Abstract: An optical system for lighting fixtures uses light emitting diodes arranged in a 2-D array. In one embodiment, a lighting system comprises a framework carrying a plurality of diodes, where each diode has an associated optic that projects the light with a “high,” “medium” or “low” vertical throw, as provided by prismatic “teeth” that refract and reflect light rays in a predetermined manner so that the combined illumination patterns of each diode can blend to generally uniformly illuminate a target surface without dark spots or regions. Each optic has a common primary portion and a selected secondary portion whose tooth/teeth have a “swept” geometry for better angular (vertical and/or horizontal) control of light rays. Structural variations between different secondary portions reside in various factors, including plurality of teeth, length of the tooth along the longitudinal axis A, curvature(s) in the vertical and/or horizontal directions, and angularity or tightness of curvature of the swept geometry.

Abstract: An integrated circuit component can include an integrated circuit package and a plurality of terminals provided on the exterior of the integrated circuit package. The terminals are configured to provide electrical connectivity to an interior of the integrated circuit package and a plurality of light emitting diode (LED) segments that includes an LED string in the interior of the package, coupled to the plurality of terminals.

Abstract: Wherein the light source comprising: a monolithic emissive semiconductor device; and an array of lenslets, the lenslets being optically and mechanically coupled to the monolithic emissive semiconductor device; wherein the monolithic emissive semiconductor device comprises an array of localized light emission regions, each region corresponding to a given lenslet; wherein the lenslets have an apparent center of curvature (Ca), an apparent focal point (fa), a radius of curvature (R) and a lenslet base diameter (D), the base diameter being the width of the lenslet at the intersection with the monolithic emissive semiconductor device; wherein the distance along the lenslet optic axis between the Ca and the fa are normalized, such that Ca is located at distance 0 and fa is located at point 1; wherein each localized light emission region is located at a point that is greater than 0, and less than Formula (I); and wherein each light emission region has a diameter, the emission region diameter measuring one-third or l

Abstract: An illumination apparatus is disclosed in the invention. The illumination apparatus includes a cavity with a diffusion surface, a light source, a light-spreading device, and at least one optically-conditioning surface with a wave-like array formed thereon. The light-spreading device and the optically-conditioning surface spread the light generated by the light source. The light-spreading device includes a wing-shaped protrusion part, a light incident surface, a recess located away from the light incident surface, and an optically-conditioning surface including a wave-like array, wherein the wave-like array has a wavefront direction.

Abstract: An LED light fixture including a housing and an LED assembly secured with respect to the housing. The LED assembly includes a heat sink and an LED illuminator secured with respect to an LED-supporting region of the heat sink with heat-dissipating surfaces extending therefrom. The heat sink having front, rear and lateral sides and being open to ambient-fluid flow to and from the heat-dissipating surfaces along each of the sides.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is characterized by providing an optical transfer function between a predetermined illuminated surface pattern, such as a street light pattern, and a predetermined energy distribution pattern of a light source, such as that from an LED. A lens is formed having a shape defined by the optical transfer function. The optical transfer function is derived by generating an energy distribution pattern using the predetermined energy distribution pattern of the light source. Then the projection of the energy distribution pattern onto the illuminated surface is generated. The projection is then compared to the predetermined illuminated surface pattern to determine if it acceptably matches. The process continues reiteratively until an acceptable match is achieved.

Abstract: A lighting assembly having a plurality of light sources and a lens matrix having a plurality of lenses. The lens matrix may be positioned relative to the light sources so that each light source resides in a first orientation within one of the lenses and emits a light distribution. Relative translation between the light sources and the lens matrix alters the orientation of the light sources within the lenses, creating a different light distribution. A light source's orientation may change within the same lens, or the light source may translate to a different lens to alter the distribution of its emitted light.

Abstract: A light dispersion device for providing a predictable lighting pattern comprising a Light Emitting Diode (LED) source and a lens. The lens comprising a first optical element for collecting light emitted by the LED source and refracting light into an intermediate lighting pattern, and a second optical element for collecting at least light refracted in the intermediate lighting pattern and refracting light into the predictable lighting pattern. A lens comprising a first optical element for collecting light emitted by a source of light and refracting light into an intermediate lighting pattern, and a second optical element for collecting at least light refracted in the intermediate lighting pattern and refracting light into the predictable lighting pattern.

