Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: extracting, from first three-dimensional data, second three-dimensional data having an amount of a feature greater than or equal to a threshold; and encoding the second three-dimensional data to generate first encoded three-dimensional data. For example, the three-dimensional data encoding method may further include encoding the first three-dimensional data to generate the second encoded three-dimensional data.

Abstract: A method, computer program, and computer system is provided for partitioning encoded video data. Data corresponding to a video frame is received, and the video frame data may be divided the video frame data into one or more subunits. These subunits may each have unique address values and be arranged in increasing order based on the unique address values. A left boundary and a top boundary associated with each of the subunits may include one or more of a picture boundary or a boundary of previously decoded subunit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of video coding operate by receiving input data associated with a current data unit in a current picture, wherein the current data unit includes a luma component and a chroma component and the current data unit includes a luma data unit and a chroma data unit. The operation proceeds by splitting the luma data unit and the Chroma data unit using one shared tree until the luma data unit and the chroma data unit reach a stop node, encoding or decoding the stop node as a leaf CU (coding unit) if the stop node is greater than M×N for the luma component, M and N are positive integers, and signalling or parsing a prediction mode for the stop node if the stop node is smaller than or equal to M×N for the luma component.

Abstract: To mitigate some problems of the pixel color mapping being used in HDR video decoding of the type of SLHDR, a high dynamic range video encoding circuit (300) is taught, configured to encode a high dynamic range image (IM_HDR) of a first maximum pixel luminance (PB_C1), together with a second image (Im_LWRDR) of lower dynamic range and corresponding lower second maximum pixel luminance (PB_C2), the second image being functionally encoded as a luma mapping function (400) for decoders to apply to pixel lumas (Y_PQ) of the high dynamic range image to obtain corresponding pixel lumas (PO) of the second image, the encoder comprising a data formatter (304) configured to output to a video communication medium (399) the high dynamic range image and metadata (MET) encoding the luma mapping function (400), the functional encoding of the second image being based also on a color lookup table (CL(Y_PQ)) which encodes a multiplier constant (B) for all possible values of the pixel lumas of the high dynamic range image, an

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an image encoder. The image encoder is configured to encode an original image and reduce compression loss. The image encoder comprises an image signal processor and a compressor. The image signal processor is configured to receive a first frame image and a second frame image and generates a compressed image of the second frame image using a boundary pixel image of the first frame image. The image signal processor may include memory configured to store first reference pixel data which is the first frame image. The compressor is configured to receive the first reference pixel data from the memory and generate a bitstream obtained by encoding the second frame image based on a difference value between the first reference pixel data and the second frame image. The image signal processor generates a compressed image of the second frame image using the bitstream generated by the compressor.

Abstract: Methods, systems and device for hash-based motion estimation in video coding are described. An exemplary method of video processing includes determining, for a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream representation of the video, motion information associated with the current block using a hash-based motion search, a size of the current block being M×N, M and N being positive integers and M being not equal to N, applying, based on the motion information and a video picture comprising the current block, a prediction for the current block, and performing, based on the prediction, the conversion.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses and methods may a performance-enhanced computing system comprising a sensor for measuring luminance values corresponding to light focused onto the sensor at a plurality of pixel locations, a memory including a set of instructions, and a processor. The processor executes a set of instructions causing the system to generate a multi-segment tone mapping curve, generate a set of tone mapping values corresponding to the multi-segment tone mapping curve for equally spaced input values between zero and one for storage into a look up table, and process the luminance values using the look up table to apply the tone mapping curve to the luminance values of the pixels.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method that includes obtaining, by a processing system including a processor, video frames over a network; the processing system uses a machine learning algorithm to identify in each frame a first region comprising a natural image and a second region comprising a synthetic graphic image. The processing system separates the natural image from the synthetic graphic image to generate a natural video and a graphics video, encodes the natural video, and processes the graphics video to generate instructions for rendering graphic images at a client system. The client system performs a decoding procedure for the encoded video, a rendering procedure for client-side graphics in accordance with the instructions, and a compositing procedure to obtain a presentable video stream including the natural image and a client-side graphic corresponding to the synthetic graphic image. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for viewing pathology images in a web browser is provided.

