Abstract: Techniques for increasing efficiency of thermo-optic phase shifters using multi-pass heaters and thermal bridges are provided. In one aspect, a thermo-optic phase shifter device includes: a plurality of optical waveguides formed in an SOI layer over a buried insulator; at least one heating element adjacent to the optical waveguides; and thermal bridges connecting at least one of the optical waveguides directly to the heating element. A method for forming a thermo-optic phase shifter device is also provided.

Abstract: The invention introduces a new RF test and measurement methodology based on optical signal processing that has the capability to measure all of the RF parameters (both amplitude and phase) of an electronic component or system including transmission (S21) and reflection (S11). It can also be applied to measuring the electro-optic properties of electro-optic modulators, both phase modulators and intensity modulators. The basis of the invention is to use the RF information encoded in the optical sidebands generated by an electro-optic modulator to determine all of the relevant parameters of an electronic or electro-optic device. Optical carrier suppression techniques are used to isolate the information carrying optical sidebands from the dominant optical carrier.

Abstract: The current invention concerns a fluid microscope system for analyzing and/or monitoring the contents of one or more fluid-based reactors or canalizations such as bio-reactors, micro-reactors, brewing reactors, water supply systems or sewer systems comprising a digital holographic microscope (DHM) capable of obtaining phase information of a fluid sample and comprising illumination means and one or more fluidic systems connected to said reactors and to said DHM, capable of guiding fluid from said reactors to said DHM, whereby at least one fluidic system comprises one or more tubes which may come in direct contact with fluid from said reactor, characterized in that at least one tube comprises a part which is at least partially transparent for the illumination means of said DHM for obtaining holographic information of said fluid sample. The current invention also concerns a tube and a fluidic system for such a fluid microscope.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a graphene photodetector includes a substrate, a first insulating film, first and second high-refractive-index regions, first and second conductive semiconductor regions, a second insulating film, a graphene film, a third insulating film, third and fourth high-refractive-index regions, a fourth insulating film, first and second electrodes, and third and fourth electrodes. The first, second, third and fourth high-refractive-index regions and portions sandwiched by the first, second, third and fourth high-refractive-index regions constituting an integrated optical waveguide.

Abstract: Tapered waveguides made of high-index material attached to a tapered optical fiber are provided, enabling access to the optical modes of large, high-index resonators. In some embodiments, an optical fiber having a central axis, a tapered portion, and an untapered portion is provided. The tapered portion is configured to expose an evanescent field. An elongated waveguide is optically coupled to the optical fiber along the tapered portion and parallel to the central axis of the optical fiber. The elongated waveguide has a substantially triangular cross section perpendicular to the central axis of the optical fiber.

Abstract: A laser module can include: a laser chip having a plurality of laser diodes; a focusing lens optically coupled to each of the plurality of distinct laser diodes; and a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) having a plurality of optical inlet ports optically coupled to the plurality of laser diodes through the focusing lens. The laser module can include an optical isolator optically coupled to the focusing lens and PIC and positioned between the focusing lens and PIC. The laser chip can include a fine pitch laser array. The laser module can include a plurality of optical fibers optically coupled to an optical outlet port of the PIC. The laser module can include a hermetic package containing the laser chip and having a single focusing lens positioned for the plurality of laser diodes to emit laser beams there through.

Abstract: A reflectivity test circuit is described. The reflectivity test circuit includes a symmetric structure that cancels errors in the reflectivity measurements. In particular, the reflectivity test circuit includes an optical waveguide that is optically coupled to two optical ports and two optical couplers. The optical couplers are optically coupled to adjacent optical waveguides, at least one of which is optically coupled to a third optical port and the mirror. Moreover, a length of the optical waveguide is chosen to match the round-trip optical path length in at least the one of the adjacent optical waveguides. During operation, control logic determines the reflectivity of the mirror based at least on a ratio of an optical power measured on one of the two optical ports to an input optical power on the third optical port.

Abstract: Disclosed is a waveguide polarizing optical device, including a first waveguide polarizer (6), a section of a second optical waveguide (31) and a second thin-plate polarizer (52) having a physical thickness T and a refractive index n, the second thin-plate polarizer (52) being disposed on the optical path between a waveguide end (8) of the first polarizer (6) and one end (32) of the second optical waveguide (31), the physical distance d between the waveguide end (8) of the first polarizer (6) and the end (32) of the second optical waveguide (31) being less than or equal to twice the Rayleigh length and the physical thickness T of the second polarizer (52) being less than or equal to the physical distance d.

