Abstract: In one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable media, a system, and methods are provided to: identify a policy, based on a first algorithm and a second algorithm, for use in constraining data routing from a first node to a third node; include a first sequence of identifiers and a second sequence of identifiers in a third sequence of identifiers that reflects the policy such that data routing is constrained from the first node to the third node via a plurality of network paths that each include at least one node in a label switching network or an Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network; and provide path information that identifies the third sequence of identifiers, for constraining data routing, according to the policy, to the third node via a second node.

Abstract: A data migration management apparatus includes a data migration module, a decompression module, and a consolidation module. The data migration module determines a plurality of compressed extents on a source controller are subject to a data migration process to a target controller. The decompression module receives an input/output request at a storage virtualization controller, from a host application, after the data migration process has begun. A response to the input/output request includes decompressing one of the plurality of compressed extents on the source controller not yet migrated. The consolidation module executes the response to the input/output request and writes to the target controller from a single decompressed extent.

Abstract: A method includes, for components of an application, identifying a plurality of groups including a first group and a second group, The method also includes nesting the first group into the second group to create a nested group, based at least on a level of the first group not exceeding a level of the second group. The method includes deploying the application by placing the components of the nested group within a network in accordance with a restriction of the nested group. The components include at least one virtual machine.

Abstract: A method, a computing device, and a non-transitory machine-readable medium for performing a multipath selection based on a determined quality of service for the paths. An example method includes a host computing device periodically polling a storage system for path information including an indication of a recommended storage controller. The host computing device periodically determines a quality of service information corresponding to a plurality of paths between the host computing device and a storage volume of the storage system, where at least one of the plurality of paths including the recommended storage controller. The host computing device identifies a fault corresponding to a path of the plurality of paths that routes I/O from the host computing device to the storage volume. The host computing device re-routes the I/O from the path to a different path of the plurality of paths, where the different path is selected for the re-routing based on the quality of service information and the path information.

Abstract: A root node of a decision tree data structure may cover all values of a search space used for packet classification. The search space may include a plurality of rules, the plurality of rules having at least one field. The decision tree data structure may include a plurality of nodes, the plurality of nodes including a subset of the plurality of rules. Scope in the decision tree data structure may be based on comparing a portion of the search space covered by a node to a portion of the search space covered by the node's rules. Scope in the decision tree data structure may be used to identify whether or not a compilation operation may be unproductive. By identifying an unproductive compilation operation it may be avoided, thereby improving compiler efficiency as the unproductive compilation operation may be time-consuming.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a broadcast services platform includes a memory that stores operational instructions. A processor executes the operational instructions to: receive user data, the user data including a list of users and performance metric data corresponding to individual ones of the users; sort the list of the users in order of the performance metric data to generate a sorted list of the users; partition the sorted list of the users to generate a plurality of user groups; and generate network resource allocation data that allocates network resources to provide broadcast services to the users. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Techniques that provide for the preservation of policy and charging for a subscriber following a user-plane element failover are described herein. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, by a user-plane element, at least one data packet of a packet flow associated with a subscriber, wherein the at least one data packet is are received after the user-plane element has recovered from a failure; determining, by the user-plane element, whether restoration information associated with the packet flow is stored at the user-plane element; and applying one or more policies to the packet flow based on a determination that the restoration information associated with the packet flow is stored at the user-plane element, wherein the restoration information comprises a rule associated with the packet flow.

Abstract: A media content distribution service identifies a type of media device sending a request to the service over a network and to dynamically adapt content requested by the media device based on the identification. A request sent by a media device may, for example, identify a media content item a user desires to view at the media device, specify a search query for media content items, or otherwise request interaction with the service. According an embodiment, a media content distribution service may use information known about an identified media device type to dynamically adapt media content or other requested resources for display by the media device. By dynamically adapting media content and other resources based on an identified media device type, the media content distribution service may provide access to the services that is compatible with a wide range of media devices having varying device specifications and capabilities.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described to provide a mechanism to improve replication performance by understanding available bandwidths of multiple source servers and load balancing the replication among the source servers based on fingerprints of data units to be replicated. A separate source server can be identified for one source server to replicate the data units to a target server. A replication request is sent from the one source server to the separate source server to identify the data units. A reply may be received from the separate source server to indicate that one or more of the data units are replicated from the separate source server. Subsequently, the remaining ones of the data units not indicated in the reply may be sent directly from the one source server to the target server without sending the one or more data units indicated in the reply.

