Abstract: A lamp includes an enclosure that is at least partially optically transmissive and a base. One or more LEDs are located in the enclosure and are operable to emit light when energized through an electrical path from the base. A heat sink having a heat dissipating portion that is at least partially exposed to the ambient environment and a heat conducting portion that is thermally coupled to the at least one LED transfers heat from the LEDs to the ambient environment. The heat sink includes fins that are located in the enclosure. A housing is press fit between the heat dissipating portion and the heat conducting portion and forms part of the heat sink. The housing is thermally coupled to the heat sink and is made of thermally conductive material and is at least partially exposed to the ambient environment. The housing defines at least a portion of the enclosure.

Abstract: An LED light and communication system is in communication with a broadband over power line communications system. The LED light and communication system includes at least one optical transceiver light fixture. The optical transceiver light fixture includes a plurality of light emitting diodes, at least one photodetector, and a processor. A facility management unit is in communication with the processor. The facility management unit is constructed and arranged to control the operation of the optical transceiver light fixture.

Abstract: A lamp structure of an adaptive streetlight includes a housing, a plurality of light sources, and a surface-structured diffusion plate. The surface-structured diffusion plate enables the lamp structure to provide a light pattern conforming to the curvature of the road to be illuminated or other sites of application, thus reducing not only the number of lamps or streetlights required for a curvy road section, but also the associated installation cost and power consumption. The lamp structure can enhance road users' safety and the safety of our daily lives by increasing the illuminance on a curvy road and other sites of application that have special requirements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a ventilation system for vehicle lighting systems having a housing opening with a protruding opening wall and a ventilation body, which is fixed to the housing opening by engagement with an inner part. The ventilation body and the housing opening have walls for forming a ventilation duct with a plurality of direction changes between an edge of the ventilation body and an aperture of the housing opening, wherein an inner part and an outer part which surround the opening wall of the housing opening have walls, which respectively sectionally lie circumferentially sealingly against the opening wall of the housing opening, and wherein the ventilation body and the housing opening are formed such that the ventilation body can be brought from an unlocked position into a locked position or vice versa by rotation according to a predetermined angle of rotation relative to the housing opening.

Abstract: A light emitting device according to an embodiment includes: a main body section; a light emitting section provided in the main body section and including a light emitting element; a cover provided on a side of the main body section where the light emitting section is provided; and an adhesive section provided between the main body section and the cover in a part of a region on the side of the main body section where the light emitting section is provided.

Abstract: An outdoor light emitting diode (LED) luminaire includes a plastic housing having two or more surfaces, a printed circuit board (PCB) coupled to at least one of the two or more surfaces, the PCB including a substrate and a conductive surface on the substrate, a plurality of LED light sources mounted on the PCB, a first portion of the conductive surface forming conductive paths in electrical communication with the plurality of LED light sources, and a second portion of the conductive surface forming thermal pads at a plurality of locations that are at least one of between and around the plurality of LED light sources, the thermal pads configured to dissipate heat generated by the plurality of LED light sources.

Abstract: A lighting device comprising at least a first light emitter, at least a first heat transfer element, and a plurality of heat dissipation elements. Each heat dissipation element has at least a first region and a second region, the first region being in contact with the first heat transfer element, the second region being closer to the first light emitter than the first region. The first light emitter is thermally coupled to the first heat transfer element.

Abstract: An LED bulb has more than one movable level that can change position to avoid blocking or interference with heat dissipation, light emission or projection, or control signal transmission. The LED bulb offers nearby and far away illumination or any combination of other light effects, image projection, or digital data image display, and may function in response to a power failure remote control or control by an infrared controller, Bluetooth controller, WiFi, Internet, or app software control, or a motion sensor.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that the heat generated by the electric illumination device cannot only be dissipated to the exterior through the surface of the heat dissipater, but also enabled to be further dissipated by the air flowing capable of assisting heat dissipation through the hot airflow in a heat dissipater (101) with axial and radial air aperture generating a hot ascent/cold descent effect for introducing airflow from an air inlet port formed near a light projection side to pass an axial tubular flowpath (102) then be discharged from a radial air outlet hole (107) formed near a connection side (104) of the heat dissipater (101) with axial and radial air aperture.

