Abstract: Described are embodiments of methods, apparatuses, and systems for link power management in an I/O interconnect. An apparatus for link power management in an I/O interconnect of a computer apparatus may include a switching fabric having a first switch and a second switch, configured to simultaneously transport first data packets over a first path of a link between a port of the first switch and a port of the second switch and second data packets over a second path of the link. The apparatus may include a power management unit configured to modify a power state of the port of the first switch based at least in part on relative power states of the first path and the second path. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: Methods and systems for implementing multi-tiered processing in a distributed strict queue are disclosed. Original messages are dequeued from a first set of queues using a first layer of queue clients, each of which transforms a subset of the original messages into a transformed message and enqueues the transformed message into a second set of queues. The transformed messages are dequeued from the second set of queues using a second layer of queue clients, each of which summarizes a subset of the transformed messages into a summarized message and enqueues the summarized message into a third set of queues. The summarized messages are dequeued from the third set of queues using a third layer of queue clients, each of which aggregates a subset of the transformed messages into an aggregated message. A final result is generated based on the aggregated messages.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with one or more embodiments, mobile station or user equipment receives pilot signals from two or more infrastructure nodes in a distributed antenna system, and calculates phase or timing information, or combinations thereof, from the pilot signals. The mobile station feeds back the phase or timing information, or combinations thereof, to the infrastructure nodes, and then receives one or more subsequent transmissions from the infrastructure nodes with phase shift or timing adjustments, or combinations thereof, calculated by the infrastructure nodes and applied to the spatial streams transmitted by the infrastructure nodes.

Abstract: A new approach is proposed that contemplates systems and methods to support automatic timing adjustment of a plurality of paths carrying metadata of incoming data packets in a network switch to meet their respective timing constraints. First, the paths for transmitting different pieces of metadata of incoming packets are identified in the network switch. Once the metadata paths are identified, the proposed approach identifies the timing constraints that the metadata paths need to satisfy in order for the network switch to function properly. The proposed approach then calculates the current delays of the metadata paths and determines optimal timing values of each of the metadata paths in order to meet the timing constraints. The optimal timing values of the metadata paths are then compared to the current delays of the metadata paths to identify the paths which current delay values need to be adjusted.

Abstract: The invention includes, among other things, a system for passing TDM traffic through a packet switch. In one embodiment, the system includes a packet switch that has a plurality of data ports and is capable of routing FSDU packets between the plurality of data ports. A TDM encapsulation circuit process a TDM data flow that is incoming to the switch. A circuit demultiplexer processes the incoming data flow to buffer data associated with different TDM circuits into different buffer locations. A timer monitors the amount of time available to fill the FSDU, and when the time period reaches the frame boundary, an FSDU generator generates an FSDU that is filled with data associated with the TDM circuits. Header information is added for allowing the packet switch to route the generated FSDU to a port associated with the respective TDM circuit.

Abstract: A method and system provides for path maximum transmission unit (PMTU) discovery (PMTUD) for a multicast distribution implemented in a network using bit indexed explicit replication (BIER) architecture. The network has a set of bit forwarding routers (BFRs) that form a BIER domain including at least one ingress BFR (BFIR) and a set of egress BFRs (BFERs). The method improves efficiency of the PMTUD by limiting probe packet traffic. The method includes selecting a BFER from the set of BFERs in the BIER domain to be processed, generating a probe packet to the selected BFER using a current MTU, sending the probe packet to the selected BFER, and updating the current MTU and adding BFERs identified by a response to the probe packet to the set of BFERs in the BIER domain to be processed.

Abstract: Providing unique VLAN names in a system containing a plurality of networks includes obtaining, for at least one of the networks, a unique identifier associated with each of the networks, obtaining a VLAN ID for at least one of the VLANs in the at least one of the networks, and forming a unique VLAN name by concatenating the unique identifier to the VLAN ID. The unique identifier may be associated with each of the networks is a root bridge ID for a root bridge associated with each of the networks. In response to a root bridge becoming non-operational, a new root bridge may be determined and the unique VLAN name may be changed to remove the old root bridge ID and to include the new root bridge ID. In response to a change in topology, a new root bridge may be determined.