Abstract: A block of video data is split and coded using existing transform sizes through one of several embodiments. In one embodiment, the block is split in alternate dimensions, depending on the block size. In another embodiment, the video block can be coded after splitting the block into at least two rectangular sub-blocks using horizontal or vertical divisions. Successive divisions using asymmetric splitting are forbidden if an equivalent split can be attained using only symmetrical splitting, and only one succession of divisions is permitted when there are other successions of asymmetric splitting that result in the identical sub-blocks. In another embodiment, a video block is split using successive splits, but the second type of split is dependent on the first type of split. Methods, apparatus, and signal embodiments are provided for encoding and decoding.

Abstract: A method and a motion data extraction and vectorization system (MDEVS) extract and vectorize motion data of an object in motion with optimized data storage and data transmission bandwidth. The MDEVS includes an image sensor, a motion data processor, and a storage unit. The image sensor captures video data including a series of image frames of the object in motion. The motion data processor detects an object in motion from consecutive image frames, extracts motion data of the detected object in motion from each image frame, and generates a matrix of vectors defining the object in motion for each image frame using the extracted motion data. The motion data includes, for example, image data of the object, trajectory data, relative physical dimensions, a type of the object, time stamp of each image frame, etc. The storage unit maintains the generated matrix of vectors for local storage, transmission, and analysis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for decoding an image by means of a partition unit comprising an additional region. The method of decoding an image by means of a partition unit comprising an additional region comprises the steps of: partitioning, by reference to a syntax element acquired from a received bit stream, an encoded image, which is included in the bitstream, in at least one partition unit; define an additional region for at least one partition unit; and decoding the encoded image based on the partition unit for which the additional region is defined. The invention improves the image coding efficiency.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and electronic device with reduced power consumption are provided. The semiconductor device includes an encoder, a decoder, and a source driver circuit. An output terminal of the encoder is electrically connected to an input terminal of the source driver circuit, and an output terminal of the source driver circuit is electrically connected to an input terminal of the decoder. The encoder converts input image data into feature-extracted image data, and the decoder restores the feature-extracted image data to the original image data. In addition, provision of a circuit that performs convolution processing using a weight filter for the encoder enables calculation using a convolutional neural network.

Abstract: A pupil detection device includes: a filter weight learner configured to generate a target image on the basis of pupil coordinate data acquired from a learning image and learn weights of a plurality of filters in order to generate a filtered image, by filtering the learning image using the plurality of filters, that is within a predetermined reference range of the target image; a split image generator configured to generate a pupil region split image for an input image using the plurality of filters having the learned weights; and a pupil coordinate detector configured to remove noise of the pupil region split image, select at least one of a plurality of pixels from which noise is removed, and detect pupil coordinates.

Abstract: A method by which a video decoding device decodes a video, according to the present document, can comprise the steps of: parsing, from a bitstream, number information related to the number of slices of which the height within a tile of a current picture is explicitly signaled; parsing, from the bitstream, on the basis of the number information, height information related to the height of the slices of which the height is explicitly signaled; deriving the number of slices in the tile on the basis of the number information and the height information; generating prediction samples by predicting the current block of the current picture on the basis of the slices within the tile; generating reconstructed samples on the basis of the prediction samples; and generating a reconstructed picture for the current picture on the basis of the reconstructed samples.

Abstract: An apparatus for encoding an image and an apparatus for decoding an image are presented. An image contains one or more regions. For encoding the image, the image is decomposed into one or more regions and a region is evaluated to determine whether the region meets a predetermined compressions acceptability criteria. The region is then encoded in response to the transformed and quantized region meeting the predetermined compression acceptability criteria. For decoding the image, a region of the image is selected and the selected region is decoded using metadata associated with the selected region. The metadata includes transformation quantization settings and information describing an aspect ratio used to compress the region.

Abstract: A video decoder can be configured to determine that a first subpicture of a current picture has associated scaling parameters; receive the associated scaling parameters for the first subpicture of the current picture in response to determining that the first subpicture of the current picture has the associated scaling parameters; determine motion information, for a block of the first subpicture of the current picture, that identifies a subpicture of a reference picture; locate a prediction block for the block of the first subpicture of the current picture in the subpicture of the reference picture; and scale the prediction block based on the associated scaling parameters for the first subpicture of the current picture.

