Abstract: A compact alphanumeric keyboard providing the clock face familiarity for ease of learning and ease of use, with at least twenty eight alphanumeric keys, where the keys are arranged in a first set of twelve keys, a second set of twelve keys, and a third set of four alphanumeric keys. The first set and second set of keys are arranged to correspond with positions of a set of twelve hours on a clock face and the first set, second set, and third set are concentric with respect to a center, where the ratio of the radii of the first bounding circle, second bounding circle, and third bounding circle is substantially square root of seven, two, and one so that each of the plurality of key areas have substantially of equal area. Each of the at least twenty-eight alphanumeric keys has an indicia surface for being comfortably pressed by a finger.

Abstract: An adjustable keyboard assembly and support mounts and keying layout are provided allowing a user to orient keying modules of the assembly in a variety of desired configurations. In one embodiment, the assembly includes pivoting support plates that allow the flexible adjustments. In another embodiment, at least one lift module is utilized to allow achieving multiple tenting angles expediently. In yet another embodiment, a modular support mount assembly is provided to allow the user to mount keying modules to a structure such as a chair using modular mounts that allow for easy and effective peripheral device supports and reconfiguration of the modular support mount assembly to support keying modules and peripheral devices of various sizes and shapes. Furthermore, a keying layout and assembly is provided to improve efficiency and intuitiveness of using a keying module and for programming the keying modules without use of a separate computer.

Abstract: A physical keyboard includes a plurality of multi-functional keys with a reduced column QWERTY key arrangement overlaid with a numeric phone key arrangement for use in both text entry and telephony. Another physical keyboard includes a plurality of multi-functional keys having an array of alphabetic characters and an overlaid numeric array of numbers. A handheld mobile station has a first user interface having a standard alphabetic key arrangement and a second user interface having a numeric phone key arrangement. The space key of the keyboard may be taller than the remainder of keys in the row.

Abstract: A keyboard layout for a handheld electronic book device is described herein. The device includes a display screen adapted for displaying visible representations of textual or graphic content related to the electronic book. The device also includes a keyboard for controlling presentation of the content. The keyboard includes two sets of keys. A first set of keys is arranged in an arcuate configuration relative to a first point of reference on the device. A second set of keys is arranged in an arcuate configuration relative to a second point of reference on the device. The second point of reference is spaced from the first point of reference on the device. One or more of the first set of keys and one or more of the second set of keys are arranged in a horizontal row.

Abstract: An ultra compact mobile keyboard. The keyboard has a plurality of mechanical keys suitable for touch typing. Each such key has a travel distance sufficient to provide a touch type feel and a rigid cap for crisp actuation by a user. The keyboard has a deployed configuration for touch-typing use and a collapsed configuration for transport and storage. In the collapsed configuration, the keyboard fits within bounding volume of less than 180 cubic centimeters.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for telephony tone signal and character code generation for QWERTY keyboards includes a QWERTY style keyboard, a processor and a keyboard mode control software module. The QWERTY style keyboard has a plurality of letter keys, wherein each letter key is configured to generate a unique input signal. The processor is coupled to the keyboard and is configured to convert each unique input signal generated by the letter keys into a character code and/or a telephony tone signal. The keyboard mode control software module operates on the processor, and controls whether the processor converts the unique input signals from the letter keys into character codes or telephony tone signals.

Abstract: A label having an identifier 41L is applied to the upper left corner of the key top of each character key in a left hand region of a keyboard device. A label having an identifier 41R is applied to the upper right corner of the key top of each character key in a right hand region. The identifier 41L is a mark of a reversed L shape and the identifier 41R is a mark of a mirror image pattern of the identifier 41L. Further, different colors are applied to the identifiers 41L and 41R depending on regions for individual fingers. As a consequence, the identifiers 41L and 41R have a function to visually display information representing which hand is to be used to press a key and information representing which finger is to be used to press the key. The keyboard device enables a user to naturally understand the arrangement of the keys and the use of the fingers.

Abstract: A method for selecting text created in a mobile terminal by word and correcting it or changing it to another word, and a mobile terminal implementing the same are disclosed. The mobile terminal includes: a display unit to display one or more words of text, and to display tags for each of the one or more words; an input unit to select at least one of the tagged one or more words as selected one word; and a controller to display candidate words having a similar pronunciation to that of the word selected via the input unit, select one of the candidate words as selected one candidate word, and change the selected one word from the text to the selected one candidate word.

Abstract: An electronic device and a keypad structure thereof are disclosed. The keypad structure includes a first key group, a second key group and a third key group. The second key group is disposed on the left side of the first key group, and the third key group is disposed on the right side of the first key group. Each key area of the second key group is smaller than that of the first key group, and each key area of the third key group is also smaller than that of the first key group.