Abstract: There is provided an optical transmission device including a light source configured to generate light used for coherent detection processing of reception light; a monitor configured to monitor a frequency offset between the reception light having a plurality of protection wavelengths and the light generated by the light source, based on a signal obtained by the coherent detection processing of the reception light having the plurality of protection wavelengths available for a work wavelength by the light generated by the light source; and a controller configured to select a protection wavelength to be switched to the work wavelength among the plurality of protection wavelengths, based on the frequency offset monitored by the monitor.

Abstract: The optical device includes a waveguide positioned on a base and a modulator positioned on the base. The modulator includes a ridge of an electro-absorption medium having a top side and a lateral side. The lateral side is between the top side and the base and the top side has a width. The waveguide is configured to guide a light signal through the modulator such that the light signal is guided through the ridge of electro-absorption medium. A heater is positioned over the lateral side of the electro-absorption medium without being positioned over the entire width of the ridge.

Abstract: The various presented herein relate to an on-chip polarization beam splitter (PBS), which is adiabatic for the transverse magnetic (TM) mode and diabatic for the transverse electric (TE) mode. The PBS comprises a through waveguide and a cross waveguide, wherein an electromagnetic beam comprising TE mode and TM mode components is applied to an input port of the through waveguide. The PBS can be utilized to separate the TE mode component from the TM mode component, wherein the TE mode component exits the PBS via an output port of the through waveguide, and the TM mode component exits the PBS via an output port of the cross waveguide. The PBS has a structure that is tolerant to manufacturing variations and exhibits high polarization extinction ratios over a wide bandwidth.

Abstract: Aspects of embodiments relate to an optical transceiver device, comprising: a detection region for detecting light at a first wavelength for down-conversion; and a modulation region for modulating light at a second wavelength longer than the first wavelength, wherein the detection region is substantially transparent to light at the second wavelength and located upstream to the modulation with respect to direction of propagation of first wavelength light incident onto the detection region.

Abstract: A method of forming a waveguide for a self-aligned Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer. The method includes forming a waveguide on a substrate and providing a first mask with a first opening exposing a first width and a pair of second widths towards opposite sides of the first width. Additionally, the method includes doping a first dopant of a first concentration through the first opening into a first thickness of the waveguide to form a first semiconducting phase thereof. The method includes providing a second mask with a second opening exposing part of the waveguide and doping a second dopant of a second concentration through the second opening into the part of the waveguide to form a second semiconductor phase thereof sharing a boundary with the first semiconducting phase to form a PN junction across the boundary. The boundary is allowed to vary with a margin of tolerance within the first width.

Abstract: An electro-optic modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer having a bias input, an optical input, and an optical output. A first arm comprises an optical waveguide. A second arm comprises an optical waveguide. A plurality of electrode segments is distributed along or proximate to a length of the optical waveguides of the first and second arms. A plurality of amplifiers, where at least one of the plurality of amplifiers has an RF input that receives an electrical modulation signal, and where each of the plurality of amplifiers are electrically connected to one of the plurality of electrode segments so as to provide distributed gain. A number of the plurality of amplifiers is chosen to achieve a desired combination of noise figure and spur-free dynamic range.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to nanometer scale lasers. In one aspect, a device includes a substrate, a line of metal disposed on the substrate, an insulating material disposed on the line of metal, and a line of semiconductor material disposed on the substrate and the insulating material. The line of semiconductor material overlaying the line of metal, disposed on the insulating material, forms a plasmonic cavity.

Abstract: A transmitter for a radio frequency interconnect (RFI) includes a carrier generator configured to generate a clock recovery signal, and to transmit the clock recovery signal to a receiver. The carrier generator includes a first tuning arrangement configured to receive a first signal and to generate a first carrier signal based on the first signal. The carrier generator includes a second tuning arrangement configured to receive a second signal different from the first signal, and to generate a second carrier signal based on the second signal. The transmitter includes a first modulator configured to generate a first modulated data signal. The transmitter further includes a second modulator configured to generate a second modulated data signal. The transmitter includes an output configured to selectively transmit the first modulated data signal and the second modulated data signal to the receiver.