Abstract: A method of determining a reference picture set (RPS), which is a set of reference pictures used in predictive decoding of a current picture that is to be decoded includes: obtaining a flag indicating whether the RPS is determined based on picture order count (POC) values of the current picture and a previous picture or whether the RPS is determined based on an index of a reference RPS, which is an identification value of the reference RPS that is one of pre-defined RPSs and is referred to in determining the RPS, and a delta RPS that is a difference value between a POC vale of a reference picture included in the reference RPS and a POC value of a reference picture included in the RPS; and determining the RPS according to a value of the flag.

Abstract: A method of multi-rate neural image compression with stackable nested model structures is performed by at least one processor and includes iteratively stacking, on a first prior set of weights of a first neural network corresponding to a prior hyperparameter, a first plurality of sets of weights of a first plurality of stackable neural networks corresponding to a current hyperparameter, wherein the first prior set of weights of the first neural network remains unchanged, encoding an input image to obtain an encoded representation, using the first prior set of weights of the first neural network on which the first plurality of sets of weights of the first plurality of stackable neural networks is stacked, and encoding the obtained encoded representation to determine a compressed representation.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and software for implementing self-checking compression. A byte stream is encoded to generate tokens and selected tokens are encoded with hidden parity information in a compressed byte stream that may be stored for later streaming or streamed to a receiver. As the compressed byte stream is received, it is decompressed, with the hidden parity information being decoded and used to detect for errors in the decompressed data, enabling errors to be detected on-the-fly rather than waiting to perform a checksum over an entire received file. In one embodiment the byte stream is encoded using a Lempel-Ziv 77 (LZ77)-based encoding process to generate a sequence of tokens including literals and references, with all or selected references encoded with hidden parity information in a compressed byte stream having a standard format such as DEFLATE or Zstandard.

Abstract: An image generation apparatus includes an objective optical system, an optical-path splitter, an image sensor, and an image processor. Both a first imaging area and a second imaging area are images of a field of view of the objective optical system. An outer edge of the first imaging area and an outer edge of the second imaging area are located at an inner side of a predetermined image pickup area, and an image of the outer edge located in the predetermined image pickup area is captured by the image sensor. The image processor has reference data, and in the image processor, a feature point is extracted on the basis of the imaging area. An amount of shift between the predetermined imaging area and the image sensor is calculated from the feature point and the reference data.

Abstract: A method for decoding image content from an encoded bitstream including a plurality of blocks includes: dividing a block including one or more components of the image content into N single samples and M sample groups corresponding to one of the components, where N and M are greater than or equal to one; decoding each of the N single samples using a symbol variable length code to generate one or more decoded single samples; decoding each of the M sample groups using a common prefix entropy code to generate one or more decoded sample groups, each of the M sample groups including a variable length prefix and one or more fixed length suffixes representing a plurality of samples; concatenating the decoded single samples and the decoded sample groups into a block of residuals; and reconstructing image content based on previously reconstructed neighboring blocks and the block of residuals.

Abstract: Different implementations are described, particularly implementations for video encoding and decoding using entropy coding of quantized transform coefficients. The method comprises: determining context model indices for one or more syntax elements of quantized transform coefficients of a transform block, wherein different context model indices are obtained for quantized transform coefficients in different regions of the transform block and a single context index is used for at least one region of the transform block; and selecting for the one or more syntax elements associated with a particular quantized transform coefficient one of several context models based on the determined content model index.

Abstract: A decoding-side first generation unit generating, for a target unit, a first component prediction sample. A decoding-side linear prediction unit using the first component sample and a prediction coefficient to generate a linear prediction sample of a second component. A decoding-side second generation unit using the second component linear prediction sample to generate, for the target unit, a second component prediction sample. The decoding-side linear prediction unit uses a first coefficient as the prediction coefficient when the first component sample is equal to or below a threshold value, and uses a second coefficient, different from the first, as the prediction coefficient when the first component sample is greater than the threshold value. The threshold value is set on a parameter representing a distribution or change in a reference sample of the first component and/or the second component contained in a reference unit referenced for the target unit.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for encoding or decoding a coding unit on an outline of a picture. An image decoding method and apparatus according to an embodiment determine whether a current coding unit extends across an outline of a picture, by comparing a location of the current coding unit in the picture to at least one of a width and a height of the picture, split the current coding unit in at least one direction into a plurality of coding units based on a shape of the current coding unit upon determining that the current coding unit extends across the outline of the picture, obtain block shape information and split type information of the current coding unit from a bitstream and split the current coding unit into a plurality of coding units based on the block shape information and the split type information upon determining that the current coding unit does not extend across the outline of the picture, and decode a coding unit that is no longer split among the plurality of coding units.

