Abstract: An illumination aperture diaphragm 100A which is used in a light source device to simultaneously observe a subject image formed by reflected illumination light in the visible light region and a fluorescence image from a fluorescent substance in a subject has a filter region 1 formed in a flat plate-like base material 3 and an aperture region 2 formed inside the filter region 1. The filter region 1 transmits light in the wavelength region of excitation light for allowing the subject to emit fluorescent light and reduces or blocks the transmission of the light in the visible light region that forms the subject image. An illumination aperture diaphragm 200A may include a plurality of diaphragm blade members 20A which are each provided partially or entirely with a filter portion 21, so that a filter region 1 is formed of the plurality of diaphragm blade members 20A and an aperture region 2 is formed inside the filter region 1.

Abstract: The improvements include an illuminator for a gun comprising a manually manipulated and storable external IR filter with a plurality of radially directed circumferential tabs integrally extending from the frame to allow a manual torque to be applied to the frame to manually screw it into and out of the bezel in the field. A high g-force diaphragm shock mount for the lamp includes a receptacle which positions the longitudinal axis of the lamp on the optical axis of the reflector. The field serviceable lamp assembly is an integrated or modular and sealed unit. A field serviceable electronics module is accessed by removing the rear bezel. The illuminator handle includes a double locked latch lever. A T-Slot to Picatinny adapter allows a SureFire T-rail fitting of the handle to fit a conventional Picatinny rail.

Abstract: The invention relates to a luminaire (2) and an illumination system (12). The luminaire according to the invention comprises a light exit window (30) for emitting light from the luminaire, and a reflective screen (40) arranged opposite the light exit window. The luminaire further comprises a light source (20) which is arranged for indirect illumination of the light exit window via the reflective screen. The light source is arranged near the light exit window on an imaginary plane P substantially parallel to the light exit window and emits light away from the light exit window. The luminaire further comprises a specularly reflective part (43) as part of the reflective screen, which specularly reflective part is concavely shaped for reflecting at least part of the light emitted by the light source towards a diffusely reflective part (42) of the reflective screen.

Abstract: A lamp holder assembly includes a holder and a light transmissive shade unit. The holder includes a plurality of connecting slots each having a wide slot section and a narrow slot section. The shade unit is provided with a plurality of connecting rods each having a rod body and a barb-like distal end. The rod bodies of the connecting rods extend respectively and movably through the narrow hole sections, and are movable into the wide slot sections, respectively. The barb-like distal end of each of the connecting rods is sized so as to allow movement through the wide slot section of a corresponding one of the connecting slots, while preventing movement through the narrow slot section of the corresponding one of the connecting slots.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a substrate attached to one edge side of a radiator and a cover may be attached to cover the substrate. Heat-radiating fins may be provided on the other edge side of the radiator and an air-cooling unit may be rotatably provided inside the heat-radiating fins, thereby enabling freely rotation. In one or more examples, a case storing a circuit part is attached to the other edge side of the radiator and a cap is provided to the case. By the air flow from the air-cooling unit, the heat-radiating fins are caused to be a part of the ventilation path to allow for ventilation of the inside of the radiator.

Abstract: A color insensitive scattering pigment is disclosed. In an embodiment, the scattering pigment is composed of particles of a range of sizes. In at least one subrange of the range of sizes, the particles are present in such relative proportions that the v/v concentration (volumetric concentration) of a particular size of particles is proportional to the size itself. In an embodiment, such a scattering pigment is included in light guides to scatter light from a primary light source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fragrance emitting article in the form of a lamp shade comprising: an outer surface, where at least one fragrance is applied to the outer surface; and an inner surface, where at least one fragrance is applied to the inner surface. In one exemplary embodiment, the lamp shade includes a pyramidal structure that includes an open top having a periphery and an open base having a periphery. A supporting frame maintains the pyramidal structure, where the supporting frame is coupled with the periphery of the structure at the open top and the open base.

Abstract: A method of making an illuminated panel for projecting a pattern or an image and for use with a lighting system including a light source includes the step of providing a substrate. The method further includes the step of printing at least one layer of ink on the substrate to create an image or pattern that may be projected onto a surface, wherein the at least one layer of ink is a light absorbent or light reflective layer of ink that protects the substrate and ink from light energy, ultraviolet light, and infra-red energy.