Abstract: A compact light source includes an LED for supplying light and an optical element that receives and transmits the light. The LED is disposed in an insulation housing to insulate the LED, which has a surface that conducts the heat it generates. A heat sink is coupled to the LED adjacent the conductive surface, and a thermal compound is sandwiched in between the heat sink and conductive surface in order to channel and dissipate the heat generated by the LED without heating up any surrounding structures. In some embodiments, the optical element is part of a collimator coupled to the insulation housing and is a doublet or plano convex lens.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite assembly of plastic (1, 3) and metal films (2.1, 2.2) which can be used for the interconnection and connection of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (5). For this purpose, a flexible printed circuit board is provided, to which at least one radiation source is applied and which consists of a film system. The flexible printed circuit board has a thermal connection (6) to a heat sink (4) and the film system is composed at least of an insulating carrier layer and a metal film. The insulating carrier layer is opened at the locations at which the thermal connection to the heat sink is produced, and the metal film is subdivided into different sections.

Abstract: Multi-part heat exchangers for hot/cold temperature domain isolation in LED lamps are disclosed.

Abstract: A lighting device may include: a mount, which is populated with at least one electronic component and with at least one semiconductor light source, a cover for covering at least one electronic component and at least one connecting element for fastening the cover to the mount, wherein the connecting element is connected to the mount by means of a non-latching connection and to the cover by means of a latching connection.

Abstract: A light module includes a plurality of LEDs coupled on a circuit board, a condenser unit including a plurality of condensers integrally coupled with each other and supported on the circuit board, and a plurality of converging lenses supported within the light cavities of said condensers respectively. Each LED is located at a focal point of the condenser and is located at a focal point of the converging lens. A first portion of light from the LED is directly project toward the converging lens and is diverged by the converging lens to parallelly project out of the condenser. A second portion of light from the LED is reflected by a light reflecting wall of the condenser to parallelly project out of the condenser. Therefore, the first and second portions of light form collimated light beams out of a light opening of the condenser.

Abstract: A recessed light fixture includes an LED module, which includes a single LED package that is configured to generate all light emitted by the recessed light fixture. For example, the LED package can include multiple LEDs mounted to a common substrate. The LED package can be coupled to a heat sink for dissipating heat from the LEDs. The heat sink can include a core member. A reflector housing may be coupled to the heat sink and configured to receive a reflector. The reflector can have any geometry, such as a bell-shaped geometry including two radii of curvature that join together at an inflection point. An optic coupler can be coupled to the reflector housing and configured to cover electrical connections at the substrate and to guide light emitted by the LED package.

Abstract: A backlight unit 12 includes a chassis 14, an LED 17, a light guide plate 19, a duct member 22, and dissipative LED attachment portion 30. The chassis 14 includes a light exit portion 14c through which light exits. The LED 17 is arranged close to an end portion of the chassis 14. The light guide plate 19 is arranged closer to a middle area of the chassis 14 than the LED 17 and light from the LED 17 is guided toward the light exit portion 14c thereby. The duct member 22 is arranged on the side opposite to the light exit portion 14c side of the chassis 14 and has an air passage 23 therein. The duct member 22 is formed of a composite plate 37 including a resin core 38 having a plate-like shape and a pair of metal plates 39 and 40 arranged so as to sandwich the resin core 38 from a front side and a rear side.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LED illumination device of a simple configuration, capable of suppressing thermal resistance to a low level, and of effectively dissipating heat generated from LED elements. Rigidity of a mounting plate is ensured by a wall of a certain height, and thereby the mounting plate now becomes possible to endure saturation vapor pressure of a coolant liquid possibly exerted thereon, and vacuum state or near-vacuum state when the coolant liquid is injected, without being deformed. Since the rigidity of the mounting plate is ensured by the wall, a wall composing a bottom face of recesses may now be thinned, and this is advantageous in view of allowing the heat generated from the LED elements to effectively conduct to the coolant liquid, and of effectively cooling the LED elements.

