Abstract: An LED-based lighting system includes a printed circuit board (“PCB”) having conductors on a front-side thereof, one or more LEDs mounted with the conductors, and a structural element. The PCB is mounted with the conductors near to the structural element so that heat dissipation from the LEDs is primarily through the conductors and the structural element. A method of dissipating heat generated by an LED-based lighting system includes configuring a PCB with conductors on a front-side of the PCB, such that when one or more LEDs mounted to the conductors generates heat, the heat dissipates from the one or more LEDs to the conductors. The method also includes integrating a structural element such that at least portions of the conductors face the structural element, and the heat dissipates from the conductors to the structural element.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-cooled vehicle LED (Light Emitting Device) heat dissipating device, structured from a light emitting device and a heat dissipating device, wherein the light emitting device includes light emitting members and a base plate, and the heat dissipating device includes a water pump device, a water storage device, a water guide member and a heat dissipating body. The heat dissipating body is disposed at one side of the light emitting device, and includes a front plate, a middle plate and a rear plate. Grooves are hollowed out of the front plate, the middle plate and the rear plate, which form a channel, a water inlet and a water outlet when assembled. The water pump device is used to pump water from the water storage device through the water guide member and the channel, thereby achieving objective of effectively dissipating heat.

Abstract: A supporting structure is disclosed for both securing optical elements and for providing optimal cooling of the optical elements and the light source.

Abstract: A kit and process for retrofitting hydroponic lamp hoods with thermal insulation, and an apparatus for a thermally insulated hydroponic light hood.

Abstract: A projector light source which facilitates molding of a reflector for obtaining a complicated reflecting surface and provides an improved cooling efficiency, which is characterized by molding the reflector of the light source using heat resistant plastic mixed with a high heat conductive material, whereby a molding accuracy is drastically improved compared to a heat resistant glass reflector, and a highly efficient light source is implemented by increasing a degree of design freedom using a high-order non-spherical reflecting surface. Furthermore, heat conductivity is increased by the use of a high heat conductive material for the reflector and heat dissipation to an outside is facilitated.

Abstract: A lighting emitting diode (LED) lamp (100) includes a first LED array (60) and a second LED array (50). A rate of change of a relatively luminous intensity relative to the temperature of the first LED array is lower than that of the second LED array. A first heat sink (10) thermally attaches to the first LED array. A second heat sink (20) thermally attaches to the second LED array. A heat dissipation efficiency of the second heat sink is higher than that of the first heat sink. The heat dissipation of the second LED array is much quicker than that of the first LED array. The second LED array thus can be kept working at a much lower temperature.

Abstract: A lamp arrangement is provided. The lamp arrangement may include a cooling device, which has a reflector housing and a lamp vessel of a lamp, which lamp vessel passes through a cutout in the reflector housing and is cooled by means of the cooling device, wherein the cooling device has a cooling fluid inlet cutout and a cooling fluid outlet cutout, which are provided on the opposite end sections of the lamp vessel within or adjacent to the cutout in the reflector housing.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: A light source device (10) includes a lamp unit (1) and a lamp cartridge (2) in which the lamp unit (1) is housed. The lamp unit (1) includes a discharge lamp (11), a reflection mirror (12) and a transparent plate (13). The reflection mirror (12) has ventilation openings (121). The lamp cartridge (2) has ventilation openings (214, 215 and 231). Fragment-passage prevention members (30, 31 and 32) are provided on the ventilation openings (214, 215 and 231). The fragment-passage prevention members (30) allow the passage of the air but prevent the passage of the fragments of the discharge lamp (11). With such an arrangement, it is possible to prevent the fragments from being scattered out of the lamp cartridge (2), even when the breakage of the discharge lamp (11) occurs.

Abstract: A xenon short-arc lamp system includes a choice of two anode heatsinks with different mechanisms for thermally interfacing to, and supporting, e.g., a 300W-400W xenon short-arc lamp. One heatsink, allows a conventional mounting in which a split ring and clamp combination accommodate and clamp to a screw-on base adapter fitted to the 300W-400W xenon short-arc lamp. The lamp can then be operated at 300W. The second heatsink accommodates the 300W-400W xenon short-arc lamp directly without the adapter. A large threaded stud on the lamp is screwed directly into the heatsink and is seated such that a large orthogonal flat planar annular ring area also makes a tight thermal connection. The lamp can then be operated at its higher limit because of the much improved thermal resistance.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a heat radiating structure for radiating the heat generated by a lamp in an image projecting apparatus for projecting an image onto a screen to display the image thereon, including a heat sink for radiating heat generated by the lamp, the heat sink including heat transfer means for transferring the heat from the lamp, the heat transfer means being held in close contact with the lamp, heat storage means for storing the heat transferred from the lamp through the heat transfer means, and a plurality of fins serving as heat radiating means for radiating the heat stored by the heat storage means, wherein the heat transfer means, the heat storage means, and the heat radiating means are of a separable structure.