Abstract: A method of generating a prediction for an area of video data, comprises Receiving a rectangular video block including sample values, and for each sample included in the video block, generating a predictive sample value by averaging a horizontal interpolation and a vertical interpolation corresponding to the location of the sample within the video block.

Abstract: A coding tool is provided to improve the compression performance of inter prediction and is used at the encoder/decoder side to adjust the correction of a motion vector based on a high level syntax. In addition, a method is provided for simply performing an integer sample search step of searching for an integer offset and a fractional sample refinement step of searching for a sub-pixel offset in relation to motion vector refinement among coding tools.

Abstract: An approach is provided for large scale vehicle routing. The approach involves, for example, receiving a plurality of plans, wherein a plan of the plurality of plans assigns a vehicle, a driver of the vehicle, or a combination thereof a set of rides to traverse. The approach also involves clustering the plurality of plans into one or more clusters based on a proximity measure. The proximity measure indicates a proximity of a first plan of the plurality of plans to a second plan of a plurality of plans. The approach further involves, for each cluster of the one or more clusters, separately computing a solution to a multiple vehicle routing problem for the set of rides in said each cluster.

Abstract: External overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) may be performed for samples of a coding unit (CU) located along an inter-CU boundary of the CU while internal OBMC may be performed separately for samples located along inter-sub-block boundaries inside the CU. External OBMC may be applied based on substantially similar motion information associated with multiple external blocks neighboring the CU. The external blocks may be treated as a group to provide OBMC for multiple boundary samples together in an external OBMC operation. Internal OBMC may be applied using the same sub-block size used for sub-block level motion derivation. Internal OBMC may be disabled for the CU, for example, if the CU is coded in a spatial-temporal motion vector prediction (STMVP) mode.

Abstract: A method for encoding a video signal that includes determining a bit budget for a current precinct, determining a quantization parameter for the current precinct based on the determined bit budget, and determining a bit budget for sign information of the wavelet coefficient information based on that the number of significant bits of the wavelet coefficient information is greater than a truncation position. The method also includes performing quantization on the wavelet coefficient information based on that the significant bit number of the wavelet coefficient information is equal to the truncation position, such that the quantization is skipped based on that the significant bit number of the wavelet coefficient information is greater than the truncation position.

Abstract: A method includes encoding target parameters describing characteristics for a target color space for a video picture to be displayed in the target color space and encoding color transform parameters that facilitate remapping the video picture to the target color space. A method includes decoding target parameters describing characteristics for a target color space for a video picture to be displayed in the target color space, decoding color transform parameters that facilitate remapping the video picture to the target color space, remapping the video picture to the target color space utilizing at least one of the decoded color transform parameters, and displaying the remapped video picture in the target color space. The color transform parameters represent at least three successively applied color transforms comprising a first color transform followed by a second color transform followed by a third color transform. Related apparatus for each method are described.

Abstract: A video coder may be configured code a chroma block of video data as a function of reconstructed luma samples. The video coder may store, during the prediction process for a luma block, a sum of the reconstructed luma sample values for each sub-block of the luma block in a first buffer, and store, during the prediction process for the luma block, an average of the reconstructed luma sample values in a second buffer. The video coder may perform chroma from luma prediction to reconstruct a chroma block of the video data corresponding to the luma block using the sums and the average.