Abstract: A mist lamp comprises a base, a container for storing a liquid, a mist generator, a shade, a light module, and a circuit board. The container is adapted to be mounted to the base. The mist generator is fitted into an opening of the container for converting the liquid into mist. The shade is located around the container and mounted to the base, the shade defining a hole communicated with an outlet of the mist generator such that mist converted in the container by the mist generator can be delivered to the ambient through the hole. The light module is adapted to be mounted in a recess of the base. The circuit board is adapted to be mounted in the recess of the base and electrically connected with the light module and the mist generator for controlling operations of the light module and the mist generator.

Abstract: This invention relates to a phosphor assembly with a phosphor element for converting pump light into converted light, and an optical system for transmitting converted light and/or pump light. Therein, a liquid immersion material is provided in a gap between the phosphor element and the optical system, wherein an excess of immersion material enables a continuous exchange of the material in the gap and thus provides a cooling.

Abstract: A cone-shaped lens is integrally formed with a lateral member using a common material. The cone-shaped lens has a light-output surface having a corresponding area while the aforementioned member has an exterior same-side surface area that extends beyond the light-output surface by an amount that is at least four times the corresponding area of the cone-shaped lens's light-output surface.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for an optical system for LEDs for control of light output from the LEDs. A plurality of optical pieces may be provided with each being over one or more LEDs and configured to direct a majority of light output from such one or more LEDs toward a desired illumination direction. A shield array may be placed over the optical pieces and include a plurality of openings each sized to at least partially receive one of the optical pieces and a plurality of blocking shields extending upward from and provided partially over one of the openings and one of the individual optical pieces. The blocking shields block stray light rays that are transmitted from one of the individual optical pieces in a backlight direction away from the desired illumination direction.

Abstract: A lighting device, comprising a shield element and at least a first light source, the first light source within a space defined by portions of the shield element, the shield element comprising at least one vent, the shield element blocking the first light source from direct view from locations outside the shield element. Also, a lighting device, comprising a shield element and at least a first light source, the shield element comprising regions that define an opening, the first light source within a space defined by portions of the shield element and the opening. Also, a shield element.

Abstract: A light-emitting method is provided. The light-emitting method is applied in a light-emitting device. The light-emitting device includes an emitting member to emit light. The light-emitting method includes detecting an air pressure of the light-emitting device and controlling the emitting member to emit light with color and luminance value according to the detected air pressure. A related light-emitting device is also provided.

Abstract: A lighting device comprises a solid state light emitter on a circuit board, and an optic held in place relative to the first circuit board, a voltage drop across the emitter at least 60 volts. A lighting device comprises a solid state light emitter on a first circuit board, an optic held in place relative to the first circuit board, and a non-isolated power supply. A lighting device comprises a solid state light emitter on a first circuit board, and a flame-rated optic held in place relative to the first circuit board. An optic, comprising a translucent region, a first dimension not larger than about 10 mm, a second dimension not larger than 15 mm. A flame-rated optic comprising a translucent region, structure configured to hold the optic in place relative to a circuit board. Methods of making lighting devices.

Abstract: An illumination unit including: a light source; a light guide-diffuser that guides and diffuses source light from the light source; a selective translucent unit that reflects external light or reduces the transmission of external light, while also transmitting light guided from the light guide-diffuser; and a presentation surface that presents the source light that has been guided from the light guide-diffuser and transmitted through the selective translucent unit.

Abstract: Removable and reusable sheets of light-filtering material that include a pattern are disclosed that can be used to decorate candles and other home accessories. Each sheet of light-filtering material can be cut to a desired shape and applied to an accessory. The light-filtering sheet includes transparent areas that allows the color of the accessory to be seen through the light-filtering sheet. The light-filtering material can filter light in many different ways, including by modifying the percent of light transmitted through the material, by modifying the percent of light reflected by the material, by modifying the color of light reflected or transmitted by the material, or by light refraction or light diffraction.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a body, and a lampshade, a heat dissipation device and an adjusting plate are disposed on the body. The lampshade covers a light emitting diode (LED) module of the body and is capable of rotating relative to the body. The heat dissipation device has a plurality of heat dissipation fins covering a part of a lower edge of the lampshade, and a gap exists between two adjacent heat dissipation fins. The adjusting plate corresponds to the lower edge of the lampshade, and can be driven by the lampshade to adjust the width of the gap, so as to control a light profile generated by the light emitting device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting unit (1) having a concave reflector (2) with an axis of symmetry (3) and a light emission window 21) bounded by a circumferential edge (20) transverse to the axis, an elongate light source (30) extending substantially along the axis of symmetry (3), which light source (30) is accommodated in a holder (4) opposite the light emission window (21), and an axially positioned cap (5), which cap partly surrounds the light source (30) and forms an optical screening means to intercept unreflected light rays. According to the invention, the cap (5) forms part of a sleeve (60) surrounding the light source (30).