Abstract: An information transmission method and an information transmission device are provided, so as to determine redundancy versions corresponding to a plurality of consecutive subframes as an identical redundancy version, thereby to enable identical information to be transmitted within the plurality of consecutive subframes after a rate matching and enable an opposite end to perform coherent combination on the information transmitted within the plurality of consecutive subframes.

Abstract: Systems and methods to establish and execute market-driven variable price offerings among the lenders and borrowers in a bandwidth-sharing ad hoc network for shared bandwidth usage. The method comprises establishing and executing market-driven variable price offerings among lenders and borrowers. A bandwidth-sharing ad hoc network for shared bandwidth usage is formed based on the established and executed market-driven variable price offering.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for variably selecting and managing a quality of service framework within a network. A network data store may be accessed to obtain information indicating current network conditions, network policies, and/or device scripts. This information may be used to determine whether and when to allocate network resources, such as bandwidth, for particular services within the network to implement quality of service based on current network/link conditions.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an apparatus, a non-transitory computer-readable media, and a method are provided to: receive a first packet that is specified according to a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network protocol and that includes: first data, and a first header with a region scoped node identifier that is in an identifier space having a scope that spans the region of the network and identifies a particular node in the region of the network; and in response to the selection of the region scoped node identifier in connection with the first data, transmit, based on the region scoped node identifier, the first data from a current node to the particular node in the region via a first path segment selected, utilizing a routing table of the current node, from a plurality of path segments that include at least one multi-hop path segment and that are capable of communicatively coupling the current node and the particular node as part of a network path segment that includes the current node and the receiving no

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for allocating resources in a communication system using an asset delivery characteristics (ADC) message so as to improve efficiency in network resource usage. A method for allocating network resources in a transmission unit of a communication system according to the present invention comprises the steps of: generating an ADC message that includes a parameter value representing a transmission characteristic of a single asset; and transmitting the generated ADC message, wherein the generated ADC message is updated periodically or aperiodically with respect to the asset.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an apparatus, a non-transitory computer-readable media, and a computer-implemented method are provided, where at least one of which involves: a current node configured to be positioned in a network path along which data is capable of being transmitted from a transmitting node to a receiving node in a network, the current node configured to: receive, from a previous node in the network path along which the data is capable of being transmitted from the transmitting node to the receiving node in the network, network path information that is in a header of a packet that is specified according to at least one aspect of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network protocol, the network path information in the header of the packet being for use by the current node in transmitting the data along the network path from the transmitting node to the receiving node in the network, where the network path information in the header of the packet is received based on an identifier in an identifier sp

Abstract: A method and system for bandwidth sharing to enable communication between users. A second key is received from a first user after the first user received the second key from a second user. A directive to transfer W upload bandwidth from the first user to the second user for a time duration is received. A first and second key was previously provided to the first and second user, configured to identify the first and second user, in conjunction with the first user and second user having an upload bandwidth of U1 and U2 for transmitting data, respectively. Responsive to the second key being received from the first user, the first and second user's upload bandwidth is changed to U2?W and U1+W, respectively. The specified data is transferred from the second user to the first user with a permitted upload bandwidth between U2 and U2+W.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communications in a passive optical network (PON) system are provided. An optical line terminal (OLT) generates a PON downstream Physical Layer (PHY) frame comprising a downstream physical synchronization block (PSBd) that comprises a wavelength identification (ID) of at least one downstream wavelength of the plurality of downstream wavelengths. The OLT sends the PON PHY frame comprising the wavelength ID in the PSBd to ONU for confirming the at least one downstream wavelength.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for implementing zero-configuration networking over a wide area network. Disclosed are systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for implementing zero-configuration networking over a wire area network by utilizing agents, application programming interfaces (API), and a controller. The controller can implement polices for communication between the agents and APIs, enabling zero-configuration network.