Abstract: A method to establish a generic remote connection to a command line interface (CLI) application is provided. A server is implemented. The server is configured with a data input channel, a data output channel, and an error output channel, each connected to the CLI application. A first socket is configured for routing data streams through the data input channel and data output channel of the server. At least one client is implemented. The at least one client is configured with the data input channel, data output channel, and the error output channel.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a system that facilitates cut-through forwarding of message fragments over a network. During operation, the system receives a packet that corresponds to a fragment of a message and contains a fragment header. The system stores in a data structure a mapping relationship between the fragment header and a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI), wherein the HSVLI comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. The system makes a forwarding decision for the packet based on the fragment header prior to receiving all fragment packets associated with the message, thereby facilitating cut-through forwarding of the message fragments over a network.

Abstract: A relay communications system is described in which a base station is able to dynamically vary or semi-statically vary the number of resource blocks used to carry relay control data within a transmitted sub-frame. Default resource blocks are used to include a first part of the control data and if additional control data is provided, then the first part of the control data identifies that there is additional control data and provides information to allow the additional data to be located within the sub-frame.

Abstract: In one embodiment, information relating to network metrics in a computer network is collected. A packet delay for a packet to be transmitted along a particular communication path is predicted based on the network metrics. Then, an optimal packet size for optimizing a transmission experience of the packet to be transmitted along the particular communication path is calculated based on the predicted packet delay. Also, a size of the packet to be transmitted along the particular communication path is dynamically adjusted based on the calculated optimal packet size.

Abstract: In this invention, we disclose methods directed toward integrating an ad hoc cellular network into a fixed cellular network. The methods disclosed herein automate the creation and integration of these networks. In additional embodiments, we disclose methods for establishing a stand-alone, ad hoc cellular network. In either of these implementations, we integrate or establish an ad hoc cellular network using mobile ad hoc cellular base stations configured to transmit and receive over a variety of frequencies, protocols, and duplexing schemes. The methods flexibly and dynamically choose an access or backhaul configuration and radio characteristics to optimize network performance. Additional embodiments provide for enhancing an existing network's coverage as needed, establishing a local network in the event of a loss of backhaul coverage to the core network, and providing local wireless access service within the ad hoc cellular network.

Abstract: One implementation may include generating at a DSL transmitter time-marker information for a data unit, storing the time-marker information at the DSL transmitter, transmitting the data unit from the DSL transmitter to a DSL receiver, transmitting a request for retransmission from the DSL receiver to the DSL transmitter, and based on the request, retransmitting the data unit including the time-marker information from the DSL transmitter to the DSL receiver.

Abstract: A network may be configured to route traffic in such a way as to avoid packet loss in an event of link failure. The network may include a plurality of inner switches and a plurality of outer switches coupled to the plurality of inner switches. Each inner switch may be configured to receive traffic, determine whether a link to a next hop for the traffic is down, and forward the traffic to another outer switch if the link to the next hop is down. Each outer switch may be configured to bounce traffic received from the first inner switch to a second inner switch if the traffic is received as a result of determining that the link from the inner switch to the next hop is down. The second inner switch may then deliver the traffic, or further bounce the traffic off another outer switch.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a destination edge device configured to receive a first validation packet according to a switch fabric validation protocol. The destination edge device is configured to validate multiple data paths through a distributed switch fabric from a source edge device to the destination edge device based on the first validation packet. The destination edge device is configured to send, in response to receiving the first validation packet, a second validation packet to a peripheral processing device. The destination edge device is also configured to send the second validation packet according to a validation protocol different from the first validation protocol.

Abstract: A credit-based method for controlling data communications in a computer system between a sender and a receiver coupled by an ordered communication link is described herein. A request for a credit check is transmitted from the sender to the receiver via the ordered communication link. An initial number of credits are allocated to the sender in a credit counter. A snapshot counter is set to a value of the credit counter and us updated as returned credits are received. A number of reported credits are determined based on a credit check response message received from the receiver. The returned credits are ordered relative to the credit check response message. The number of credits is checked for consistency based on a number of the snapshot counter and the number of reported credits.