Abstract: An optical modulator is described. This optical modulator may be implemented using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. In particular, the optical modulator may include a carrier-accumulation-type micro-disk resonator fabricated using optical waveguides having a composite structure. Moreover, the composite structure may embed a metal-oxide semiconductor capacitor in the disk resonator. For example, the composite structure may include polysilicon disposed on an oxide layer, which is disposed on a silicon layer in an SOI platform. The optical modulator may have high modulation efficiency and high-speed operation. In addition, the optical modulator may have a compact footprint with low power consumption.

Abstract: Preferable simultaneous achievement of the target characteristics with respect to both of the modulation bandwidth and the extinction ratio in the optical intensity modulation using the electro-absorption optical modulator is realized with a simple circuit configuration. The modulator integrated semiconductor laser element includes a plurality of EA modulators disposed in series in an optical signal path, and each adapted to absorb light in accordance with an applied voltage. The modulator driver for supplying the EA modulator with the applied voltage is provided for each of the EA modulators. The plurality of modulator drivers generates the applied voltage common to the plurality of EA modulators in accordance with a control signal. The modulator lengths of the plurality of EA modulators are set so that the closer to the light source the EA modulator is, the shorter the modulator length is.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photo diode. The photo diode includes: at least two branched waveguides configured to receive beating signals; absorbing layers disposed in vertical directions to the waveguides, and disposed while being spaced apart from distal ends of the waveguides by a predetermined interval; and one or more intermediate layers formed based on the distal ends of the waveguides and disposed with the absorbing layers at upper end of the one or more intermediate layers.

Abstract: Techniques for forming a facet optical coupler to couple light at an edge of silicon substrate are described. The facet optical coupler includes a silicon substrate, a layer of second material disposed on the silicon substrate and in direct contact with the edge of the silicon substrate, and an undercut region disposed between a portion of the silicon substrate and the layer of second material. The undercut region is offset from the edge to provide mechanical integrity of the facet optical coupler to improve production of photonic integrated circuits having the facet optical coupler from a wafer.

Abstract: A multi-wavelength laser light source includes a gain waveguide having a gain medium and a first mirror; and a waveguide wavelength filter, wherein the waveguide wavelength filter comprises: a first optical waveguide coupled to an end of the gain waveguide opposite to the first mirror, a plurality of ring resonators having input ports coupled to the first optical waveguide and having resonance wavelengths different from each other, a plurality of output waveguides coupled to respective output ports of the plurality of ring resonators, and second mirrors configured to correspondingly reflect, back to the plurality of ring resonators, at least part of light that has traveled via the output waveguides from the plurality of ring resonators.

Abstract: A method of forming a waveguide for a self-aligned Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer. The method includes forming a waveguide on a substrate and providing a first mask with a first opening exposing a first width and a pair of second widths towards opposite sides of the first width. Additionally, the method includes doping a first dopant of a first concentration through the first opening into a first thickness of the waveguide to form a first semiconducting phase thereof. The method includes providing a second mask with a second opening exposing part of the waveguide and doping a second dopant of a second concentration through the second opening into the part of the waveguide to form a second semiconductor phase thereof sharing a boundary with the first semiconducting phase to form a PN junction across the boundary. The boundary is allowed to vary with a margin of tolerance within the first width.

Abstract: A photonic frequency converting transceiver may include a laser, and a downconverter receiver branch including a first optical modulator optically coupled to the laser and configured to modulate laser light based upon an RF input signal and a first optical bandpass filter. An upconverter transmitter branch may include a second optical modulator optically coupled to the laser and configured to modulate laser light based upon an intermediate frequency input signal, and a second optical bandpass filter. A shared local oscillator branch may include a third optical modulator optically coupled to the laser and configured to modulate laser light based upon a local oscillator signal, and a third optical bandpass filter. The transceiver may further include photodetectors optically coupled to the optical bandpass filters to generate a downconverted intermediate frequency output signal and an upconverted RF output signal.

Abstract: Provided is an optical modulator including an optical waveguide and an optical modulation part integrated on the optical waveguide that is clad in oxide silicon and has silicon as core by using a bulk silicon wafer in place of an silicon-on-insulator (SOI) used for a typical optical waveguide and optical modulator and using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and thermal oxide film formation processes, and a fabrication method thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to improve flexibility of optical signal transmission between integrated circuit devices, and more specifically data utilization circuits. More specifically, the integrated circuit devices may include a data utilization circuit communicatively coupled to a field programmable optical array (FPOA). In some embodiments, the FPOA may convert an electrical signal received from the data utilization to an optical signal, route the optical signal to an optical channel, and multiplex the optical signal with other optical signals routed to the optical channel. Additionally or alternatively, the FPOA may de-multiplex a multiplexed optical signal based on wavelength, route an optical signal included in the multiplexed optical signal to an electrical channel, convert the optical signal into an electrical signal, and output the electrical signal to the data utilization circuit via an electrical channel.