Abstract: Discussed herein are methods, devices, and systems for providing a priority-based schedule. A method or providing a priority-based schedule can include receiving, at priority processing circuitry, for each of a plurality of nodes to be scheduled, a plurality of priority type values and a corresponding weighting factor value for each priority type value of the plurality type values, determining, at the priority processing circuitry, for each of the plurality of nodes to be scheduled, a priority total based on the received plurality of priority type values and the corresponding weighting factor values, and scheduling, using scheduler circuitry communicatively coupled to the priority processing circuitry, the plurality of nodes, such that a node of the plurality of nodes with a corresponding higher priority is allocated access to the medium before another node of the plurality of nodes with a corresponding relatively lower priority.

Abstract: Technologies for performing an automated application exchange negotiation in an operator network include an endpoint device, a mobile edge computing device, a core computing device, an application provider computing device, and a network operator computing device. The mobile edge computing device is configured to receive a request to access an application and/or service stored at the mobile edge computing device and/or the application provider computing device. The mobile edge computing device is further configured to initiate the automated application exchange negotiation between the application provider computing device and the network operator computing device to determine one or more terms of the negotiation, including one or more terms of a service level agreement (SLA). Other embodiments are described herein.

Abstract: A method for operating a source node includes receiving a data path validation request command requesting validation of a path associated with a traffic flow identified in the data path validation request command, and determining a first hop sequence in accordance with the path being validated, wherein the first hop sequence is identical to a second hop sequence associated with a non-validation request packet associated with the path being validated. The method also includes generating, by the source node, a validation request packet in accordance with the data path validation request command, the validation request packet comprises route information associated with the first hop sequence, an alert flag set to a specified value, and a path validation header specifying processing performed by nodes receiving the validation request packet, and transmitting, by the source node, the validation request packet in accordance with the route information.

Abstract: A method in which the propagation times of a target network are simulated in an actual network, wherein the topology of the target network includes a number of senders and a number of receivers, and wherein the topology of the actual network includes one or more of the senders and receivers. A path between a first sender and a first receiver in the topology of the actual network differs from the path between the first sender and the first receiver in the topology of the target network, wherein in the actual network at least one first message of the first sender is received through a first network interface by a gateway having at least two network interfaces, is delayed by a delay, and is sent through a second network interface on a path to the first receiver.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communications in a passive optical network (PON) system are provided. An optical line terminal (OLT) generates a PON downstream Physical Layer (PHY) frame comprising a downstream physical synchronization block (PSBd) that comprises a wavelength identification (ID) of at least one downstream wavelength of the plurality of downstream wavelengths. The OLT sends the PON PHY frame comprising the wavelength ID in the PSBd to ONU for confirming the at least one downstream wavelength.

Abstract: Techniques described herein may allow for the granting and revoking of temporary access, for User Equipment (“UE”) devices, to a wireless network. Multiple UEs may be registered with a group, where only a limited quantity of UEs in the group may be active at a given time. Once granted access, a UE device may have limits on the access, such as a maximum duration and/or a data limit. When a particular UE device, in a group, requests access to the network, a Group Device Authentication Server (“GDAS”) may determine whether to grant the access, based on how many other UEs in the group (if any) currently have access. The GDAS may also revoke the access once granted (e.g., once the maximum duration has been reached).

Abstract: A method for compressing is provided. The method includes compressing, via a processor, a portion of a first data packet to generate a second data packet having a compressed portion. The method includes transmitting the second data packet having the compressed portion via an interface to a co-processor. The processor and the co-processor are communicatively coupled via the interface. The method also includes unpacking, via the co-processor, the compressed portion of the second data packet to restore the first data packet.

Abstract: A data congestion control can operate in a hierarchical sensor network. A first data rate of data received from a set of devices is determined to compare unfavorably to a congestion threshold. A most favorable negotiation score of a set of negotiation scores corresponding to the set of devices is determined. A proposed reduced transmission rate that is less than a current transmission rate of the device and that compares favorably a boundary conditions of the device is determined. A transmission rate reduction request is generated for transmission to the one of the set of devices that indicates the proposed reduced transmission rate. An updated data rate of the data received from the set of devices is determined, and a difference between the updated data rate and the first aggregated data rate corresponds to a reduction of rate of transmission by the device.