Abstract: A system and method for using energy-efficient Ethernet to control energy efficiency in lower layers. In one example, an energy-efficiency control policy in a first Ethernet device can be configured to determine a need for transitioning of at least a part of the first Ethernet device into an energy saving state. Based on such a determination, an energy-efficiency control signal can be transmitted from the first Ethernet device to a first non-Ethernet device. The receipt of the energy-efficiency control signal by the first non-Ethernet device is used to initiate a transition by the first non-Ethernet device into an energy saving state, which in turn may initiate a transition by downstream non-Ethernet devices into an energy saving state. This process creates a single unified energy-efficiency policy domain.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for high-speed processing of structured application messages in a network device. According to one aspect, a network device receives a structured application layer message and identifies, in message classification requirements at the network device, a reference to a classification portion of the structured application layer message and an operation portion of the structured application layer message. The system extracts, based on one or more expressions, a portion of the message for classifying the structured application layer message and classifies the message using the extracted portion and according to the message classification requirements. At least in part by accessing information indicated by one or more location identifiers, at least one operation is performed on the classified structured application layer message.

Abstract: There is provided a method for clock reference insertion during packetization of an encoded data stream, wherein said packetization is performed before buffering of the data stream. The method comprises storing the value of each bit rate applied during encoding, and the duration of time for which each bit rate is applied. A clock reference time interval is converted into a clock reference data interval using the value of each bit rate applied and the duration of time for which each bit rate is applied. The clock reference data interval is used to determine where to insert a clock reference into the data stream during packetization.

Abstract: Embodiments generally provide techniques for load balancing data transmitted between line cards across a network fabric. Embodiments receive, at a first line card within a modular Ethernet switch, data to be transmitted to a second line card within the modular Ethernet switch. A mask table is accessed using a value corresponding to the second line card as an index in order to retrieve a mask value. Embodiments select one of a plurality of links for the first line card for use in transmitting the data, based on a load balancing algorithm and the retrieved mask value. The data is then transmitted to the second line card using the selected link.

Abstract: The invention is directed to techniques for supporting multi-link protocols within a computer network. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a set of data blocks from a plurality of links in one or more interface cards according to a multi-link protocol and sending the data blocks to a multi-link service card for sequencing. The data blocks may then be sent to the one or more interface cards for communication to a destination device over a computer network. Implementing a multi-link service card may allow a network device, such as a router, to support multi-link protocols.

Abstract: A system and method for obtaining node information from a variety of potential sources and storing the information in a logical repository, and a system and method for identifying and categorizing Intermediate Nodes using a combination of requesting and responding node information.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention a system and method for encrypting traffic on a network is disclosed. Encrypted data is transmitted between a first network element and a second network element by: acquiring an encryption seed at the first network element, the encryption seed being substantially similar to a decryption seed at the second network element; generating at least one encryption key from the encryption seed; receiving data; encrypting the data using the encryption key to generate encrypted data; transmitting the encrypted data from the first network element to the second network element via a network; and updating the encryption seed at the first network element in response to an event trigger.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer-readable media are provided for allowing a mobile device to maintain communication connectivity during a handoff between wireless access points. In one aspect, the method may include negotiating security association information and establishing a first communication tunnel by tunneling an inner IP address within a first outer IP address. The method may further include authenticating a request for establishing a second communication tunnel by identifying the negotiated security association information within the request. Additionally, the method may include establishing the second communication tunnel by tunneling the inner IP address within a second outer IP address. Moreover, the method may include pushing data associated with the communication session through the second communication tunnel.

Abstract: A source Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network element, a destination MPLS network element, and a MPLS method are disclosed which introduce the concept of a source label into the MPLS label stack for source identification preservation. The source label can located at the bottom of the label stack thereby being a last item popped in the MPLS stack at the destination node, or indicated subsequent to an explicit reserved label identifier. The source label is used for maintaining Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) data efficiently without requiring deep packet inspection.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for processing a queue associated with a request. An example system includes an input/output (I/O) interface that receives a request associated with a channel. The example system also includes an association module that determines whether a condition is satisfied. When the condition is determined to not be satisfied, the association module, after a hardware device completes processing the request, decrements an in-flight counter that represents a first amount of data in the channel. When the condition is determined to be satisfied, the association module, before the hardware device completes processing the request, decrements the in-flight counter.