Abstract: A shatter glass guard and venting effect design for a fixture of a luminaire adapted to provide adequate shatter guard protection for the purpose of preventing glass from a broken lamp from being released from the fixture. An annular ring of perforated material is attached to an open end of a reflector. A lens is attached to the outside surface of the annular ring and is dimensioned to expose a portion of the perforated material to allow for venting of heat from within the fixture. The lens and lamp can be installed or removed from the fixture after installation without access from the top of the light housing. The lens when mounted becomes integral with the reflector and moves with the reflector should the reflector need to be adjusted or tilted for aiming. The lens and annular ring combination provides adequate shatter guard protection and venting of the fixture.

Abstract: A heat-dissipating device includes a receptacle body having a lateral wall formed with an air vent; a lamp unit including a burner, a reflector covered the burner, a glass plate disposed in front of the reflector, the reflector cooperating with the glass plate to define an air inlet adjacent to the air vent and an air outlet spaced from the air vent; a fan unit mounted on the receptacle body for covering the air vent and for generating airflow to flow into the receptacle body; and a nozzle disposed within the receptacle body between the air vent and the lamp unit for guiding the airflow into the lamp unit.

Abstract: A light source device (100) includes a discharge lamp (1), a reflection mirror (2), a transparent plate (3) and a case (7). The reflection mirror (2) has inlet openings (4a, 4b) and outlet openings (5a, 5b) formed in the vicinity of the front end of the reflection mirror (2). The case (7) has outlet openings (7a, 7b) disposed on the front side of the reflection mirror (2), and an inlet opening (7c) disposed on the rear side of the reflection mirror (2). The inlet opening (7c) of the case (7) allows an air to flow into the case (7) and to flow along a back surface (2b) of the reflection mirror (2). The inlet openings (4a, 4b) of the reflection mirror (2) allow the air to flow into the interior of the reflection mirror (2). The outlet openings (5a, 5b) of the reflection mirror (2) and the outlet openings (7a, 7b) of the case (7) allow the air to be exhausted out of the case (7).

Abstract: A lamp device and a projector having the lamp device eliminated of light leaking in a direction opposite to a reflecting direction at a rear end of an encapsulation fixing an arc tube on a reflection mirror is simply and inexpensively provided. An arc tube and a reflection mirror are provided. The arc tube has encapsulations one of which is inserted in a cylinder of the reflection mirror thereby securing the encapsulation and the cylinder together by an adhesive. The bulb of the arc tube and the other encapsulation are positioned on a side close to a reflection surface of the reflection mirror. The encapsulation inserted in the cylinder and positioned on a side opposite to the reflection surface has an end at least at an end face of which is covered with the adhesive thereby providing light shield.

Abstract: There is provided a heat conductive portion for conducting heat generated by an LED light source to cooling liquid at a rear side of each LED light source. Each heat conductive portion is connected one another with a pipe, and the cooling liquid flowing in the pipe is sequentially circulated through each heat conductive portion. A heat generation amount of an LED light source for red light is the smallest, the heat generation amount of an LED light source for green light is the largest, and the heat generation amount of an LED light source for blue light is the middle of the two. The cooling liquid cooled by passing through a radiation fin is firstly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for red light, secondly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for blue light, and lastly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for green light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light source module comprising a light source, which light source module comprises cooling means for cooling the light source base, which light source module further comprises a dechroic reflector, where at least one heat sink surrounds the dechroic reflector. The object of the present invention is to reduce the temperature at the lamp base to increase the lifetime of a lamp. This can be achieved by a light source module that comprises at least a first heat sink, which first heat sink comprises a number of dishes, which dishes are formed to achieve air gabs there between, which dishes comprises at least one opening for the dechroic reflector, which dishes are placed radially around the dechroic reflector, which air gabs between the dishes are directed mostly perpendicularly to a centre axis of the light source module.

Abstract: In each of stages of a nonlinear filter, a successively determined target signal and plural adjacent signals are weighted-averaged with plural sets of different coefficients to calculate plural smoothed signals. Differences in level between the target signal and each of adjacent signals and signals arranged within the predetermined interval from the each of the adjacent signals are compared with a threshold value. According to the comparison, flags are set to the adjacent signal, to an adjacent signal arranged at a symmetrical position, and to adjacent signals arranged beyond the adjacent signals. The intervals of adjacent signals are different among stages. The target signal in level is used instead of the adjacent signals with smoothed signals, which are selected according to the flags. Weighting coefficients may be calculated on the basis of the comparison result, and smoothed signals may be synthesized according to the weighting coefficients.

