detector is arranged to monitor the indication of the number of high-frequency events and the generated frequency band information, and to generate a fault flag in response to the monitored indication of the number of high-frequency events and the generated frequency band information.

Abstract: A ground loss detection circuit identifies a faulty ground connection in a vehicle electrical system including a pair of redundant ground lines connected between a vehicle battery/chassis ground and an electronic control unit (ECU). In particular, a first ground line is connected between the battery/chassis ground and a first ECU ground connection, while a second ground line is connected between the battery/chassis ground location and a second ECU ground connection. The ECU includes a common ground associated with selected electronic components included in the ECU. A first shunt component is connected between the first ECU ground connection and the common ground, and a second shunt component is connected between the second ECU ground connection and the common ground. The currents through the first and second shunt components are monitored to identify a current imbalance to detect a faulty ground connection in one of the first and second ground lines.

Abstract: A wall mounted power supply receptacle device includes a body, a core disposed inside the body, and an insertion plate assembly. The body includes a upper body portion and a base connected to each other. The core includes a first circuit board assembly and a second circuit board assembly. The first circuit board assembly is accommodated inside the base and potted with a high thermal conductivity material. The insertion plate assembly includes insertion plates and wiring terminals and is mounted via a middle support frame above the first circuit board assembly. The second circuit board assembly is mounted via a grounding frame above the middle support frame. The grounding frame includes a U shaped notch that drops toward the base to accommodate the second circuit board assembly. The second circuit board assembly is electrically coupled to the first circuit board assembly through the wiring holes of the grounding frame.

Abstract: A power contact fault clearing device includes a first pair of terminals adapted to be connected across a first set of switchable contacts, and a second pair of terminals adapted to be connected across a second set of switchable contacts. The second set of switchable contacts coupled to an arc suppressor. A current sensor is adapted to be connected between a power load and the second set of switchable contacts. The current sensor is configured to measure a power load current associated with the power load. A controller circuit is operatively coupled to the current sensor and the first and second pairs of terminals. The controller circuit is configured to detect a fault condition based at least on the power load current, and sequence deactivation of the first set of switchable contacts and the second set of switchable contacts based on the detected fault condition.

Abstract: An arc detection and intervention system for a solar energy system. One or more arc detectors are strategically located among strings of solar panels. In conjunction with local management units (LMUs), arcs can be isolated and affected panels disconnected from the solar energy system.

Abstract: A method and test device for testing protection relays, the test device having a signal generator. The signal generator supplies a signal as pulses having pause times, which alternate over time. Signal level is reduced during the pause times and at least one pulse has an amplitude at least higher than one of the preceding pulses. A supply voltage is supplied by an accumulator providing electric energy for generating the pulses. Via the accumulator, a greater mobility and flexibility is ensured, and fuel-fed power units or emergency power units may be omitted. In order to reduce the load (average energy) on the accumulator, the signal generator emits the signal as pulses having pause times. The pulse amplitudes may have an increasing trend to reach a switching threshold. This allows the use of smaller and more compact, which is important for a portable test device.

Abstract: A control unit of an electric power transmission apparatus is configured to perform alignment processing in which an electric power transmission unit and an electric power reception unit are aligned with each other and foreign matter sensing processing for sensing whether or not a foreign matter is present between the electric power transmission unit and the electric power reception unit, by using an image shot by a camera. The control unit selects an alignment prioritized mode in which alignment processing is performed in preference to foreign matter sensing processing before start of electric power transmission, and selects a foreign matter sensing prioritized mode in which foreign matter sensing processing is performed in preference to alignment processing during electric power transmission.

Abstract: A dangerous, higher-frequency (>1 kHz) earth fault current in an electrical drive system operated in an electrical grid and having a power converter and an electrical drive machine can be prevented by producing a common-mode voltage with a defined common-mode voltage component in the power converter at a selected low frequency (<1 kHz); in the event of an earth fault in the electrical drive system, flowing at the selected low frequency a common-mode current component of a common-mode current through a predominantly ohmic conductor-to-earth impedance on the basis of the defined common-mode voltage component; measuring a total common-mode current in one of several current circuits of the electrical drive system; determining from the total current the common-mode current component; and when the common-mode current component reaches a reference value, disconnecting the electrical drive system from the electrical grid.

Abstract: Method and system allowing more accurate detection and identification of unwanted arcing include novel processing of signal voltage representing recovered power-line current. In one implementation, arc-faults are detected based on numerical analysis where individual cycles of line voltage and current are observed and data collected during each cycle is processed to estimate likelihood of presence of arc-event within each individual cycle based on pre-defined number of arc-events occurring within pre-defined number of contiguous cycles.