Abstract: High-speed processing of packets to, and from, a virtualization environment can be provided while utilizing segmentation offload and other such functionality of commodity hardware. Virtualization information can be added to extension portions of protocol headers, for example, such that the payload portion is unchanged and, when physical address information is added to a frame, a frame can be processed using commodity hardware. In some embodiments, the virtualization information can be hashed and added to the payload or stream at, or relative to, various segmentation boundaries, such that the virtualization or additional header information will only be added to a subset of the packets once segmented, thereby reducing the necessary overhead. Further, the hashing of the information can allow for reconstruction of the virtualization information upon desegmentation even in the event of packet loss.

Abstract: Systems and methods for interoperating between networks. A first network may be configured to operate according to a first real time network protocol and each of one or more second networks may be configured to operate according to respective second real time traffic protocols. A mapping may specify data routing between a plurality of ports and the routing may maintain real time behavior between the first network and the one or more second networks. Additionally, routing information may be inserted in packets routed from the one or more second networks to the first network and removed from packets routed from the first network to the one or more second networks. The packets may be routed, based on the mapping, to distinct queues for the first network and the one or more second networks for processing by an application executing on at least one device.

Abstract: A technique for allowing customers to control a video network. A network controller receives a request from an end user for a video connection between a first port and a second port. The request may specify at least a start time, an end time, the first port and the second port. A plurality of available routes between the first port and the second port may be analyzed to determine at least one selected route that will be used to connect the first port and the second port. A first command may be sent to automatically connect the first port and the second port via the at least one selected route at the start time. While in progress, the video connection may be modified according to system availability. Customers may have a view of all requests that have been made, completed or reserved for in the future.

Abstract: Providing control information is disclosed. A real-time streaming communication channel is established with a communication party using a real-time streaming protocol. It is determined that control information is to be provided to the communication party. The control information is encapsulated using the real-time streaming protocol. The encapsulated control information is marked as including control information content. Streaming content is provided to the communication party via the real-time streaming communication channel using the real-time streaming protocol. The marked encapsulated control information is provided via the real-time streaming communication channel.

Abstract: A method includes discovering a network device that has connected to a data link layer of a network based on a discovery packet broadcast by the network device via the data link layer. The method further includes configuring the network device based on a response packet transmitted to the network device via the data link layer in response to discovering the network device.

Abstract: A network element in an Ethernet OAM network is operable to detect congestion associated with an OAM domain and generate a congestion notification to MEPs in the OAM domain using a modified Ethernet OAM protocol. When a network element detects congestion in one or more queues associated with an MEP in an OAM domain, it triggers a congestion state. The MEP transmits a congestion notification to other MEPs in the OAM domain. The notifying MEP, as well as other MEPs receiving the congestion notification, initiate a network management protocol message to a network management system for the OAM domain. The MEPs in the OAM domain may also propagate the congestion notification to MEPs in higher maintenance level OAM domains.

Abstract: A mobile station apparatus efficiently codes and transmits ACK/NACKs for a plurality of PDSCHs. The mobile station transmits a plurality of ACK/NACKs for transport blocks transmitted by a base station apparatus in a plurality of component carriers to the base station. First and second ACK/NACKs are individually coded, repetition processing is performed on coded bits of the first ACK/NACKs until the number of coded bits of the first ACK/NACKs reaches a first value, the repetition processing is performed on the coded bits of the second ACK/NACKs until the number of coded bits reaches a second value, the coded bits of the first ACK/NACKs and the coded bits of the second ACK/NACKs are concatenated, and the first ACK/NACKs and the second ACK/NACKs are transmitted to the base station apparatus using one physical uplink channel.

Abstract: A method includes generating, at a second wireless device, a signal (SIG) unit to be transmitted to a first wireless device. The SIG unit includes a length field and an aggregation field. In response to determining to use aggregated transmission to the first wireless device, the method further includes setting the aggregation field to a first value and setting the length field to a number of symbols. In response to determining not to use the aggregated transmission to the first wireless device, the method further includes setting the aggregation field to a second value and setting the length field to a number of bytes.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for generating a label forwarding table for a non-destination router on a ring topology. Embodiments of the present invention further provide an apparatus for generating a label forwarding table for a non-destination router on a ring topology and a method and system for generating two label switching paths LSPs of different ring directions on a ring topology. Technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention are based on a clockwise label forwarding table and a counterclockwise label forwarding table that are generated for each non-destination router on the ring topology. When it is found that traffic cannot be forwarded to a destination router by using one of the two label forwarding tables, the non-destination router performs traffic switching and uses the other label forwarding table to forward the traffic.