Abstract: A virtual image displaying decorative body includes a unit array including pixel units arranged, and a light condensing element array including a plurality of light condensing elements, in which the light condensing elements are arranged at positions associated with the pixel units, and the light condensing element array includes the light condensing elements of which plan view shapes are ellipses.

Abstract: A lighting device is disclosed which includes a vertical support, an elongate horizontal arm connected to the vertical support via a connector, and a light source mounted on the arm. The elongate arm consists of, or consists essentially of, an elongate heat sink, and the lighting device further comprises an elongate heat pipe positioned within the heat sink and in thermal contact with the light source. The elongate arm and the vertical support include elongate channels formed along at least a portion of their lengths, and the connector comprises a sheet structure having a plurality of wheels rotatably mounted thereon, wherein the wheels are arranged to ride along the elongate channels, such that the elongate arm can slide relative to the vertical support in directions both parallel to and perpendicular to the length of the arm. The elongate arm and connector are connected to a counterweight via a flat, flexible power cable arranged around first and second pulley wheels.

Abstract: One embodiment of an optical system described herein comprises a source including light emitting diode chip and a homogenizer. One embodiment of the homogenizer comprises an entrance face positioned to receive light from the source, the entrance face having a first shape, a body configured to homogenize the received light and an exit face, the exit face parallel to the primary emitting face of the source. The homogenizer can emit light with a half angle that is at least 80% of the half angle of light entering the homogenizer.

Abstract: A light module having a first and a second primary optics device wherein the individual LEDs of a first and a second semiconductor light source can be reproduced as real intermediate images on an intermediate image surface, wherein an intermediate image assigned to the first semiconductor light source is overlapping with at least one intermediate image assigned to a second semiconductor light source, and that a secondary optics device is arranged in such a way that the intermediate images can be projected as assigned light beam segments of the light beam distribution.

Abstract: A luminaire (11) includes a luminaire main body (21), an attachment plate (23), a plurality of light emitting modules (24), a plurality of lenses (25), and a lighting circuit (26). The luminaire main body (21) includes an opening (34) in a lower surface. The attachment plate (23) has a flat plate shape and is arranged in the luminaire main body (21), and a lower surface faces the opening (34). The plurality of light-emitting modules (24) include semiconductor light-emitting elements, and are attached to the lower surface of the attachment plate (23). The plurality of lenses (25) are provided for the respective light-emitting modules (24), and control luminous intensity distribution of light from the light-emitting modules (24). The lighting circuit (26) is arranged above the attachment plate (23) in the luminaire main body (21), and lights the light-emitting modules (24).

Abstract: A lighting assembly for illuminating a display case, where the lighting assembly is mounted to a display case and includes a visibility envelop within which an onlooker of the display case cannot see. The lighting assembly includes an elongated frame provisioned to receive modular inserts and at least one modular insert operatively connected to the elongated frame. The at least one modular insert includes a light module, where the light module includes an optical lens and a light source. The optical lens is disposed over and/or around the light source and is disposed exclusively within the visibility envelope. The optical lens is fashioned to control light emitted from the light source using refraction and total internal reflection.

Abstract: A light source is provided which comprises an LED array containing a plurality of LEDs, and a lens array containing a plurality of lenslets. The lens array is aligned with the LED array such that one lenslet is disposed over each LED, wherein each of said plurality of lenslets comprises at least first and second sublenslets having first and second respective optical centers, and wherein at least one of said first and second optical centers deviates from the geometric center of the lenslet.

Abstract: A lighting device is provided to include a plurality of lens bodies. The connecting portion connecting the plurality of lens bodies includes a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface. The first major surface is in contact with the lateral portion at a first contact under an outer edge of the leading lens. The second major surface is in contact with the lateral portion at a second contact located below the first contact. The first contact is located outside of a point of intersection along the first major surface with respect to the center of each lens body, the point of intersection at which an extraction of the first major surface intersects with an extension of a ray of the emitted light which is incident on the light incident surface and is projected on the second contact.