Abstract: An automotive lamp module includes a laser diode, a substrate with the laser diode on the top, a lower heat sink coupled to the bottom of the substrate, an upper heat sink coupled to the top of the substrate and having a light channel disposed through the upper heat sink and in which the laser diode is inserted, and a phosphor disposed in the light channel. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a simple configuration and a compact size and to effectively dissipate heat generated from the laser diode.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a mounting board with first and second opposed faces and vias extending therethrough, one or more light radiation sources mounted on the first face of the mounting board, drive circuitry for the light radiation source mounted on the second face of the mounting board, with electrically conductive lines between the light radiation source and the drive circuitry passing through said vias, a vat-like holder housing the mounting board with the light radiation source and the drive circuitry mounted thereon. The holder has cavities for receiving therein the drive circuitry with the first face of the mounting board and the light radiation source mounted thereon facing outwardly of the holder. Over the first face of the mounting board at least one sealing layer is applied, which ensures an IP grade protection of device.

Abstract: Connector devices, systems, and related methods for connecting light emitting diode (LED) modules to thermal substrates and/or optical elements are disclosed. In some aspects, a connector device can include a connector body having a first side configured to engage an LED module and a second side configured to engage an optical element for mechanically coupling the LED module to the optical element. The connector device can further include a housing configured to receive a portion of an electrical wire for electrically coupling the LED module to the electrical wire. A connector system can include an annular body defining an opening and at least one LED module disposed in a portion of the connector. The connector can be configured to cover a portion of the LED module and leave another portion of the LED module exposed or visible.

Abstract: An electronic component includes a housing, a heat-generating component, a heat sink, and a sealing element. The housing is made of a first metallic material. The heat-generating component is disposed in the housing. The heat sink, which is made of a second metallic material, is disposed adjacent the heat-generating component and configured to dissipate heat from the heat-generating component. The sealing element is disposed between the housing and the heat sink and insulates the second metallic material from the first metallic material.

Abstract: The user is allowed to simulatively experience a tactile sensation that would be felt when actually touching on the object being displayed on a screen. An electronic device 100 includes a display device 160 for displaying displayed information, a touch panel 130 to be touched by the user, a displayed information control section 32 for controlling display of the displayed information, thermoelectric element sections 190 for cooling or heating the touch panel 130, and a temperature control section 195 for controlling the temperature of the touch panel 130 in accordance with the displayed information displayed on the display device 160.

Abstract: A modular lighting system for controlling light output and direction in a pole top luminaire includes a base. Lighting modules which have LEDs mounted on a heat sink include pairs of heat pipes extending from the heat sink plug into the base. Openings in the base receive the heat pipes to support the lighting modules in a desired orientation, enabling location specific customized orientation. The assembly allows universal replacement of pole top luminaires with efficient LED light engines, yet without need for custom parts, thus enabling a wide variety of applications for the lighting modules.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus comprises a heat sink, at least one light module and an insulating adhesive layer. The light module is disposed on the heat sink, and the insulating adhesive layer is disposed between the light module and heat sink to combine the light module with the heat sink. The insulating adhesive layer comprises polymer component and heat conductive filler dispersed therein. The polymer comprises thermoset epoxy resin. The insulating adhesive layer has heat conductivity greater than 0.5 W/m-K and a thickness of 0.02-10 mm. The bonding strength of the insulating adhesive layer to the heat sink and the light module is greater than 300 g/cm2, and the insulating adhesive layer can withstand a voltage of at least 500 volts.

Abstract: An integrated LED lamp housing can include a heat radiation section and a light transmission section. The integrated LED lamp housing can be prepared by co-extruding different polycarbonate resin compositions.

Abstract: An LED light fixture has an extruded base housing element defining an opening which is removably bridged by a metal heat sink to which is mounted at least one LED. A plastic cover lens has deflectable legs with axial concave elements which engage with outwardly facing convex elements on cover mount members which protrude from the heat sink on either side of the LED. The LED power supply may be supported in a compartment above the heat sink. The cover lens has a wrap-around connection to the heat sink cover mount members which is tolerant of variation in heat sink extrusion dimensions, and which is insensitive to variations in main housing element dimensions. Alternative trim elements and cover lenses allow field configuration of the fixture to various applications.