Abstract: Circuitry of a hybrid fiber-coaxial network may comprise a first transceiver configured to connect the circuitry to an optical link, a second transceiver configured to connect the circuitry to an electrical link, a first processing path, a second processing path, and a switching circuit. In a first configuration, the switching circuit may couple the first transceiver to the second transceiver via the first processing path. In a second configuration, the switching circuit may couple the first transceiver to the second transceiver via the second processing path. The first transceiver may comprise a passive optical network (PON) transceiver and the second transceiver may comprise a data over coaxial service interface specification (DOCSIS) physical layer transceiver. The switching circuit may be configured based on the type of headend to which the circuitry is connected.

Abstract: A method for universal scaling of software network functions involves receiving, at a switch of a network, a batch of data units during a first period. The network further includes one or more network function (NF) instances of an NF service, and a scaling controller. The switch transmits one or more units of data during the first period to an NF instance of the NF service. An estimated maximum safe data unit rate is determined for the NF instance, and a representative safe data unit rate is determined for the NF service. A total number of data units designated to be received by the NF service during the first period is determined, and a total number of NF instances of the NF service to be provisioned in the network is determined at the scaling controller using the estimated total number of data units and the representative safe data unit rate.

Abstract: In one example, a gateway device includes one or more processors configured to determine that a subscriber device has started a first application, determine that the subscriber device has ended a second application, and send a message, in accordance with Diameter protocol, to a policy server device indicating both that the subscriber device has started the first application and that the subscriber device has ended the second application. In another example, a gateway device includes one or more processors configured to send at most one message, in accordance with Diameter protocol, to a policy server device indicating that a subscriber device has started an application, and at most one message, in accordance with the Diameter protocol, indicating that the subscriber device has stopped the application.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide novel inline switches that distribute data messages from source compute nodes (SCNs) to different groups of destination service compute nodes (DSCNs). In some embodiments, the inline switches are deployed in the source compute nodes datapaths (e.g., egress datapath). The inline switches in some embodiments are service switches that (1) receive data messages from the SCNs, (2) identify service nodes in a service-node cluster for processing the data messages based on service policies that the switches implement, and (3) use tunnels to send the received data messages to their identified service nodes. Alternatively, or conjunctively, the inline service switches of some embodiments (1) identify service-nodes cluster for processing the data messages based on service policies that the switches implement, and (2) use tunnels to send the received data messages to the identified service-node clusters.

Abstract: One or more techniques are provided to: receive network path information for use in transmitting first data along a network path, and being received based on a node-scope specific identifier in a node-specific identifier space of a first node, where the node-scope specific identifier in the node-specific identifier space of the first node identifies, for the first node, a particular node in the network path; determine a node-scope specific identifier in a node-specific identifier space of a second node that identifies, for the second node, the particular node in the network path; map the node-scope specific identifier in the node-specific identifier space of the first node, to the node-scope specific identifier in the node-specific identifier space of the second node; and transmit the first data from the current node along the network path including the particular node.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for offloading functionality in an integrated circuit are presented. Certain embodiments are described that disclose methods pertaining to implementation of a universal offload engine that can service several functional blocks, each configured to perform a different function. The offload engine can be iteratively implemented with a common interface to functional blocks. Work descriptors can be used between DMA engines and corresponding functional blocks to instruct the DMA engines how to transport data between memory locations and/or to reformat the data.

Abstract: Event-based data transfer scheduling using elastic network optimization criteria is provided. Bandwidth optimization criteria corresponding to different types of data transfer event scenarios are maintained, and based on recognizing a data transfer event scenario, a bandwidth optimization criteria is selected based on a type of the data transfer event scenario. A schedule for transferring data from a source to a target across the elastic network is determined according to the selected bandwidth optimization criteria, and the elastic network is used in transferring the data to the target storage location, where the using includes dynamically configuring elastic network bandwidth allocation from an elastic network service provider and initiating transfer of the data to the target storage location according to the schedule.