Abstract: A lamp unit and a vehicle using the same are provided that include a substrate; and at least two light sources disposed on the substrate, wherein angles formed by a reference line and normal lines to the surface of the substrate, to which the at least two light sources are attached, are different from one another. The lamp unit and the vehicle using the same use a plurality of the light sources having different arrangement directions from a reference direction, so that it is possible to implement a surface light source by means of a small number of the light sources.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus related to a circuit board having a dielectric layer (140A/B, 240A/B, 340, 440, 340B, 440B) on the top and/or bottom thereof. A circuit board is provided having a core layer (110, 210, 310, 410) and at least one conductive layer (130A/B,132A/B, 230A/B, 232A/B, 330, 430) positioned on a first side of the core layer (110, 210, 310, 410). An outer dielectric layer (140A/B, 240A/B, 340, 440, 340B, 440B) is provided atop an outermost of the at least one conductive layer (130A/B, 132A/B, 230A/B, 232A/B, 330, 430). The dielectric layer (140A/B, 240A/B, 340, 440, 340B, 440B) includes a plurality of openings (334A, 336A, 445A) that provide access to at least one of connection pads and vias that are in electrical contact with one or more of the conductive layer(s) (130A/B, 132A/B, 230A/B, 232A/B, 330, 430).

Abstract: An LED lamp includes a heat dissipating base and a plurality of light strips. The heat dissipating base is formed by aluminum extrusion and has a length direction defined by the aluminum extrusion direction. The heat dissipating base has a main body and a plurality of heat dissipating fins. The bottom side of the main body has a flat connecting surface. The heat dissipating fins extend outward from the main body. Each light strip has a circuit board and at least one LED module provided on the circuit board. The circuit board of each light strip is provided on the connecting surface of the heat dissipating base. The width (W1) of the connecting surface of the heat dissipating base is greater than three times the width (W2) of each light strip, i.e., W1>3W2.

Abstract: An optical member includes; an incident surface on which light is incident, an exit surface which is disposed substantially opposite the incident surface and from which the light exits, a prism pattern disposed on the exit surface, and a diffusion pattern which is aligned with the prism pattern and is disposed in a total internal reflection region in which the light incident on the incident surface is totally internally reflected by the prism pattern and output through the incident surface.

Abstract: A lens and a lighting fixture utilizing the same provides a plurality of LED light sources as a single light source with a simple configuration. The lens is used with a plurality of light sources in combination and can have a single focus. The lens can include a plurality of light incident portions each disposed so as to face each of the plurality of light sources, the plurality of light incident portions collimating light beams emitted from the plurality of light sources in parallel with a predetermined optical axis while guiding the light beams inside the lens. A light exiting portion can include a refracting surface disposed on optical paths of the collimated light beams guided from the plurality of the light incident portions into the inside of the lens, with the light exiting portions causing the collimated light beams to exit and be converged on the single focus. A lighting fixture can utilize the lens described herein.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein provide optical systems that can mix colors to produce illumination patterns having a large area with uniform color. One embodiment of an optical system can include a set of optical units that each produces an illumination pattern with uniform color and intensity. The optical units are spaced so that the individual illumination patterns overlap to create an overall illumination pattern with an overlap area. In the overlap area, the colors emitted by the individual optical units mix to create a desired color. Embodiments of optical systems can provide beam control so that the optical units emit a high percentage of light in beam.

Abstract: A lens for covering a light source to diverge light from the light source includes a first curved surface facing the light source, a second curved surface covering the first curved surface, and a connecting surface interconnecting bottoms of the first curved surface and the second curved surface. A plurality of first protrusions and second protrusions are formed on the connecting surface. The first protrusions and the second protrusions each are semi-terete. The first protrusions are parallel to and spaced from each other. The second protrusions are parallel to and spaced from each other. The first protrusions intersect the second protrusions.

Abstract: A light source device includes plural solid-state light sources, plural collimator lenses, a collection system, and a fluorescent layer that generates fluorescence from at least a part of the lights from the collection system, wherein at least one anamorphic surface is provided in an optical path from the plural collimator lenses to the fluorescent layer. The plural solid-state light sources are located in positions different from focal positions of the plural collimator lenses in an optical axis direction.