Abstract: An LED bulb laterally installed and projecting light beams onto the ground includes a bulb holder assembly, a lamp carrier assembly, a luminosity module, a lampshade, a collar, and a clasper. The bulb holder assembly includes a bulb holder base and a bulb holder. The lamp carrier assembly includes a tubular column and a shell body formed on an end of the tubular column. The luminosity module is installed in the shell body and includes at least an LED. The collar is securely connected to the bulb holder base and mounted around the tubular column for development of an accommodating space between the collar and the tubular column. The clasper is closely engaged in the accommodating space and securely connected to the tubular column. The lamp carrier assembly is omni-directionally adjusted relative to the bulb holder base to make the LEDs' projecting plane face the ground surface.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a lighting apparatus includes a board, a base, a globe, a housing, and a cap part. The board is provided with a light emitting element to emit light. The board is thermally connected to the base. The globe is provided on the base to cover the light emitting element. The globe includes a maximum diameter part in which an external diameter of the globe is maximum. The housing is thermally connected to the base. The housing includes a cylindrical radiator through which air flows. The cap part is attached to the housing. One end part of the radiator is located between the cap part and the maximum diameter part.

Abstract: A floodlight having a plurality of light-emitting diode arrangements which are arranged on a light-emitting surface on the front face of a support plate so as to be laterally spaced from one another. The light-emitting diode arrangements are retained directly or indirectly on the support plate by mechanically releasable retaining elements which can be actuated without tools. The retaining elements are designed such that the retaining elements can be actuated from the front face of the support plate, and the light-emitting diode arrangements can be removed from the front face of the support plate when the retaining elements are in the released position. At the same time, the retaining means press the light-emitting diode arrangements onto a heat sink arrangement in a retaining position in order to ensure a good heat transfer between the light-emitting diode arrangements and the heat sink arrangement.

Abstract: A cooling device for cooling an LED of vehicle headlight without restricting a design of a housing is provided. The cooling device is comprised of an LED held in a housing sealed with a lens, a reflector that reflects a light emitted from the light source, a heat collector on which the LED is mounted, a heat sink disposed behind the reflector, and a pair of heat pipes thermally connecting the heat collector and the heat sink. The heat sink is arranged inside of the housing.

Abstract: A lighting module has an array of light-emitting elements that is electrically coupled to a heat sink and a housing having a heat exit. The array of light-emitting elements is positioned in the housing and the heat sink is positioned to dissipate heat generated within the housing so that the heat is expelled through the heat exit. A deflector is secured to the housing and is positioned to extend over some portion of the heat exit. The deflector guides heat away from the housing in a direction. In some configurations, the deflector guides heat away from the housing in a direction that is opposite the direction in which the array of light-emitting elements emit light. Also, some lighting modules have multiple heat exits and may have multiple deflectors extending over a portion of the respective heat exits.

Abstract: Preferred embodiments provide a cooling system for an electronic display. A constricted convection plate is used to force cooling air against a posterior surface of the electronic display. Fans may be used to propel or pull air between the constricted convection plate and the rear surface of an electronic display. A refrigeration unit or thermoelectric module may be employed to cool or heat the air traveling through the constricted convection channel. Some embodiments include a closed loop which extracts heat (or adds heat) to the front display surface.

Abstract: An LED light source with an attached heat sink includes larger fins, smaller fins, a mounting platform and light emitting diodes attached to the mounting platform. The larger fins are oriented parallel to the smaller fins. The larger fins are integrally formed with a first base, and the smaller fins are integrally formed with a second base. The bottom surface of the second base contacts the larger fins, which are more than twice as tall as the smaller fins. There are more than twice as many smaller fins than larger fins per distance perpendicular to the fins. Ducts are formed between the larger fins and the bottom surface of the second base. Intake holes pass through the first base into each duct near the end of the duct that is blocked by an end wall. The mounting platform with the LEDs is attached to the bottom of the first base.

Abstract: A lighting device may be provided that comprises: a light emitting module; a heat sink disposed on the light emitting module; a heat radiating fan disposed on the heat sink; and a housing which receives the light emitting module, the heat sink and the heat radiating fan, and includes an air inlet port and an air outlet port which are separated from each other and formed in a direction in which the lighting emitting module irradiates light, wherein the air inlet port and the air outlet port are disposed on the circumference of the housing, and wherein the air inlet port and the air outlet port are alternately disposed.