Abstract: Techniques for routing communication sessions are described. According to various embodiments, a set of routing paths are available for routing a communication session across a network. For instance, the routing paths represent Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. According to various embodiments, attributes of a communication session are leveraged to identify a routing path for routing the communication session. According to various embodiments, performance degradation in a communication session across a particular routing path is detected such that a replacement routing path is selected.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an uplink inter-cell coordination method. The method include: determining, by a first base station, whether first uplink data sent by user equipment UE and forwarded by a second base station is received before a first moment; if the first base station determines that the first uplink data is not received before the first moment, performing, by the first base station, demodulation and decoding of second uplink data received from the UE, and if an incorrect demodulation and decoding result is obtained, suspending, by the first base station, an HARQ process and determining whether the first uplink data forwarded by the second base station is received between the first moment and a second moment, where the second moment is later than the first moment.

Abstract: One or more packets associated with a wakeup event for a mobile user device is/are delayed, thereby extending the duration of the wakeup event. Because the duration of the wakeup event is extended, the start of the next wakeup event for the mobile user device is delayed by a time interval, and therefore the signaling load on the mobile network is reduced during this time interval compared to the signaling load that would have been on the mobile network if the start of the next wakeup event had not been delayed. If the delayed packet(s) is/are data packet(s), then the disclosure presents a solution which involves data to solve a problem relating to signaling.

Abstract: A method and system for bandwidth sharing to enable communication between users over the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) receives: a second key from a first user after the first user received the second key from a second user; and a directive to transfer W upload bandwidth from the first user to the second user for a time duration. The ISP previously provided a first key and a second key to the first user and second user in conjunction with the first user and second user having an upload bandwidth of U1 and U1 for transmitting data via the Internet, respectively. The first key and second key can identify the first user and second user, respectively. Responsive to receiving the second key from the first user, changing, by the ISP for the time duration: the second user's upload bandwidth to U2+W and the first user's upload bandwidth to U1?W.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a multimedia quality monitoring method, and a device. The method includes: determining reference quality of multimedia according to reference video quality and reference audio quality of the multimedia; acquiring multimedia distortion quality that is after video distortion and/or audio distortion of the multimedia occur/occurs; and determining quality of the multimedia according to the reference quality of the multimedia and the multimedia distortion quality. Therefore, accuracy of a multimedia quality monitoring result is improved.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide bandwidth management on the inroute of a satellite network. Inroute group managers (IGMs) monitor bandwidth usage in each terminal group (TG) under each of the IGMs, and report this bandwidth usage to a bandwidth manager. Upon receipt of the reported bandwidth usage from each of the IGMs, the bandwidth manager compares the bandwidth usage and minimum/maximum throughput rates associated with each TG. The bandwidth manager calculates scaling factors that it transmits to each of the IGMs to allow the IGMs to allocate bandwidth accordingly.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) engages in a packet based call between a local party associated with the UE and a remote party. The UE establishes a control plane session of the call with a node of an Internet Protocol multimedia system (IPMS), and establishes a media session of the call managed by the IPMS. The UE determines a local endpoint for terminating an additional media session at the local party, and sends a first message of the control plane session to the IPMS. The first message indicates the local endpoint and indicates that management of the additional media session by the IPMS is not required. The UE receives a second message of the control plane session from the IPMS that indicates a remote endpoint for terminating the additional media session at the remote party. The UE configures the local endpoint for transfer of media with the indicated remote endpoint.

Abstract: A data forwarding device includes server interfaces virtual network cards, a fusion switch and a network interface. A server interface obtains a data frame sent by a virtual network card driver running on a server corresponding to the server interface and obtains a first fusion descriptor, and sends the first fusion descriptor and the data frame to a virtual network card unit that corresponds to the virtual network card driver. The first fusion descriptor includes a type of the descriptor and a length of the data frame. The virtual network card processes the data frame according to the first fusion descriptor, and sends the data frame to the fusion switch. The fusion switch sends the data frame to a corresponding server via a virtual network card, or sends the data frame to an external network via a network interface.