Abstract: A light source apparatus comprises a beam flux conversion optical system for making all the light emitting areas conjugate to one geometrical-optical output image, all the solid light emitting elements being in series connected to each other and fixed to a heat sink to be insulated to one another, circuits on the input and output sides of an electric supply circuit being not insulated, the electric supply circuit including an interface circuit for receiving a modulation amount specifying signal from a host circuit, wherein a ratio of ON time to a switching cycle of the switch element is controlled in a feedback manner so that a difference between current values indicated by the output current signal and a target current signal may become small, and the interface circuit generating analog quantity correlated to the amount of modulation specified by a modulation amount specifying signal through a data insulation transmission unit.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a first lead frame, a light-emitting element fixed to the first lead frame, and a second lead frame electrically connected via a metal wire to the light-emitting element. In addition, the light-emitting device includes a resin that covers the first lead frame, the light-emitting element, and the second lead frame, and functions as a transmission medium for light emitted from the light-emitting element. The resin has a side surface which is perpendicular to the face to which the light-emitting element has been fixed, and an upper surface. The resin surfaces are configured so that the angle of incidence of a portion of the light emitted from the light-emitting element to the side surfaces is larger than a critical angle needed for total reflection of the light incident on the side surfaces.

Abstract: A light source structure of a projector includes at least a solid state lighting element, at least an optical collimator lens, and at least a micro-lens. The solid state lighting element generates a plurality of radial beams, which are incident to the optical collimator lens. The optical collimator lens converts the radial beams into a plurality of parallel beams which successively strike the micro-lens. The parallel beams are concentrated and focused by the micro-lens into a projecting beam.

Abstract: An LED light fixture including a plurality of upwardly-protruding elongate fins extending therealong from distal fin-ends to proximal fin-ends adjacent to upward-flow openings through the fixture, the fins defining horizontal between-fin channels open at the distal fin-ends, and a plurality of flow-interrupters between adjacent fins changing air flow along the channels. The flow-interrupters may be less than half the heights of their respective between-fin channels and may be mounting bosses to serve the further purpose of facilitating assembly of the fixture.

Abstract: An LED lamp includes: a plurality of light source units, each of which includes one or more LED chips and an emission surface through which light from the LED chips is emitted; and a lens unit having a plurality of lenses, each of which is located in front of the emission surface of each of the plurality of light source units.

Abstract: It is an object to improve light extraction efficiency in a light-emitting device and a lighting device. A light-emitting device includes a plurality of light-emitting portions, and a plurality of hemispherical components provided so as to overlap with the plurality of light-emitting portions. The plurality of hemispherical components are provided so as not to form a space therebetween in a region where the plurality of hemispherical components are adjacent to each other. When a refractive index of the hemispherical component is n and a radius of a bottom surface of the hemispherical component is b, the light-emitting portion is provided inside a circle whose radius r from a center of the bottom surface of the hemispherical component is b/n.

Abstract: An exemplary lamp cover for covering a light source includes a connecting member, mounting members, first covering members, and a second covering member. The mounting members are integrally formed with the connecting member as a single piece. The first covering members are detachably mounted on the connecting member and alternated with the mounting members. The second covering member is capable of being mounted on the connecting member to replace one of the first covering members to change a shape of a light field of light emitted from the light source and through the lamp cover.

Abstract: A light module includes one or more LEDs coupled to a circuit board, a lens disposed over at least one LED, and an adhesive layer disposed between each LED and the lens. A flange extends from at least one side of the lens. The adhesive layer fixes the lens in an optical alignment over the corresponding LED. The adhesive layer includes at least one of a non-permeable layer with an adhesive material on the top and bottom surfaces, a gas-permeable layer with an adhesive material on the top and bottom surfaces, a deposited material, and an over mold material. An alignment tool including one or more optical recesses and one or more alignment features is used in the assembly of at least one of an optical assembly and a light module that includes the optical assembly. The alignment tool facilitates precise alignment of the lenses over the LEDs.