Abstract: An optical module including a first optical coupler; a second optical coupler; a first optical waveguide; a second optical waveguide; a first electrode provided on the first optical waveguide; a second electrode provided on the second optical waveguide; a short electrode shorter than the first and second electrodes and provided on the second optical waveguide; and a first high-frequency connector and a second high-frequency connector; wherein, the short electrode provided on the second optical waveguide is coupled to the second high-frequency connector; and the first electrode provided on the first optical waveguide is coupled to the first high-frequency connector.

Abstract: A system and method includes a laser to create a control laser signal and a laser to create a probe laser signal. A resonator creates an acoustic signal adjacent the control laser signal and the probe laser signal. A resulting coherent interaction between the control laser signal and the probe laser signal creates a Brillouin scattering induced transparency in one direction and maintains opacity in an opposite direction.

Abstract: A device receives a modulation format and a baud rate for transmission of an optical signal, and generates optical signals based on the modulation format and the baud rate. The device generates quadrature-delay-interferometer signals based on the optical signal, the modulation format, and the baud rate, and generates a particular optical signal with a particular wavelength for the modulation format and the baud rate. The device determines whether a point of the quadrature-delay-interferometer signals is associated with the particular wavelength of the particular optical signal, and sets or adjusts the particular wavelength of the particular optical signal for the modulation format and the baud rate based on whether a point of the quadrature-delay-interferometer signals is associated with the particular wavelength of the particular optical signal.

Abstract: A method for producing an integrated optical circuit comprising an active device and a passive waveguide circuit includes: applying an active waveguide structure on a source wafer substrate; exposing a portion of the source wafer substrate by selectively removing the active waveguide structure; applying a passive waveguide structure on the exposed portion of the source wafer substrate, wherein an aggregation of the active waveguide structure and the passive waveguide structure forms the active device, the active device having a bottom surface facing the source wafer substrate; removing the source wafer substrate from the active device; and attaching the active device to a target substrate comprising the passive waveguide circuit such that the bottom surface of the active device faces the target substrate.

Abstract: An optical modulator includes a first coupler that branches an input light into two and outputs a first output light and a second output light; a first Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) that modulates the intensity of the first output light from the first coupler and outputs a third output light; a second MZI that modulates the intensity of the second output light from the first coupler and outputs a fourth output light; a second coupler that combines the third output light from the first MZI and the fourth output light from the second MZI, branches a combined light into two, and outputs a fifth output light and a sixth output light. The interaction length of a branch of the first coupler and that of the second coupler are set such that the wavelength dependence of the splitting ratio of the first coupler is inversely related to that of the second coupler.

Abstract: Provided is an optical mode switch that can effect a more compact optical switch. The optical mode switch (100) is provided with: a single input port (1); a single output port (2); two waveguides (10) provided in parallel between the input port (1) and the output port (2); and a refractive index altering means (8) that alters the refractive index of the waveguides. Any given mode light input to the input port (1) is output as any given mode light from the output port (2) in accordance with the refractive index altered by the refractive index altering means (8).

Abstract: A distributed traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulator driver having a plurality of modulation stages that operate cooperatively (in-phase) to provide a signal suitable for use in a 100 Gb/s optical fiber transmitter at power levels that are compatible with conventional semiconductor devices and conventional semiconductor processing is described.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for minimally intrusive fiber identification includes imparting a time-varying modulation onto an optical signal propagating in an optical fiber and subsequently detecting the presence of the time-varying modulation in the optical signal transmitting through the fiber to identify the fiber. In a specific embodiment of the invention, a time-varying curvature is imposed on the fiber to be identified and the presence of the resultant time variation in the transmitted power of a propagating optical signal is subsequently detected for identification of the manipulated fiber.

Abstract: A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is described. This PIC includes a semiconductor-barrier layer-semiconductor diode in an optical waveguide that conveys an optical signal, where the barrier layer is an oxide or a high-k material. Moreover, semiconductor layers in the semiconductor-barrier layer-semiconductor diode may include geometric features (such as a periodic pattern of holes or trenches) that create a lattice-shifted photonic crystal optical waveguide having a group velocity of light that is lower than the group velocity of light in the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer without the geometric features. The optical waveguide is included in an optical modulator, such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI).