Abstract: An underwater light that can include a mounting assembly attachable to a pool wall without having to make a niche in the wall, a housing coupled to the mounting assembly and including a light source cavity, a reflector in the light source cavity, a light source in front of the reflector, and a lens in front of the light source. The lens can include a plurality of contiguous parallel concave lens elements extending in a single direction to disperse light perpendicular to the single direction. The underwater light can include a removable lens cover that is at least one of red, green, yellow, and blue, in order to shine colored light into the pool.

Abstract: A lighting device is provided. The lighting device includes a light source, a light source supporting member which has a surface to which the light source is attached, and a heat sink on an opposite surface of the light source supporting member, for dissipating heat generated by the light source. In addition, the heat sink includes a heat transfer member which protrudes from the surface of the light source supporting member; a plurality of first fins which are spaced apart from each other at intervals in a length direction of the heat transfer member, and are arranged parallel to the light source supporting member; and a plurality of second fins which are spaced apart from each other at intervals, surround outer portions of the first fins, and are arranged perpendicularly to the light source supporting member.

Abstract: A light source device includes: a light source lamp having a light-emitting tube with a discharge space and a pair of electrodes disposed in the discharge space of the light-emitting tube; a reflector extending in a substantially concave shape in section, the reflector reflecting a light beam irradiated from the light source lamp; and a sub-reflection mirror having a reflection surface that is disposed to face a reflection surface of the reflector, the sub-reflection mirror reflecting a part of the light beam irradiated from the light source lamp toward the discharge space. The light-emitting tube has a light-emitting section having the discharge space therein and sealing sections provided on both sides of the light-emitting section.

Abstract: A light-source assembly includes a low-pressure fluorescent discharge tube arrangement having a cold spot temperature and radiating white light and at least one light-emitting diode radiating red light. An operating circuit supplies current to the discharge tube arrangement and the light-emitting diode. An outer envelope surrounds at least the discharge tube arrangement and provides a substantially homogenous light resulting from a mixture of the light radiated by the discharge tube arrangement and the light radiated by the light-emitting diode. A base mechanically and electrically connects at least the discharge tube arrangement in the outer envelope to a lamp-holder.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus that includes an outer housing defining an intake vent and an exhaust vent, an inner housing disposed within the interior of the outer housing, and an air path defined between the outer housing and the inner housing. The outer housing includes a cover, a top and a plurality of side walls that define the interior, and the inner housing includes a top and a plurality of side walls that correspond to the top and plurality of side walls of the outer housing. The air entering the outer housing through the intake vent travels along the air path and exits the outer housing through the exhaust vent.

Abstract: A horticultural light system integrating a grow lamp and lamp ballast within a single fixture. The grow lamp is enclosed by the lower exterior structure and benefits from cooling atmosphere that is forced through the lower exterior structure to regulate the grow lamp temperature. The lamp ballast is mounted to a ballast plate above the lower exterior structure. The ballast plate shields the lamp ballast from the heated atmosphere as it rises off the top of the lower exterior structure. Stand offs or other separation means keep the ballast plate at a distance from the top of the lower exterior structure to create an air gap that thermally isolates the lamp ballast from the heat generated by the grow lamp, thereby increasing the reliability and life of the lamp ballast.

Abstract: A lighting system has a power source and a light head including a high intensity discharge lamp. The lamp is supported by a support base on a sealed electronics container that includes walls defining a space within which an electronic ballast is enclosed in proximity to the lamp to insure reliable ignition. A cover surrounding the lamp and sealed to the support base includes a portion allowing light to project outwardly from the light head. Thermally conductive material surrounds and contacts the electronic ballast and also the interior of the walls of the container so that the container extracts heat away from the ballast to the walls of the container.

Abstract: A light projector, including an elongate housing assembly and a tubular light chamber assembly that comprises a plurality of tubular components and is coaxially enclosed by the housing assembly, with optical devices positioned within the light chamber assembly.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: A method for forming a reflector includes depositing a decoupling material on an ultraviolet light and infra-red light absorption layer that is supported by a substrate which is spun.