Abstract: A backlight assembly and a liquid crystal display having the same are provided. The backlight assembly includes a plurality of LED packages mounted on a substrate, and a lens unit that seals the LED packages. The lens unit includes a plurality of convex lenses arranged to partially overlap with each other or arranged proximate to each other. Light emitted from LED units in the LED packages is diffused by the interface between the lens unit and another material, such as air, to provide light incident on a light guide plate.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments relate to improved lighting systems and/or methods of making the same. In certain example embodiments, a lighting system includes a glass substrate with one or more apertures. An LED or other light source is disposed at one end of the aperture such that light from the LED directed through the aperture of the glass substrate exits the opposite end of the aperture. Inner surfaces of the aperture have a mirroring material such as silver to reflect the emitted light from the LED. In certain example embodiments, a remote phosphor article or layer is disposed opposite the LED at the other end of the aperture. In certain example embodiment, a lens is disposed in the aperture, between the remote phosphor article and the LED.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is characterized by providing an optical transfer function between a predetermined illuminated surface pattern, such as a street light pattern, and a predetermined energy distribution pattern of a light source, such as that from an LED. A lens is formed having a shape defined by the optical transfer function. The optical transfer function is derived by generating an energy distribution pattern using the predetermined energy distribution pattern of the light source. Then the projection of the energy distribution pattern onto the illuminated surface is generated. The projection is then compared to the predetermined illuminated surface pattern to determine if it acceptably matches. The process continues reiteratively until an acceptable match is achieved.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus includes lenses, a first casing that has a radiation plane provided with annularly arranged windows for attaching the lenses, respectively, independently, and that has an opening at a position opposite to the radiation plane, and a first substrate associated with each of the lenses and accordingly disposed. The first substrate has at least one light emitting device mounted thereon. The first casing includes a holding portion associated with each of the windows. The holding portion each permits the lens to be attached to the first casing from a side thereof having the opening and also restrains the lens from moving through the first casing toward the radiation plane, and when the lens is attached to the first casing, the lens has an optical axis in a direction having a predetermined angle relative to a center axis of the first casing.

Abstract: A light-emitting system is provided which is removably attachable to headgear for personal illumination to enhance visibility of the user to others. The light-emitting system includes a housing that defines a receiving aperture and is configured to surround a portion of the headgear when the light-emitting system is removably attached to the headgear for use. The light-emitting system further includes at least one lens and a plurality of lighting elements coupled to the annular housing which are configured to selectively generate a halo or at least a partial halo of light that radiates outwardly away from the annular housing through the at least one lens to provide enhanced personal illumination.

Abstract: A lighting device comprises a circuit housing is disposed between the upper and lower light chambers. An upper lamp is provided for directing light above the circuit housing, and a lower lamp is provided for directing light below the circuit housing. The lighting device includes battery connections for allowing at least one rechargeable battery to provide electrical power the control circuitry. The lighting device also includes a solar panel above the circuit housing for receiving ambient light and recharging the battery.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus includes an elongate chassis, a plurality of light emitting devices, a plurality of lenses, an elongate populated board, an elongate holding member, and a heat radiation member. The chassis includes a supporting portion supporting the opposite, longer-side ends of the populated board and a first engagement portion fitting and securing the holding member to the chassis. The holding member includes a plurality of second engagement portions fitting and securing each lens to the holding member and a resilient biasing portion resiliently biasing the longer-side ends of the populated board toward the supporting portion. The populated board is pinched and secured by the resilient biasing portion and the supporting portion and the heat radiation member is sandwiched and thus secured by the populated board and a bottom wall in contact with the populated board and the bottom wall.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate, organic electroluminescence units, and a lens sheet. The lens sheet includes a sheet base and lenses protruding from a surface of the sheet base. A transparent substrate is above the lens sheet, and a bonding layer that includes a resin bonds the lenses to the transparent substrate. Either the substrate or the organic electroluminescence units include an alignment mark. The lens sheet includes a groove formed between the lenses in the sheet base. The groove is used for alignment with the alignment mark. The resin covers a surface of each of the lenses and is filled into the groove. A boundary area between the sheet base and each of the lenses, which is located between a surface of a lens and the groove, is covered by the resin.

Abstract: A lighting device may be provided that includes: a heat sink; a member which has a polygonal pillar shape having at least three sides and is disposed on the heat sink, wherein the sides are inclined at a predetermined angle toward the center of the heat sink; and a light source which is disposed on at least one among the sides of the member, wherein the light source includes: a substrate; at least two light emitting devices which are symmetrically disposed on the substrate with respect to the center of the substrate; and at least two lens units which are disposed on the light emitting devices respectively, and consequently, it is possible to meet U.S. Energy Star and ANSI specifications, to remarkably improve rear light distribution characteristics and to remove a dark portion.