Abstract: An illumination system includes a wavelength-transforming device, a solid-state light-emitting element and a filter wheel. The wavelength-transforming device comprises a segment and a wavelength-transforming element disposed on the segment. The solid-state light-emitting element emits first color light in first waveband region to the wavelength-transforming device. The filter wheel is disposed on one side of the wavelength-transforming device for filtering lights via rotating. The first color light is excited as second color light in second waveband region by the wavelength-transforming device, so that the second color light is outputted with the rest of the first color light. The first and second color lights are transmitted through the filter wheel, such that three primary color lights are sequentially projected.

Abstract: Optical films for enhancing light extraction from self-emissive pixelated OLEDs, without introducing significant pixel blur, are disclosed. The extraction films include a flexible carrier film, and a first and second layer carried by the carrier film. The first layer has a nanovoided morphology, includes a polymer binder, and may have a refractive index less than 1.35 or 1.3. An embedded structured surface of light extraction elements is formed between the first and second layers. The extraction film includes a major coupling surface for attachment to an outer surface of the light source. The film is configured such that a land portion between the structured surface and the major coupling surface is thinner than a specified amount, e.g., less than 50, 25, or 10 microns, or less than a thickness of the carrier film.

Abstract: A photoluminescent device includes a substantially cylindrical housing having an optically transparent upper surface, the housing defining an interior cavity, a phosphorescent material being disposed within the interior cavity proximate the optically transparent upper surface, whereby the housing of the device has an elongate body portion configured for insertion into a bore or hole in a substrate with the optically transparent upper surface positioned proximate to the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A surface light source device includes a lamp post, a number of light sources distributed in rows on the side surfaces of the lamp post, and a number of first prism sheets and second prism sheets arranged around the lamp post in that order. Each of the first prism sheets and the second prism sheets includes a light incident surface and a light exit surface opposite to the light incident surface. Each of the light exit surfaces includes a number of substantially parallel elongated protrusions, and the longitudinal directions of the elongated protrusions of the first prism sheet and the second prism sheet are substantially perpendicular to each other. The first prism sheets and the lamp post are approximately spaced by a first predefined distance, and the second prism sheets and the first prism sheets are approximately spaced by a second predefined distance.

Abstract: A substrate is attached to one edge side of a radiator and a globe is attached covering the substrate. Heat-radiating fins are provided on the other edge side of the radiator and an air-cooling unit is rotatably provided inside the heat-radiating fins which enables to freely rotate. A case storing a circuit part is attached to the other edge side of the radiator and a cap is provided to the case. By the wind blast from the air-cooling unit, the heat-radiating fins are caused to be a part of the ventilation path to allow for ventilation of the inside of the radiator.

Abstract: A solid-state lamp comprises: one or more solid-state light emitting devices (typically LEDs); a thermally conductive body; at least one duct; and a photoluminescence wavelength conversion component remote to the one or more LEDs. The lamp is configured such that the duct extends through the photoluminescence wavelength conversion component and defines a pathway for thermal airflow through the thermally conductive body to thereby provide cooling of the body and the one or more LEDs.

Abstract: A flameless candle includes a shell that has a sidewall and a hollow interior region. The sidewall can be made of a waxen material. The sidewall has a thickness and opacity. The shell also has a hollow interior region within the sidewall. A lamp (for example, LED) may be housed within the hollow interior region. The flameless candle also includes an insert. The insert can be made of a waxen material that may have different properties from the material of the sidewall. The insert is positioned in a top area of the hollow interior region. The insert includes a shading wall that has a thickness and opacity. The thickness of the sidewall may be different than the thickness of the shading wall. As another option, the opacity of the sidewall may be different from the opacity of the shading wall.