Abstract: There is provided a method of controlling machine-type communications (MTC) in a wireless communications network (500). The method includes assigning (610) network identification to a first MTC device (20) of a specified access class. The specified access class substantially simultaneously requests network access to the wireless communications network (500) when a trigger event occurs.

Abstract: A dynamic resource management method for remote management of resources of resources devices by a cloud server is provided. The method includes: detecting resource-using-statuses of the resource devices to generate using-load parameters for the resources devices according to the resource-using-statuses of the resources devices by control devices installed on the resources devices; timely collecting, by the cloud server, the using-load parameters for the resources devices outputted by the control devices via a network; and upon receiving a using request corresponding to the resources devices from at least one smart device, performing, by the cloud server, a comparison according to the using-load parameters for the resources devices and the using request and performing resource using distribution on the resources devices to obtain resource-use planning based on the comparison result, thereby controlling the operation of the resource devices and replying to the using request of the smart device.

Abstract: A method and system for dynamic control of shared memory resources within a portable computing device (“PCD”) are disclosed. A limit request of an unacceptable deadline miss (“UDM”) engine of the portable computing device may be determined with a limit request sensor within the UDM element. Next, a memory management unit modifies a shared memory resource arbitration policy in view of the limit request. By modifying the shared memory resource arbitration policy, the memory management unit may smartly allocate resources to service translation requests separately queued based on having emanated from either a flooding engine or a non-flooding engine.

Abstract: According to one aspect, a module 11_1 includes a communication circuit 111 that performs data communication with an externally-provided control device 12 through a communication bus 13, and an interrupt signal generation circuit 113 that, when an interrupt instruction signal I1 output from the communication circuit 111 becomes an active state, generates an interrupt signal and outputs the generated interrupt signal to the communication bus 13, the interrupt signal being defined by using a bus potential undefined in a data communication standard.

Abstract: A device is configured to determine quality of service information and determine a set of service classes, associated with a wireless local area network, based on the quality of service information. The device is configured to determine an association between the set of service classes and a set of service identifiers. The device is configured to receive data traffic and to determine a service class, of the set of service classes, associated with the data traffic based on the association between the set of service classes and the set of service identifiers. The device is configured to schedule delivery of the data traffic based on the service class and to deliver the data traffic via the wireless local area network.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communications in a passive optical network (PON) system are provided. An optical line terminal (OLT) generates a PON downstream Physical Layer (PHY) frame comprising a downstream physical synchronization block (PSBd) that comprises a wavelength identification (ID) of at least one downstream wavelength of the plurality of downstream wavelengths. The OLT sends the PON PHY frame comprising the wavelength ID in the PSBd to ONU for confirming the at least one downstream wavelength.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling video and/or audio streams between a client and server over a communications channel is disclosed that utilizes an application layer streaming communications protocol that includes features of current pull and push style application layer streaming protocols. Using the streaming protocol, client applications on user devices such as web browsers send request messages for streams, where the request messages specify a variable number of data packets of the streams for the server to send. Each of the data packets include one or more frames, or frame data, of the streams. The streaming server then “pushes” the requested number of data packets of the streams, and the client application can adjust the number of data packets for the server to send in subsequent stream request messages to optimize the bandwidth of the communications channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus where network-layer devices use host-provided, detailed, per-packet, semantic information (DPPS information), which describes the content, meaning, importance, and/or other attributes of particular application data and is associated with each packet, to provide enhanced network services. In some embodiments of the above method, network-layer devices use DPPS information that includes QoS-related information to provide fine-grained, content-aware, and/or complex QoS assurances or similar services. In some embodiments, network-layer devices use DPPS information to provide network-based, application-protocol-independent, rate-adaptation services. In some embodiments, network-layer devices use DPPS information to provide highly efficient, application-protocol-independent, publish/subscribe dissemination services.

Abstract: A control apparatus includes: a database which stores control information for controlling a network; an interface unit which is connectable to a plurality of modules, each of which operates the control information based on a predetermined algorithm, and which operates the control information responsive to a database operation command issued by any one of the modules; and a control unit which controls packet processing in the network based on the control information configured by an operation executed by any one of the modules. The interface unit updates the control information responsive to a database operation command corresponding to information input/output or information deletion with respect to the control information.