Abstract: A lighting module (10), for example of the LED type, for mounting on a rail comprises a circuit board (12) for carrying one or more light radiation sources (L), and a support structure (14) with a first side (14A) facing the rail and carrying the aforementioned circuit board (12) and a second side (14b) situated on the opposite side to the rail and carrying one or more lenses (16) for the light radiation sources (L). The support structure (14) carries one or more flexible electrical contacts (18) having a first end (18a) protruding from the first side (14a) of the support structure (14) for making contact with an electrical line (T) provided on the rail (R) and a second end (18b) which extends towards the circuit board (12) so as to provide electrical contact for the light radiation source or sources (L).

Abstract: A light source channel is described. The light source channel includes an extrusion forming a channel having an open length and a light source positioned within the channel. A light transfer medium is positioned above the light source and covers the open length of the channel. The light transfer medium has a cross section. A method embodiment according to the present invention produces a light source channel by installing a light engine within a channel of an extrusion and covering the channel length with a light transfer medium above the light engine. The light transfer medium has a cross-section.

Abstract: A system and method for illuminating an elongated field of view of a linear or high aspect ratio area image sensor comprises providing illumination with an elongated field shape with a plurality of discrete light sources and projecting the illumination toward an object to be imaged; wherein the illumination projected on the object is substantially spatially invariant in intensity and angular distribution along the elongated field shape on the object.

Abstract: A screen enclosure lighting system includes a housing mounted to the framework of the enclosure. The housing has a base for supporting a light source. The housing also includes a back portion attached to the base and supporting a top cover above the base. A curved window interconnects the base, the back portion and the top covering for projecting light from the light source through of an angle of approximately 180°. Exterior electrical wiring interconnects the light fixtures to an alternating current source.

Abstract: A novel spatio-optical directional light modulator with no moving parts is introduced. This directional light modulator can be used to create 2D/3D switchable displays of various sizes for mobile to large screen TV. The inherently fast modulation capability of this new directional light modulator increases the achievable viewing angle, resolution, and realism of the 3D image created by the display.

Abstract: An LED illuminating device for projecting light to a predetermined illuminating plane, includes a supporting pole extending from the illuminating plane, a first LED module arranged on the supporting pole and a second LED module arranged on the supporting pole. The first LED module is for projecting light to a first part of the illuminating plane. The second LED module is for projecting light to a second part of the illuminating plane. The first part of the illuminating plane is adjacent to the supporting pole. The second part of the illuminating plane is adjacent to the first part of the illuminating plane and away from the supporting pole.

Abstract: A light source includes a tube fixed to a first and a second end part. The tube has a lateral area. A part of the lateral area includes a light-outcoupling surface of the light source. At least one first light-emitting diode is mounted to the first end part and at least one second light-emitting diode is mounted to the second end part. Each of the first and the second light-emitting diode emitting light along a main direction of extent of the tube. A light reflecting sheet covers all interior surfaces of the tube except the light-outcoupling surface.

Abstract: A lighting arrangement using LEDs that has an elongated translucent diffuser having a flat upper surface along the length of the diffuser. The transverse cross-section of the elongate translucent diffuser may have various shapes, all having substantially flat tops, including but not limited to quadrangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and non-isosceles variations of these shapes. The elongated translucent diffuser is mounted on an elongated housing of substantially the same length to support the diffuser. The elongated housing may be solid or hollow and may contain the LEDs and circuit board, or the LEDs and circuit board may be contained within the elongated translucent diffuser. The LEDs are configured to transmit light through the diffuser so that the emitted light simulates light from a traditional neon tube.

Abstract: A lamp includes a supporting body and a lamp body. The supporting body is fixed to a support such as a ceiling. The supporting body defines a plurality of apertures each including a hole and a slot. The slot has a width less than a diameter of the hole. The lamp body includes a housing, a heat sink, a light source and a cover. The housing forms a plurality of protrusions each including a pole and a head. The head has a diameter larger than a width of the slot. The protrusions extend through the holes of the apertures and then are rotated into the slots, whereby the heads are located above the slots and engage with the supporting body. Thus, the lamp is suspended from the support. A resilient member is provided between the housing and the supporting body.