Abstract: In a multicast networking device having a plurality of output ports, a hierarchical packet scheduling tree is generated for a first port. The hierarchical packet scheduling tree is generated from a transmission queue for the first port. A sequential search of the hierarchical scheduling tree is performed to determine a packet pointer to a first packet in the transmission queue of the first port. Based on the packet pointer, packet data for the first packet is obtained and the first packet comprising the packet data is transmitted to a destination device via the first port.

Abstract: A network performance measurement relies on the transmission of a verifiable, single-use, highly-entropic file across the network. Upon receiving a network performance measurement query from a user equipment (UE) device communicating through a mobile communication network, a test utility (TU) server generates a test file having high entropy such that it does not reduce substantially in size when compressed using standard compression algorithms. The test file is assigned a filename including a variable component, and the file is transmitted to the UE device. Information relating to the transmission of the test file is logged, and a network performance measurement value for the transport of the high-entropy test file to the UE device is computed based on the logged information. In one example, hash-value computations are used to verify that the test file received in the UE device is complete and accurate.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed in which a link state advertisement message (LSA) conforming to a Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) routing protocol is generated and transmitted. The LSA is associated with a TE Link between a transmit node and a receive node in a network. The transmit node supplies a plurality of optical signals, each of which has a plurality of frequencies, the frequencies being allocated among a plurality of spectral portions such that the plurality of spectral portions are grouped into a plurality of frequency slots. The LSA may include information indicative of a number of spectral portions, e.g., spectral slices, which correspond to frequencies of selected ones of the plurality of optical signals, said selected ones of the plurality of optical signals being available to carry data from the transmit node to the receive node.

Abstract: A method, device, and computer-readable medium for enabling a mobile end user device to access one or more Internet data services via a mobile communications network, obtain one or more usage value updates, each usage value update reflecting a used amount of the one or more Internet data services by a first application on the mobile end user device, establish that a notification condition associated with the first application has been met or a user has requested a notification of data usage by the first application, and, in response to the establishing, presenting, through a user interface of the mobile end user device, a notification message comprising an estimate of an amount of the one or more Internet data services used by or still available to the first application, the estimate being based on at least one of the one or more usage value updates.

Abstract: A vehicle network node module includes device buffers, a network buffer, a switch circuit, and a processing module. The device buffers temporarily store outgoing device packets from, and temporarily store incoming device packets for, vehicle devices in accordance with a locally managed prioritization scheme. The network buffer receives incoming network packets from, and outputs the outgoing network packets to, a vehicle network fabric in accordance with a global vehicle network protocol. The network buffer also temporarily stores the incoming network packets and the outgoing network packets in accordance with the locally managed prioritization scheme. The switching circuit selectively couples the network buffer to individual ones of the device buffers in accordance with the locally managed prioritization scheme.

Abstract: A wireless communication system includes an RNC and a BTS which communicates with the RNC. A congestion-notification transmitting unit of the BTS notifies the RNC of occurrence of congestion in a sector in which a mobile station is located. The RNC includes a congestion-notification receiving unit, a retransmission-ratio monitoring unit, and a transmission-rate control unit. The congestion-notification receiving unit detects the congestion occurrence by the notification from the BTS. The retransmission-ratio monitoring unit monitors a ratio of retransmission of a packet to the mobile station. The transmission-rate control unit performs control of changing a transmission rate of a packet to the mobile station according to the retransmission ratio when the congestion occurrence has been detected by the congestion-notification receiving unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring connectivity in a network at a bearer path layer are disclosed. For example, the method receives a request to monitor a user endpoint, identifies an internet protocol address of the user endpoint, an internet protocol address of each transport network element between the user endpoint and a bearer trace server, a bearer path identification of each bearer used by the user endpoint, a quality of service associated with each bearer used by the user endpoint, and a tunnel identification of each bearer used by the user endpoint; and performs a fault isolation and performance monitoring at a bearer path layer, wherein the fault isolation identifies a particular segment where a fault is detected at the bearer path layer.