Abstract: A long range, high intensity spotlight for human incapacitation and control that uses an incoherent collimated constant light source of sufficient intensity and focus to cause temporary incapacitation of a person for a period of time when illuminated by the beam without causing permanent physical harm. The high intensity spotlight comprises a head portion at one end having a window opening and a handle portion connected to the head portion and containing electronic circuitry and thermal air management for controlling operating temperature of the lamp. A paraboloid reflector is mounted in the head portion to face the window opening, and a high intensity electric arc Xenon lamp is adjustably mounted within the reflector so that the electrode gap is located as close as possible to the focus of the reflector. An adjustable mounting base allows the position of the reflector to be adjusted until the optimum focus is reached. A properly positioned cathode wire feed optimizes the lamp performance.

Abstract: Lamp devices, apparatus, methods of use, and methods of assembly which can be used with a single suspension lamp and/or with a plurality of suspension lamps. Each lamp can have a lamp seat mounted on a tubular member that is fixed to a main body. The lamp seat can be connected electrically to a circuit unit housed in the main body, and is mounted with a lamp bulb. A bowl-shaped upper lamp shade surrounds the lamp seat, is mounted on the tubular member, and is formed with heat-dissipating holes. A lower lamp shade is coupled detachably to a larger-diameter lower open end of the upper lamp shade, and cooperates with the upper lamp shade to define an accommodating space for receiving an assembly of the lamp seat and the lamp bulb. A bowl-shaped water-resistant cover is mounted on the tubular member, and is disposed above the upper lamp shade for covering the upper lamp shade.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lamp unit, especially to a UHP lamp unit, comprising a housing, a lamp positioned within said housing, a reflector assigned to said lamp for reflecting light emitted by said lamp through a transmission window, and at least one thermal bridge and/or heat sink unit being assigned to the reflector and/or to the lamp and/or to the housing. The or each thermal bridge and/or heat sink unit is preferably made from a material having a good thermal conductivity, e.g. the or each thermal bridge and/or heat sink is made from metal or ceramics.

Abstract: A lighting device with a multiple cooling layer structure has at least one mounting heat conductive block, at least one light assembly and multiple heatsinks. The mounting heat conductive block has a front end, a rear end, a side and at least one shoulder. Each shoulder is formed at the side of the mounting bracket. The light assembly is mounted on the front end of the mounting bracket. Each heatsinks is mounted on one of the shoulders and the rear end of the mounting bracket. When the lighting device generates heat, the heat is able to drive away from the mounting bracket to the heatsinks. The lighting device is able to cool down. The mounting heat conductive block and the heat sinks are easy to manufacture and transfer heat more effectively.

Abstract: A decorative structure includes at least one hollow modeling shell and at least one limiting ring. The modeling shell is assembled by two corresponding half bodies. An outside of one half body corresponds to an inside of the other half body thereby the two half bodies are positioned in the same direction. The modeling shell has at least one connecting portion along jointed ends of the two half bodies. The limiting ring surrounds an outside of the connecting portion for supporting the modeling shell. Accordingly, the present invention positions the two half bodies in the same direction so that the modeling shell is positioned before being assembled to reduce its volume.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thermal management system for a lamp. The system comprises a lamp socket that comprises a socket body. The thermal assembly is in thermal communication with the socket body to form a thermal circuit between the lamp and the thermal assembly for dissipating heat generated by the lamp.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an illumination system for use in display systems employing spatial light modulators. The illumination system comprises a fastening mechanism for securing the bonding of the walls of the light integrator of the illumination system. A heat dissipation mechanism can be alternatively provided for reducing the temperature of the illumination system by dissipating the heat thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiator for a light emitting unit, annexed to the light emitting unit including a multiplicity of light emitting diodes mounted on substantially the same axis line on a first principal surface of a wiring substrate. The radiator includes a radiating plate and a heat pipe. The radiating plate is combined with the wiring substrate, with a first principal surface faced as a faying surface to a second principal surface opposite to the first principal surface of the wiring substrate, and is provided with a heat pipe fitting portion. The heat pipe is mounted into the heat pipe fitting portion of the radiating plate while keeping close contact with the inner wall of the heat pipe fitting portion. The heat generated from the light emitting diode group is transferred to a radiating means through the radiating plate and the heat pipe.

Abstract: A vehicle lighting system for illuminating ahead of a vehicle is provided with a plurality of light sources each adapted to illuminate a different illumination area to thereby form a predetermined light distribution pattern as a whole and a control unit for determining a traffic scene in which the vehicle is running and independently changing at least either an orientations or the light quantities of the plurality of light sources so as to form a target light distribution pattern which has been set in advance for the traffic scene.