Abstract: An adjustable keyboard includes a first keying module situated pivotably with respect to the second keying module for providing a keyboard having improved ergonomics and comfort, and promoting improved productivity of a user. In one embodiment, the first and the second keying modules are pivotably mounted on a base assembly having fixed opposing tenting angles. In one embodiment the first and the second keying modules are mounted on a pivot link assembly configured to pivot the keying modules with respect to each other. In one embodiment, the first and the second keying modules are configured to also laterally separate. In one embodiment, first and second lift modules space a portion of the first and the second keying modules, respectively, from a supporting surface to form opposing tenting angles.

Abstract: An exemplary control method includes the following steps. Judging if a hot key is pressed. Updating a data in a data field when the hot key is pressed. Judging if a first function key is pressed. When the first function key is pressed, outputting a first key code according to the data in the data field and the first function key. Executing a first service process according to the first key code. A control system is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a keyboard with a plurality of sensitive key elements (10, 12, 14) arranged on said keyboard according to a predetermined scheme. Each of the key elements (10, 12, 14) provides an analogue electric signal (U1, U2, U3). The analogous electric signal (U1, U2, U3) depends on the position of a fingertip. A contact surface of the key element (12) is subdivided into zones (A, B, C, D). The zones (A, B, C, D) are defined in such a way, that the zones (A, B, C, D) have different distances from the adjacent key elements (10, 14). Each zone (A, B, C, D) corresponds with a range of relationships between the signal (U2) of the key element (12) and the signal (U1, U3) of at least one adjacent key element (10, 14).

Abstract: A keyboard control circuit for a keyboard having P keys includes an array module that includes P key switches, and a key-matrix having N scan lines that intersect M return lines to form N×M intersections, where P<N×M. The intersections include ghost key positions free of the key switches, and safe key positions being of a number at least equal to P. Each key switch is disposed at a corresponding safe key position. Each ghost key position cooperates with a corresponding group of first, second and third ones of the safe key positions to constitute four corners of a rectangle in the key matrix. A processing unit provides a scan signal to each scan line during a scan period, receives at least one scan line from the return lines in response to operation of at least one key switch, and outputs an input signal corresponding to operation of the at least one key switch.

Abstract: A light-emitting keyboard is disclosed, which comprises: a light guide plate, configured with a light entrance surface, a light emitting surface, a bottom surface and a side surface in a manner that the light emitting surface is arranged opposite to the bottom surface, and the light entrance surface and the side surface are arranged respectively next and connecting to the light emitting surfaced and the bottom surface while being sandwiched therebetween; a light source, disposed next to the light entrance surface of the light guide plate; a frame, disposed on the light emitting surface of the light guide plate; a first reflector, disposed on the bottom surface of the light guide plate; and a second reflector, disposed on the side surface of the light guide plate. With the aforesaid structure, light from the light source can be fully utilized so that the overall brightness of the light-emitting keyboard can be enhanced.

Abstract: A method for positioning keys in a limited key space in handheld computing and communication devices for efficient finger operation, has the steps of, (i) selecting a set of keys from a full set of keys, where the selected set is useful for use in small handheld devices based on their mode of use and operation, (ii) partitioning the selected keys in two groups of more-used and less-used keys, (iii) positioning the more-used keys in a top center area of the keypad space and the less-used keys in a remainder key space including a bottom, a left, and a right area of the key space, and (iv) adjusting the layout of the keys in the key space based on the size and the orientation of the key space with an correspondingly adjusted key size.

Abstract: A connecting structure of keyboard appurtenance of the invention includes a base, an appurtenance, a first holding portion and a second holding portion. The first holding portion includes a platform, a first breaking hole that is formed in the platform and includes a first opening, and a passage extending from the first opening to a side of the platform. The second holding portion includes a pillar and a cover connected to an end of the pillar. The base and the appurtenance are equipped with the first holding portion and the second holding portion correspondingly and thus the appurtenance can be connected to the base through disposing the pillar of the second holding portion in the first breaking hole.