Abstract: An integrated laminate structure adapted for application in the context of solar technology, wafer technology, cooling channels, greenhouse illumination, window illumination, street lighting, traffic lighting, traffic reflectors or security films, includes a first carrier element such as a piece of plastic or glass, optionally having optically substantially transparent material enabling light transmission therethrough, a second carrier element provided with at least one surface relief pattern including a number of surface relief forms and having at least one predetermined optical function relative to incident light, the second carrier element optionally including optically substantially transparent material enabling light transmission therethrough, the first and second carrier elements being laminated together such that the at least one surface relief pattern has been embedded within the established laminate structure and a number of related cavities have been formed at the interface of the first and second c

Abstract: A magnetic lampshade frame assembly comprises: a frame device, including upper and lower frames; a hood device, including a hood, a connecting strip separately formed at upper and lower positions of an internal side of the hood, and an external side of the connecting strip being fixed to the hood, and an internal side of the connecting strip being magnetically coupled to the upper frame or the lower frame, and at least one of the connecting strip and the upper frame or at least one of the connecting strip and the lower frame is made of a magnetic material, so as to achieve the effects of saving the material of the lamp, assembling or disassembly a lampshade quickly and conveniently, avoiding damages of a lampshade, providing a secured connection between the hood and the frame, and improving the texture to enhance the added value of the lamp product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for coating a light emitting window for a plasma lighting lamp and a light emitting window for a plasma lighting lamp manufactured using the same which make it possible to prevent electromagnetic waves generating from the microwave wavelength of the magnetron from discharging to the outside when using a non-electrode plasma lighting lamp while cutting off the wavelengths of a frequency used in a wireless communication, and the color lights transmitting through the invisible window has uniform colors.

Abstract: Provided is a lighting apparatus including: a plurality of light-emitting devices; a mounting portion on which the plurality of light-emitting devices is disposed; and a light guide cover which guides light emitted from the plurality of light-emitting devices to the outside.

Abstract: A lower surface and an upper surface are provided in a detection panel 2. Lower electrode layers 11a and 11b, a lower wiring pattern 15, and a lower land portion 13 formed on the lower surface are covered with upper shielding layers 28a and 28c of the upper surface, and an upper electrode layer 21, an upper wiring pattern 25, and an upper land portion 23 formed in the upper surface are covered with lower shielding layers 19a and 19b of the lower surface. Therefore, an effect of a decorative area shielding light may be enhanced, and thus an electrical shielding effect may further be exhibited.

Abstract: A magnetic lampshade frame assembly comprises: a frame device, including upper and lower frames; a hood device, including a hood, a connecting strip separately formed at upper and lower positions of an internal side of the hood, and an external side of the connecting strip being fixed to the hood, and an internal side of the connecting strip being magnetically coupled to the upper frame or the lower frame, and at least one of the connecting strip and the upper frame or at least one of the connecting strip and the lower frame is made of a magnetic material, so as to achieve the effects of saving the material of the lamp, assembling or disassembly a lampshade quickly and conveniently, avoiding damages of a lampshade, providing a secured connection between the hood and the frame, and improving the texture to enhance the added value of the lamp product.

Abstract: Decorative luminary for providing an aesthetically pleasing ambiance. The decorative luminary may include a shade. The shade may be disposable. The decorative luminary may also include a base. A light source may also be included as well. The present invention also relates to a method for making a decorative luminary of the present invention.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a flameless candle is claimed, depicted, and described. The candle has a hollow interior region, an inner surface having an radius, and an outer surface having an outer radius. The candle also has a riser located within the hollow interior region. A lamp (e.g., LED) is also located in the interior region and above the riser. A light shield is located within the hollow interior region. The light shield is below the lamp and has an outer bound with a radius. The light shield also has a sloped portion. The light shield may have a reflector. The radius of the outer bound of the light shield is less than the radius of the inner surface of the candle shell. The sloped portion of the light shield slopes downwardly towards the outer bound.