Abstract: Provided is an optical control device including first and second optical waveguides, a first control signal electrode including a first input-side signal electrode, a second control signal electrode including a second input-side signal electrode, an inter-signal-electrode ground electrode, a first ground electrode, and a second ground electrode. The substrate has a first groove that is provided between the first input-side signal electrode and the inter-signal-electrode ground, a second groove that is provided between the first input-side signal electrode and the first ground electrode, a third groove that is provided between the second input-side signal electrode and the inter-signal-electrode ground electrode, and a fourth groove that is provided between the second input-side signal electrode and the second ground electrode.

Abstract: A Mach-Zehnder optical modulator is provide and has a travelling wave electrode extending over two optical waveguide branches and modulating the relative phase of the optical beam components propagating in those branches. The travelling wave electrode has transmission line conductors and pairs of waveguide electrodes, the waveguide electrodes of each pair being coupled to one of the optical waveguide branches, respectively. The travelling wave electrode further includes active devices having a high impedance input electrically connected to one of the transmission line conductors and a low impedance output electrically connected to one of the waveguide electrodes. Each active device transfers the electrical modulation signal from the associated transmission line conductor onto the associated waveguide electrode according to a voltage transfer function.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to an optical device for transferring light between a first and second waveguide. The optical device may generally include the first waveguide, a first support member and a base on which the first waveguide and first support member are disposed. The optical device may further include a second support member wherein the first support member is disposed between the second support member and the base. The second support member comprises at least one groove. The second waveguide may be disposed at least partially in the groove such that the second waveguide is between the first and second support members. The optical device may further include at least one lens disposed between the first waveguide and the second waveguide to transfer an optical signal between the first and second waveguides through the lens.

Abstract: A system can include a display unit that includes extremely high frequency (EHF) radio frequency band communication circuitry; a base unit that includes extremely high frequency (EHF) radio frequency band communication circuitry; a mechanism that releasably couples the display unit and the base unit to define a coupled state; a hinge that orients the display unit with respect to the base unit in the coupled state; and a polymer ribbon waveguide that interconnects the communication circuitry of the display unit and the communication circuitry of the base unit in the coupled state. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

Abstract: A device and the process for creating a three-dimensional electronic photonic circuit is disclosed. The process includes fabricating a standard high performance integrated circuit on a high resistivity silicon or a silicon-on-insulator substrate up to and including the passivation layer on top of transistors. Separately, a silicon-on-insulator wafer capped by an oxide layer is fabricated, then the two wafers are joined. The resultant device has photonic process elements (e.g. waveguides and photodetectors) fabricated in the top silicon layer. Continued processing interconnects the transistors and photonic elements with contacts and metallization levels to produces an electronic-photonic integrated circuit.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes: forming a silicon nitride film having a refractive index equal to or larger than 2.2 on a nitride semiconductor layer; and introducing at least one of elements that are oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium into the silicon nitride film, the silicon nitride film including the at least one of elements remaining on the nitride semiconductor layer. The at least one of elements is introduced by a process of exposing the silicon nitride film to plasma including the at least one of elements, a process of ion-implanting the at least one of elements into the silicon nitride film, or a process of thermally diffusing the at least one of elements into the silicon nitride film. The silicon nitride film is formed in contact with a surface of the nitride semiconductor layer.

Abstract: An optical memory module comprises one or more memory devices configured to store data, and one or more optical interface modules configured to perform optical communication between the memory devices and an external device. Each of the optical interface modules comprises an input-output light distribution unit configured to divide received light to produce transmission light and reception light, an electrical-to-optical conversion unit configured to perform optical modulation based on the transmission light and an electrical transmission signal to generate an optical transmission signal, and a coherent optical-to-electrical conversion unit configured to perform a coherent reception based on the reception light and an optical reception signal to generate an electrical reception signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a one or more layer graphene optical modulator. In a first exemplary embodiment the optical modulator includes an optical waveguide, a nanoscale oxide spacer adjacent to a working region of the waveguide, and a monolayer graphene sheet adjacent to the spacer. In a second exemplary embodiment, the optical modulator includes at least one pair of active media, where the pair includes an oxide spacer, a first monolayer graphene sheet adjacent to a first side of the spacer, and a second monolayer graphene sheet adjacent to a second side of the spacer, and at least one optical waveguide adjacent to the pair.