Abstract: A lighting device comprising a junction box, a trim element and a solid state light emitter, at least a portion of a space defined by regions of the trim element within a space defined by regions of the junction box, the light emitter within the trim element space. A lighting device comprising a trim element (with at least two regions) and a solid state light emitter, in which at least a first part of the first region can be positioned in a first space with the second region outside the first space, the light emitter within the first part. A lighting device, comprising a trim element (which comprises at least two regions), part of an exterior of which defines a first space, at least a first part of the first region within the first space, a solid state light emitter within the first part. Methods of installing a light emitter.

Abstract: Provided is a light source cooling device that includes: a case in which exhaust port (112) is formed; ventilation device (102) that has a blowing port blowing air and that is located in the case; flow path component (301); light source (101); and holding part (121) disposed in an inner surface of case (108). Flow path component (301) constitutes flow path (403) for guiding air from ventilation device (102) to exhaust port (112) in the case. Light source (101) is located in flow path (403). Flow path component (301) includes a first opening and a second opening. The first opening is connected to exhaust port (112), while the second opening is connected to the blowing port of ventilation device (102). An outer surface of flow path component (301) is held by holding part (121).

Abstract: Control of lighting fixtures in a lighting network may be distributed among the lighting fixtures. The lighting fixtures may be broken into groups that are associated with different lighting zones. At least some of the lighting fixtures will have or be associated with one or more sensors. Within the overall lighting network or the various lighting zones, the lighting fixtures may share sensor data from the sensors. Each lighting fixture processes sensor data provided by its own sensor, a remote standalone sensor, or lighting fixture, and processes the sensor data according to the lighting fixture's internal logic to control operation of the lighting fixture. The lighting fixtures may also receive control input from other lighting fixtures, control nodes, light switches, and commissioning tools. The control input is processed along with the sensor data according to the internal logic to enhance control of the lighting fixture.

Abstract: A street light may include a pole and a head attached to the pole. The head may include a lighting module. The lighting module may include a light-emitting device configured to emit light, a thermal interface configured to conduct heat away from the light-emitting device, an optical element configured to transmit the emitted light in a light distribution pattern on an area located a distance away from the lighting module, and a reflective surface configured to redirect a portion of the light transmitted by the optical element.

Abstract: A flexible lighting element is provided, comprising: a first flexible substrate; first and second conductive elements located on the first flexible substrate; a light-emitting element having a positive contact and a negative contact, the positive and negative contacts both being on a first side of the light-emitting element, the light-emitting element being configured to emit light having a selected narrow range of wavelengths; a first conductive connector electrically connecting the first conductive element to the positive contact; a second conductive connector electrically connecting the second conductive element to the negative contact; a second flexible substrate located adjacent to a second surface of the light-emitting element; and an affixing layer located between the first flexible substrate and the second flexible substrate.

Abstract: A closure for a lighting fixture includes a cover having interior and exterior surfaces that defines at least a part of an enclosure of the lighting fixture. In certain aspects, the cover comprises mounts for mounting circuitry to the interior surface of the cover and at least one attachment feature for affixing the cover to a cabinet of the lighting fixture. A light source and driver circuitry are also affixed to the cover. Because the driver circuitry and the light source are both mounted to the same cover of the lighting fixture, the light source may be replaced with an alternate light source having different voltage and current specifications, for example, by replacement of the cover with another cover. In this manner, light sources having different operating characteristics and specifications may be replaced or interchanged with relative ease.

Abstract: A method of LED package includes: forming a P-type through-hole and a N-type through-hole through a substrate; forming a conductive material on the sidewall of said P-type through-hole and N-type through-hole; forming a reflective layer on an upper surface of said substrate; aligning a P-type pad and a N-type pad with said P-type through-hole and said N-type through-hole, respectively, said P-type pad and N-type pad being formed on a first surface of a LED die, wherein said LED die is formed on said upper surface of said substrate; forming electrical connection from said P-type pad and said N-type pad by a copper refilling material within said P-type through-hole and said N-type through-hole; and a P-type terminal pad which positioned under said substrate electrically coupled to said P-type pad via said copper refilling material within said P-type through-hole, and a N-type terminal pad which positioned under said substrate electrically coupled to said N-type pad via said copper refilling material within said

Abstract: A lighting module has an array of light emitters, a heat sink having a first surface, the array of light emitters being mounted to the first surface, a microchannel cooler arranged on a second surface of the heat sink on an opposite side of the heat sink from the first surface, the microchannel cooler arranged to transport a liquid through a channel on the second surface of the heat sink, and a cooling unit thermally coupled to a microchannel cooler and arranged to remove heat from the liquid.