Abstract: A technique dynamically configures and verifies routing information of broadcast networks using link state protocols in a computer network. According to the novel technique, a router within the broadcast network receives a link state protocol routing information advertisement from an advertising router, e.g., a designated router or other adjacent neighbor. The router learns of a next-hop router (“next-hop”) to reach a particular destination from the advertisement, and determines whether the next-hop is located within the same broadcast network (e.g., subnet) as the designated router. If so, the router further determines whether the next-hop is directly addressable (i.e., reachable), such as, e.g., by checking for link adjacencies to the next-hop or by sending request/reply messages (e.g., echo messages or “ping” messages) to the next-hop. In the event the next-hop for the destination is not directly addressable by the router (e.g.

Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure includes an apparatus comprising a processor configured to receive node protection backup route data at an upstream node and determine at least one backup route to at least one merge point node of a protected link or node according to the node protection data. In another aspect, the disclosure includes an apparatus comprising a processor configured to: receive at an upstream component information from a downstream component, wherein the received information comprises one or more of the following data elements related to one or more merge point nodes of a protected node: a number of leaf nodes, a plurality of merge point node addresses, a plurality of merge point node label reserve times and a plurality of merge point node forwarding labels, and establish a backup tunnel at the upstream component using at least one of the data elements received from the downstream component.

Abstract: In connection with a mobile wireless subnetwork having multiple radio network controllers and multiple radio nodes, a session established for an access terminal is associated with a serving radio network controller. The association is maintained as the access terminal moves from the coverage area of one radio node to the coverage area of another radio node within the same subnetwork. Access channel packets are routed from an access terminal having an existing session to the serving radio network controller by determining the IP address of the serving radio network controller using a session identifier.

Abstract: A device that includes a plurality of transceivers configurable to simultaneously operate with a combination of bonded and unbonded transceivers. A first transceiver of the plurality of transceivers is operable at a first data rate, and a second transceiver of the plurality of transceivers is simultaneously operable at a second data rate that is different than the first data rate. The first and second transceivers are operable as bonded transceivers and wherein a third transceiver, of the plurality of transceivers, is simultaneously operable at a third data rate and the third transceiver is not bonded with any other transceiver.

Abstract: One or more network devices send to a user device a user interface with options for configuring a network to provide transaction services between transaction devices and host processing devices. The user interface is accessible to the user device via a private network connection. The one or more network devices receive from the user device configuration settings for a particular host processing device. The one or more network devices store the configuration settings in a database of transaction services data for multiple host processing devices, to be accessed by another device within the network for configuring the network for the particular host processing device.

Abstract: A network switch, in response to receipt from a source station of a Layer 2 reservation request, establishes a reservation for capacity of an ingress queue of the network switch for a data flow of the source station. In response to a queue overrun condition on the ingress queue of the network switch while the reservation is active, the network switch preserves data frames in the data flow of the source station transmitted pursuant to the reservation and discards other data frames.

Abstract: A computing network, including: a plurality of peer computing devices including code, which when executed by a peer computing device causes the executing peer computing device to cooperate with at least one other of the peer computing devices; at least one server including code, which when executed by the at least one server locates at least one of the peer computing devices; and at least one mediator including code, which when executed by the at least on mediator collects charging information from at least some of the peer computing devices; wherein, the peer computing devices, at least one sever and at least one mediator are communicatively coupled via an at least carrier-grade telecommunications network being suitable for enhancing cooperation among the cooperating ones of the peer computing devices relative to best-efforts communications among the cooperating ones of the peer computing devices.

Abstract: A multi mode wireless device can communicate with cellular and non-cellular networks. The device has first and second processors in communication with each other. In one arrangement, the first processor provides control processing for physical layer 1 processing for both the cellular and the non-cellular radio communications in parallel, and the second processor provides processing for data link layer 2 for both the cellular and the non-cellular radio communications in parallel, and the device can communicate with the cellular and non-cellular networks simultaneously. In another arrangement, the first processor provides control processing for physical layer 1 processing for both the cellular and the non-cellular radio communications in parallel, and the second processor provides processing for data link layer 2 and all layers above layer 2 in the device for both the cellular and the non-cellular radio communications in parallel.