Abstract: A combination assembly of LED and liquid-vapor thermally dissipating device includes a liquid-vapor thermally dissipating device, a circuit board and at least one LED unit. The liquid-vapor thermally dissipating device includes a metal shell with liquid and capillarity structures therein. The circuit board is provided on the liquid-vapor thermally dissipating device. The LED unit includes a heat transmission base provided on the metal shell of the liquid-vapor thermally dissipating device, a LED chip provided on the heat transmission base, a package device encapsulating the LED chip and two transmitting plates having ends electrically connected to the LED chip and ends exposed out of the package device and electrically connected to the circuit board. The heat of the LED unit may be transmitted to the heat sink directly for heat transmission. The present invention provides a greater heat transmission efficiency.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a reflector for reflecting a light radiated from the discharge tube, and support members for supporting the discharge tube to the reflector. The support member or the discharge tube is formed of a heat insulating structure so as to prevent a temperature drop of a portion of the discharge tube near electrodes thereof. By this arrangement, it is possible to prolong the operational life of the discharge tube.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include a second reflector attached to a sealing portion so that its reflection surface may surround substantially the front half of a light emitting portion, the heat capacity of a front-side electrode surrounded with the second reflector is made larger than that of a rear-side electrode, an electrode shaft which supports the front-side electrode surrounded with the second reflector is made thicker and/or longer than an electrode shaft which supports the rear-side electrode, the front-side sealing portion to which the second reflector is attached is made thicker than a rear-side sealing portion, and the front-side sealing portion, to which the second reflector is attached is coated with a heat radiation material which has a thermal conductivity higher than that of the material of this sealing portion.

Abstract: Lamp devices, apparatus, methods of use, and methods of assembly which can be used with a single suspension lamp and/or with a plurality of suspension lamps. Each lamp can have a lamp seat mounted on a tubular member that is fixed to a main body. The lamp seat can be connected electrically to a circuit unit housed in the main body, and is mounted with a lamp bulb. A bowl-shaped upper lamp shade surrounds the lamp seat, is mounted on the tubular member, and is formed with heat-dissipating holes. A lower lamp shade is coupled detachably to a larger-diameter lower open end of the upper lamp shade, and cooperates with the upper lamp shade to define an accommodating space for receiving an assembly of the lamp seat and the lamp bulb. A bowl-shaped water-resistant cover is mounted on the tubular member, and is disposed above the upper lamp shade for covering the upper lamp shade.

Abstract: A lamp housing for a projector is for accommodating at least a lamp, and a heat-dissipating fan disposed at one side of the lamp housing. The lamp housing includes a housing body, and a baffle plate. In this case, the housing body has a first opening, and the wind blown by the heat-dissipating fan flows from the first opening into the housing body. The baffle plate is disposed between the housing body and the lamp. The baffle plate and the direction of the wind blown by the heat-dissipating fan form an included angle.

Abstract: A light source for a display device. The light source comprises a light-producing element, a reflector disposed around at least a portion of the light-producing element, a housing disposed substantially around the reflector, an airflow channel defined adjacent an outer wall of the housing by a separator structure, and an opening in the separator structure to allow airflow between the interior portion of the housing and the airflow channel.

Abstract: An optical scanning module includes a housing, a light source and a first heat-dissipating sheet. The light source is disposed inside the housing for emitting a source light to be projected onto the object. The light source includes an electrode wrapped by an electric-insulating and heat-conducting rubber. The first heat-dissipating sheet is arranged on a surface of the housing and in contact with the electric-insulating and heat-conducting rubber.

Abstract: A projector apparatus, including: a light source including a high-pressure discharge lamp having a plurality of ventilation holes; an optical unit having a liquid crystal panel for optically modulating to light emitted from the light source in response to an input video signal; a ventilation fan; and cooling means for cooling the light source by blowing cooling-air blown from the ventilation fan to at least the light source, wherein a cooling-air ventilation inlet facing one ventilation hole of the high-pressure discharge lamp is formed at an upper position of a lamp case, which holds and fixes the high-pressure discharge lamp having the plurality of ventilation holes and positions and fixes the optical unit, a cooling-air ventilation outlet facing another ventilation hole of the high-pressure discharge lamp is formed at a lower position of the lamp case, and a tray is provided under the cooling-air ventilation outlet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light source module comprising a light source, which light source module comprises cooling means for cooling the light source base, which light source module further comprises a dechroic reflector, where at least one heat sink surrounds the dechroic reflector. The object of the present invention is to reduce the temperature at the lamp base to increase the lifetime of a lamp. This can be achieved by a light source module that comprises at least a first heat sink, which first heat sink comprises a number of dishes, which dishes are formed to achieve air gabs there between, which dishes comprises at least one opening for the dechroic reflector, which dishes are placed radially around the dechroic reflector, which air gabs between the dishes are directed mostly perpendicularly to a centre axis of the light source module.