Abstract: An encoder (100) that encodes an image on a per block basis includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry: performs first partitioning of dividing the image using a square block having a fixed block size, to generate the image into a plurality of blocks including the square block which has the fixed block size and a first non-square block which has a size smaller than the fixed block size; performs second partitioning on the plurality of blocks; adds information on the second partitioning into a bitstream; and prohibits a quad tree splitting of the first non-square block in the second partitioning.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for analyzing digital images to determine alphanumeric strings depicted in the digital images. An electronic device may generate a set of filtered images using a received digital image. The electronic device may also perform an optical character recognition (OCR) technique on the set of filtered images, and may filter out any of the set of filtered images according to a set of rules. The electronic device may further identify a set of common elements representative of the alphanumeric string depicted in the digital image, and determine a machine-encoded alphanumeric string based on the set of common elements.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for implementing additional compression for existing compressed data. Format information stored within a data block is evaluated to determine whether the data block is compressed or uncompressed. In response to the data block being compressed according to a first compression format, the data block is decompressed using the format information. The data block is compressed with one or more other data blocks to create compressed data having a second compression format different than the first compression format.

Abstract: Provided are an intra prediction method and apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: acquiring a first reference sample set corresponding to the current processing block, wherein the first reference sample set includes at least one of a reference row adjacent to the current processing block and a reference column adjacent to the current processing block; selecting, based on a pre-set selection method, a second reference sample set from the first reference sample set, wherein the second reference sample set includes at least one reference sample in the reference row adjacent to the current processing block or the reference column adjacent to the current processing block; obtaining, based on the second reference sample set, a prediction value of the current processing block; and performing, based on the prediction value, intra prediction on the current processing block.

Abstract: A deblocking filtering method, a boundary strength (bS) deriving method, and encoding/decoding method and apparatus using the methods are provided. The bS deriving method includes the steps of: deriving a boundary of a deblocking filtering unit block which is a unit block on which deblocking filtering is performed; and setting a bS for each bS setting unit block in the deblocking filtering unit block. Here, the step of setting the bS includes setting a bS value of a target boundary corresponding to the boundary of the deblocking filtering unit block as the bS setting unit block.

Abstract: The present technology relates to an imaging device and method, and an image processing device and method that can more easily suppress unauthorized use and tampering of an image. An object is imaged by an imaging element including a plurality of pixel output units that receives incident light entering without passing through either an imaging lens or a pinhole, and that each outputs one detection signal indicating an output pixel value modulated by an incident angle of the incident light, and a detection image obtained by the imaging and formed by a detection signal obtained in the pixel output units of the imaging element is output without associating with a restoration matrix including coefficients used when a restored image is restored from the detection image. The present disclosure can be applied to, for example, an imaging device, an image processing device, an information processing device, an electronic device, a computer, a program, a storage medium, a system, and the like.

Abstract: Embodiments are described which exploit a finding, according to which a higher compression rate or better rate/distortion ratio may be achieved by adopting or predicting second coding parameters used for encoding a second view of the multi-view signal from first coding parameters used in encoding a first view of the multi-view signal. In other words, the inventors found out that the redundancies between views of a multi-view signal are not restricted to the views themselves, such as the video information thereof, but that the coding parameters in parallely encoding these views show similarities which may be exploited in order to further improve the coding rate.

Abstract: An image decoding apparatus includes a decoding unit configured to decode coded data into a decoded image and segmentation metadata, a segmentation metadata decoding unit configured to generate segmentation information, and an image processing unit configured to perform prescribed image processing on the decoded image with reference to the segmentation information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image processing device and method enabling noise removal to be performed according to images and bit rates. A low-pass filter setting unit 93 sets, from filter coefficients stored in a built-in filter coefficient memory 94, a filter coefficient corresponding to intra prediction mode information and a quantization parameter. A neighboring image setting unit 81 uses the filter coefficient set by the low-pass filter setting unit 93 to subject neighboring pixel values of a current block from frame memory 72 to filtering processing. A prediction image generating unit 82 performs intra prediction using the neighboring pixel values subjected to filtering processing, from the neighboring image setting unit 81, and generates a prediction image. The present invention can be applied to an image encoding device which encodes with the H.264/AVC format, for example.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus including: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to implement: an image acquisition module configured to acquire an input image including an object region; a mask image generation module configured to generate a mask image based on the input image; and an image inpainting module configured to extract a fusion feature map corresponding to the input image using an encoding network according to the input image and the mask image, and to inpaint the object region in the input image using a decoding network based on the fusion feature map, to obtain an inpainting result.