Abstract: A system testing the speed of a microwave photonic system, having a Mach Zehnder interferometer that includes a first arm with a photonic system to be tested and an amplifier arranged to amplify the output of the photonic system, and a second arm with an attenuator configured to match the output power of the amplifier, with at least one filter arranged at the output of the Mach Zehnder interferometer, the filter having a pass band that includes the center frequency of a continuous wave microwave signal applied to the Mach Zehnder interferometer arms. A continuous wave microwave signal is applied to the input of the Mach Zehnder interferometer, a signal is applied to only the second arm with the photonic link, and the output of the bandpass filter is measured with an oscilloscope and a microwave power detector.

Abstract: The invention relates to adaptive optics techniques applied to alter the modal structure of light propagating in an optical fiber. In particular the invention relates to altering the modal structure in a multimode beam propagating in a multimode fiber by lowering the number of higher modes. The method comprises combining a wavefront sensor and/or a power sensor with a phase control actuator and actuator control algorithms, to alter the phase structure of the beam thereby to eliminate higher modes. The corrected beam can be then effectively coupled into a smaller diameter fiber with minimum loss of energy and concentrated to smaller spot sizes limited by diffraction.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus for improving a signal-to-noise ratio of a signal transmitted over a communication link. The communication system can include a transmitter, a receiver and a communication link for communicating data between the transmitter and the receiver. In some implementations, the transmitter employs a modulator for generating a modulated data signal and a complementary modulated data signal and send over the fiber link through two orthogonal polarizations. The receiver utilizes both the modulated data signal and the complementary modulated data signal for regenerating the transmitted data at the receiver. In some implementations, the receiver determines and transmits a polarization parameter to the transmitter, which adjusts the polarizations of the transmitted modulated and complementary modulated data signals to compensate for polarization angle rotation introduced by the communication link.

Abstract: A semiconductor device comprising a substrate; a monolithic gain region disposed on the substrate and operable to produce optical gain in response to current injection, including a first electrode over a first portion of the gain region having a first length L1, with a first current I1 being applied; and a second electrode over a second portion of the gain region having a second length L2, with a second current I2 being applied; wherein I1/L1 is greater than I2/L2.

Abstract: Provided are an optical modulator modulating optical signals and an optical module including the same. The optical modulator includes a lower clad layer, an optical transmission line extended in a first direction on the lower clad layer, and an upper clad layer on the optical transmission line and the lower clad layer. The optical transmission line may include graphene.

Abstract: A dual band color filter includes a periodic arrangement of metallic dots in a middle transparent medium, having an index of refraction, interposed between a first and a second transparent medium, each having an index of refraction greater than the middle transparent medium index of refraction. The filter accepts visible spectrum light. In response to the periodic arrangement of metallic dots, a surface plasmon mode is generated. In response to a diameter common to all the metallic dots, a local mode is generated, and in response to the combination of the middle, first, and second transparent medium indices of refraction, a waveguide mode is generated. As a result, two distinct wavelength bands of visible spectrum light are transmitted through the bottom surface of the dual band color filter, while attenuating one wavelength band of visible spectrum light.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide apparatuses and methods for phase correlated seeding of parametric mixer and for generating coherent frequency combs. The parametric mixer may use two phase-correlated optical waves with different carrier frequencies to generate new optical waves centered at frequencies differing from the input waves, while retaining the input wave coherent properties. In the case when parametric mixer is used to generate frequency combs with small frequency pitch, the phase correlation of the input (seed) waves can be achieved by electro-optical modulator and a single master laser. In the case when frequency comb possessing a frequency pitch that is larger than frequency modulation that can be affected by electro-optic modulator, the phase correlation of the input (seed) waves is achieved by combined use of an electro-optical modulator and injection locking to a single or multiple slave lasers.

Abstract: A control method of an optical element, including light sources to emit lights having different wavelengths from each other, and ring modulators connected in cascade along a light waveguide, is disclosed. Each ring modulator includes a ring resonator, and a wavelength adjustment electrode to adjust a resonance wavelength in the ring resonator, wherein the lights from the light sources are multiplexed to enter the light waveguide. The method includes having a light source emit the light; adjusting power to the wavelength adjustment electrode in each ring modulator, to obtain a value of the power causing the resonance wavelength of the ring resonator, equivalent to the wavelength of the light emitted from the light source; obtaining a relationship between the light sources and the values of the power corresponding to the ring modulators; and selecting the ring modulators corresponding to the light sources based on the relationship.