Abstract: An LED lighting element having an H-shaped housing. The housing, which may be an extruded housing, has a first section and a second section which is separated from the first section by a cross bar. A back plate is positioned opposite of the crossbar and is removably secured to the first section. A heat sink is located within the housing while a microcontroller and LED drive/control technology and integrated power supply contacts the heat sink and is attached to the back plate. An LED PC board that is electrically connected to the microcontroller and LED drive/control technology and integrated power supply is positioned in the second section and is attached to the housing. An end cap for the housing along with a method for constructing the lighting element are also disclosed.

Abstract: A light fixture that allows for customization and easy adjustability of various properties of the distributed light. The light fixture includes a threaded ring that engages with threads of a heat sink to support and retain a lens and/or reflector within the fixture. Because the threaded ring retains the lens and reflector within the fixture, unscrewing the threaded ring allows the lens and/or the reflector to be replaced without having to remove the entire fixture.

Abstract: A modular LED power supply is provided. The modular LED power supply includes a docking module having a plurality of grooves for receiving a plurality of power supply driver modules. The plurality of power supply driver modules are modular in nature and are attached to the plurality of grooves in the docking module based on the power requirements, Also, the modular LED power supply includes a supervisory module for analyzing and controlling the number of power supply driver modules required to be attached to the docking module.

Abstract: A LED lamp (1) with an actively cooled heat sink having at least one LED (7) mounted in a non-conductive substrate (8) that is attached to a heat sink (2) having a plurality of cooling vanes (9) extending therefrom. Heat generated by the at least one LED travels through the heat sink and then through the cooling vanes. Cooling channels (10) located between the cooling vanes allow for air flow between the cooling vanes. A plurality of air inlets (11) located in a housing (3) allow for air flow into the cooling channels. A fan (12) located in the housing pulls air through the air inlets through the cooling channels and across the cooling vanes through an exhaust outlet (14) where the fan then blows the air through exhaust vents (15) located on a rear of the housing.

Abstract: An LED light module and a backlit sign using at least one of the LED light modules are described. The LED light module comprises at least two LED light sources that are spaced apart from each other. Each of the LED light sources is covered by a lens and at least two of the lenses have a different shape than each other. The LED light module produces a uniform intensity of light on a backlit surface. The LED light module can include three LED light sources. Two of the lenses covering the LED light sources emit light that is distributed off-axis and a third of the lenses covering the LED light sources emits light that is distributed substantially on-axis. The backlit sign comprises a housing, at least one LED light module disposed in the housing and a backlit surface on the housing extending over the LED modules.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a light emitting diode projection bulb including a heat dissipation base, a light emitting diode module, and a annular heat dissipation member. The heat dissipation base includes a bottom surface, a sidewall surrounding the bottom surface, and a annular rim. The annular rim is connected to an end of the sidewall to define a first opening facing toward outside. A surface of the annular rim forms a plurality of first convection holes and a plurality of first locating portions. The light emitting diode module is installed on the bottom surface of the heat dissipation base and emits light toward the first opening. The annular heat dissipation member includes a second opening, a plurality of second convection holes, and a plurality of second locating portions.

Abstract: A liquid-filled light emitting diode (LED) bulb including a base, a shell connected to the base forming an enclosed volume, a thermally conductive liquid held within the enclosed volume, a support structure connected to the base, and several LEDs attached to the support structure. The thermally conductive liquid has an oxygen content of at least 5 cubic centimeters of oxygen per liter of the thermally conductive fluid.

Abstract: A lighting device comprises: a heat sink which comprises one surface and a receiving recess; a light emitting module which is disposed on the one surface of the heat sink and comprises a substrate and a plurality of light sources disposed on the substrate, wherein the substrate has a first hole disposed at the center thereof and a second hole; a power controller which is electrically connected to the light emitting module through the second hole of the substrate and is disposed in the receiving recess of the heat sink, wherein the light emitting module comprises a first light emitting module comprising a first substrate and a first light source, and a second light emitting module comprising a second substrate and a second light source, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are disposed adjacent to each other.