Abstract: An image processing comprising: an obtaining unit configured to obtain image data of a rectangle unit of input image; a compression unit configured to perform the compression processing for compressing the image data on a per rectangle unit basis from the rectangle unit at the front edge to the rectangle unit at the rear edge of the rectangle line in a case where the input image is rotated by a predetermined angle in a first direction; wherein, in a case where the input image is rotated by the predetermined angle in a direction opposite to the first direction, the compression unit compresses the image data on a per rectangle unit basis from the rectangle unit at the rear edge to the rectangle unit at the front edge of the rectangle line.

Abstract: Motion adaptive shading increases rendering performance for real-time animation in graphics systems while maintaining dynamic image quality. Each frame of an animation is statically displayed within a refresh interval, while a viewer's eyes move continuously relative to the image when actively tracking a moving object being displayed. As a result, a statically displayed frame is essentially smeared across the viewer's continuously moving retina over the lifetime of the frame, causing a perception of blur referred to as an eye-tracking motion blur effect. A region of an image depicting a moving object may be rendered at a lower shading rate because eye-tracking motion blur will substantially mask any blur introduced by reducing the shading rate. Reducing an average shading rate for rendering frames reduces computational effort per frame and may advantageously allow a rendering system to operate at a higher frame rate to provide a smoother, clearer visual experience.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to restore a quantization error of an image signal only by expanding the number of bits of a reconstructed image compared to the number of bits of an input image without expanding the number of bits in an image signal processing process. An image display apparatus may include a signal inputter configured to receive an input image signal; an image signal processor configured to perform image processing of the input image signal, to identify a type of image processing by comparing the input image signal and the processed image signal, to obtain restoration information of the processed image signal according to the identified image processing type, and to restore an error of the processed image signal by performing remapping of the processed image signal using the restoration information; and an outputter configured to output the image signal in which the error is restored.

Abstract: Provided is an image predicting method including: obtaining a plurality of adjacent samples located adjacent to a current block; determining an adjacent sample as a reference sample to be referred to by a current sample, the adjacent sample being from among the plurality of adjacent samples and being indicated by a direction of an intra mode of the current block; and adjusting a sample value of the reference sample according to a reference distance indicating a distance between the reference sample and the current sample, and determining a prediction value of the current sample based on the adjusted sample value of the reference sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image encoding and decoding technique, and more particularly, to an image encoder and decoder using unidirectional prediction. The image encoder includes a dividing unit to divide a macro block into a plurality of sub-blocks, a unidirectional application determining unit to determine whether an identical prediction mode is applied to each of the plurality of sub-blocks, and a prediction mode determining unit to determine a prediction mode with respect to each of the plurality of sub-blocks based on a determined result of the unidirectional application determining unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for video coding using block partition are disclosed. According to the present invention, a partition structure corresponding to recursively partitioning a current block into smaller TU (transform unit) blocks until the partition structure reaches a maximum allowed split depth or until a block size of at least one of smaller TU blocks is a supported core transform size, where the current block is partitioned into final smaller TU blocks according to the partition structure. A transform coding process is applied to the current block according to the partition structure, where the transform coding process is skipped for at least one of the final smaller TU blocks. A flag can be signalled for the current block to indicate whether the current block is allowed to skip the transform coding process for said at least one of the final smaller TU blocks.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for decoding a video signal and an apparatus therefor. Specifically, a method for decoding an image may include: partitioning a current coding tree block into a plurality of coding blocks so that coding blocks partitioned from the current coding tree block are included in a current picture when the current coding tree block is out of a boundary of the current picture; parsing a first syntax element indicating whether a current coding block is partitioned into a plurality of subblocks when the current coding block satisfies a predetermined condition; and determining a split mode of the current coding block based on the syntax element.

Abstract: A method, computer program, and computer system is provided for encoding video data. Data corresponding to a video frame is received. The video frame data is divided into one or more coding tree units having a height value greater than 128 pixels and a width value greater than 128 pixels. One or more of the coding tree units are further subdivided to a size smaller than 128 pixels by 128 pixels. The video data is encoded based on the divided and subdivided coding tree units.