Abstract: A LED light shade includes a shade body and a light enhancing layer integrated with a base material of the shade body. Alternatively, the light enhancing layer is coated on a surface of the shade body. When a LED light source is electrified, the LED light source generates LED light with a wavelength matching with the corresponding wavelength of light enhancing layer, such that the light enhancing layer is activated to enable a secondary light emission at the shade body so as to enhance the light intensity of the LED light. The light enhancing layer enables a secondary light emission that significantly increases the 30% brightness to produce the same lumens as a higher powered light. The LED light is evenly distributed through the shade body via the light enhancing layer. Therefore, the LED light shade is considered as an energy saving and environment friendly product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wavelength conversion member that is provided with: a light transmissive member including a light input plane into which excitation light is inputted, and a light output plane from which wavelength converted light is outputted; and a semiconductor fine particle phosphor, which is dispersed in the light transmissive member, and which absorbs the excitation light, converts the wavelength, and emits light. The dispersion concentration of the semiconductor fine particle phosphor in the direction parallel to the light traveling direction, i.e., the direction connecting the light input plane and the light output plane, is lower than the dispersion concentration of the semiconductor fine particle phosphor in the direction orthogonal to the light traveling direction.

Abstract: A lamp shade envelops and holds a lamp assembly that includes a light bulb having an enclosure portion and a connector portion connected to a lamp socket. The lamp shade includes two sheets joined at opposite side margins to form an envelope with separable top and bottom side margins. Each sheet is characterized by a rigidity property exhibiting an elastic restorative force that urges together the separable top and the bottom side margins in the absence of a lamp assembly positioned between the sheets. Spatially aligned openings in the sheets form a two-sided lamp shade aperture from which sections of the enclosure portion protrude when the lamp assembly is positioned within an interior space between the joined sheets. The sheets bend around the enclosure portion to expand the envelope to a convex shape, and the elastic restorative force holds the enclosure portion in place within the interior space.

Abstract: An improved lampshade frame assembly comprising: a frame device, including an upper frame, a lower frame and a link rod seat coupled to the upper frame or the lower frame; a hood device, including a hood, a connecting strip with appropriate elasticity and separately formed at upper and lower positions of an internal side of the hood, and an external side of the connecting strip being fixed to the hood, and a pair of embedding grooves formed on an internal side of the connecting strip for coupling the upper frame and the lower frame respectively to achieve the effects of reducing the material and weight of a lamp and the packaging volume of the lampshade frame, saving the transportation cost, providing a secured assembly of the hood and frame, improving the quality, and enhancing the add-on value of the lamp.

Abstract: A shade system that easily attaches to any recessed ceiling fixture. The attachment system has an internal frame structure that allows any size shade to be suspended from it. The shade can be solid, colored, or it can have decorative elements that suit any style. A second modification replaces the normal reflective type bulb used in these fixtures. An adaptor is used so that the user can insert a normal globe style bulb that extends below the ceiling. Using such a bulb, combined with a wide shade converts the spot effect into a diffused warm light throughout the room.

Abstract: A lampshade has a body and multiple light-concentrating units formed on the body. Each light-concentrating unit has a light input recess and a light output protrusion. The light input recess is defined in one of the side of the body and has an inner wall to define a holding space in the light input recess. The light output protrusion is formed on and protrudes from the other side of the body, corresponds to the light input recess and has a smooth outer wall. Accordingly, the light emitting from an LED lamp can be further concentrated with the curvatures of the inner walls of the light input recesses and the outer walls of the light output protrusions, such that the illumination of the light emitted from the LED lamp can be improved.

Abstract: A lamp shade includes first and second interlocking shade sections. Each of the first and second interlocking shade sections is made of a plastic material and has a different color than the other section. The lamp shade also includes a bulb socket supported by the first interlocking shade section and at least partially surrounded by a plurality of ventilation holes. One of the first and second interlocking shade sections has an annular recess and a set of spaced fingers within the annular recess. The other of the first and second interlocking shade sections has a radially inwardly directed annular flange. The annular flange including a set of slots sufficient in number and sized so as to receive the fingers, whereby the fingers are received in and rotatable relative to the slots to interlock the first and second interlocking shade sections.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cover for a compact fluorescent light employing a two piece clamshell shape assimilating a conventional incandescent light bulb. The cover is formed from two clamshells hingedly secured along a top end having inter-engaging means for securing one clamshell to a second clamshell tightly securing the cover to the base of a compact fluorescent light. In the preferred embodiment, the housing is made of material to reduce or eliminate ultraviolet light produced from a gas discharge lamp and provide a cover that can be decorative through the emulation of a conventional incandescent light bulb or decorated with colors and materials wherein the fluorescent light provides back lighting or where images are placed upon the housing so as to allow the back lighting to operate as a projection surface placing images on a wall separate from the light bulb.

Abstract: A glass lampshade comprising a fusion body of crystal grain glass, an upper crystal glass plate, a lower crystal glass plate, and a curing gel layer. The upper crystal glass plate is attached to the lower crystal plate via the curing gel layer. The fusion body of crystal grain glass is attached to the upper crystal glass plate. A method of producing the glass lampshade.

Abstract: Projection headlights for vehicles with a reflector, with a light source assigned to the reflector, with a lens arranged in the main direction of the beam in front of the reflector and with a screen arranged in the region of the focal point of the lens, said screen being arranged between the light source and the lens and comprising an elongated screen edge surface having a contour on an upper edge in order to form a light/dark boundary of a light distribution arrangement, wherein the elongated screen edge surface comprises a light beam reduction section in a middle area, so that at least part of the light beam emitted from the light source and hitting the light beam reduction section is not further reflected in the main direction of the beam, wherein the light beam reduction section is designed as a recess.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a conveniently demountable assembled lamp. It is mainly composed of stand columns and clapboards, and multiple clapboards divide the stand columns into up and down multiple layers.

Abstract: A lighting control apparatus, comprising a shield having a reflective inner surface that blocks light emanating from a light fixture in a first direction, and redirects light emanating from the light fixture to a second direction; a clamp attached to the socket of the light fixture and deriving support therefrom; and a support structure attached to the clamp that supports the shield in a position suitable for blocking and redirecting the light emanating from the light fixture

Abstract: A system for displaying illuminated art which includes an electrical/framework kit and a flexible media imprinted with artwork which combine for display of the artwork as on a table lamp or hanging lamp. The media is constructed out of a flexible sheet of plastic or a fabric-plastic laminate which is preferably bowed into a cylindrical or oval shape. The framework for supporting the illuminated media includes a slot provided in a central ring to accommodate the electrical cord of an electrical assembly, whereby the lamp is pre-wired so that user assembles it without having to wire the electrical components and wires. A digital library is set up where museums or other institutions or businesses can upload images of selected artworks to be printed on the flexible sheets of the media.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for enhancing secureness of grip of a light-bulb-clip of a clip-on lampshade, by enhancing the frictional properties of the light-bulb-clip. Also disclosed are a clip-on lampshade, and a finial clip-on lampshade adapter, which both include a light-bulb-clip that is formed using the disclosed method. Frictional gripping capability is increased by optionally abrading, and applying and curing a liquid coating of polymer dipping compound to, portions of wire that are to function as gripping portions of a light-bulb-clip, thereby forming a cured, friction-enhancing layer that enables the light bulb clip to be more securely attached to either a traditional light bulb or to a compact fluorescent “CFL” bulb. The liquid coating can be applied by dipping, brushing, and/or spraying. Curing can be by heating and/or allowing to dry. The dipping compound is ideally made from heat-resistant elastomer and/or silicone.

Abstract: One embodiment of a compact fluorescent lamp includes a circuit assembly comprising a rectifier, a plurality of capacitors, a plurality of ICs, a plurality of inductors, a transformer for converting AC to DC, a plurality of diodes, and a PCB; a CFL electrically connected to the circuit assembly; a shade for enclosing the CFL; and a housing for mounting the circuit assembly therein. The circuit assembly is operable when voltage variation is between 2.5 and 21 V. Further, the lamp can operate in one of three different power sources (e.g., DC power supply, electronic transformer, and electrical transformer).

Abstract: An open bulb fixture is a lighting fixture presenting a light bulb exposed and unprotected to an area around the light bulb. A light cover is a transparent or translucent cover protecting a light bulb while permitting light from the light bulb to pass through the light cover to the area around the light bulb. A method for protecting an open bulb lighting fixture includes positioning a light cover to the open bulb fixture.