Abstract: Overloaded typing apparatuses, and related devices, systems, and methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, a typing apparatus is provided. The typing apparatus comprises a plurality of overloaded keys in a key layout. The plurality of overloaded keys comprises at least three injectively overloaded keys disposed in a first row of keys. At least one first injectively overloaded key among the at least three injectively overloaded keys is injectively overloaded with a first at least three characters assigned to a first finger in a represented non-overloaded keyboard. The plurality of overloaded keys also comprises at least one second injectively overloaded key disposed outside the first row of keys. The at least one second injectively overloaded key is injectively overloaded with a second at least three characters assigned to the first finger in the represented non-overloaded keyboard. Other embodiments and related methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: The keyboard of the present invention provides an ergonomic layout having a configuration divided into two halves, with half the standard keys normally associated with a user's left hand positioned on the left side of the board while the other keys normally associated with a user's right hand are positioned on the right side of the board, the centers being shoulder width apart. The spacing enables users to type comfortably with keystrokes that feel natural and correct. For example, the left parenthesis button may be positioned on the left side while the right parenthesis may be positioned on the right side.

Abstract: A keyboard may include a base portion, a first keyboard portion, a second keyboard portion, and a connection component that couples the second keyboard portion with the base portion. The connection component allows a movement of the second keyboard portion, relative to the base portion and the first keyboard portion, between a first orientation and a second orientation. In some implementations, the keyboard has a longer length dimension when the second keyboard portion is positioned in the second orientation than when the second keyboard portion is positioned in the first orientation.

Abstract: A keyboard includes a plurality of key row holders each supporting a plurality of key elements constituting each of the plurality of key rows, a support shaft placed to be rotatable about an axial center and support the plurality of key row holders arranged to intersect the axial center, an engaging portion formed on a support surface of each of the plurality of key row holders for the support shaft, and an engaged portion formed spirally on a surface of the support shaft in a direction of the axial center so as to be engaged with the engaging portion of each of the plurality of key row holders, the engaged portion causing the plurality of key row holders to shift in the direction of the axial center by an engagement with the engaging portion upon rotation of the support shaft. The keyboard enables easy and accurate key pitch adjustment.

Abstract: A foldable keyboard includes a supporting plate, a first keyboard module, a second keyboard module, a first slot, a first protrusion, a second slot and a second protrusion. The first and second keyboard modules are disposed on the supporting plate. The second keyboard module is pivotally connected to the first keyboard module. The first slot is selectively disposed on one of the supporting plate and the first keyboard module. The first protrusion corresponding to the first slot is selectively disposed on the other one of the supporting plate and the first keyboard module and movably engaged in the first slot. The second slot is selectively disposed on one of the supporting plate and the second keyboard module. The second protrusion corresponding to the second slot is selectively disposed on the other one of the supporting plate and the second keyboard module and movably engaged in the second slot.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus includes a key operation unit including a first region in which a first key group is arranged and a second region in which a second key group is arranged, a switch, and a key operation control unit which outputs, when a given key of the first key group is pressed together with an operation of the switch, a key code assigned to a key located at a position in the second region which corresponds to a position of the given key in the first region, and outputs, when an arbitrary key of the second key group is pressed, a key code assigned to a key located at a position in the first region which corresponds to a position of the arbitrary key in the second region.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention comprises an apparatus for character entry on an electronic device, comprising: a keyboard with one row of keys; and an electronic display device in communication with the keyboard; wherein one or more keys on the keyboard has a correspondence with a plurality of characters, and wherein the correspondence enables QWERTY-based typing. In another aspect, the invention comprises an apparatus for character entry on an electronic device, comprising: a keyboard with a plurality of keys; and an electronic display device in communication with the keyboard; wherein one or more keys on the keyboard has a correspondence with a plurality of characters, and wherein, for each of the one or more keys, the plurality of characters comprises: (a) a home row character associated with a particular finger when touch typing; and (b) a non-home-row character associated with the particular finger when touch typing.

Abstract: This invention consists of 4 sliver (s-l-i-v-e-r) keys surrounding a square center key, which move downward to separate contacts. These narrow keys form a box around the center key with corners and sides which can be felt. Which of these sliver (s-l-i-v-e-r) keys the typist hits along with the center key, determines which of 9 letters, numbers or actions will result.

Abstract: A thin type mouse includes a main body and a finger ring. The main body has a top surface and a bottom surface. The finger ring is removably attached to the top surface of the main body. The finger ring not only can prevent the user's palm from sliding off the main body, but also can force the user's palm to rest on the top surface of the main body. Therefore, the user's hand is not easily tired.

Abstract: A keyboard includes a plurality of keys each of which is associated with indicia corresponding to at least one of alphabetic characters, numbers, or commands. The keys of the plurality of keys associated with alphabetic characters number fewer than 26 and greater than nine. No more than two alphabetic characters are associated with each of the keys associated with alphabetic characters. At least one of the keys associated with alphabetic characters is associated with two alphabetic characters and at least one number. The numbers are arranged and displayed in the format of a phone keypad and the letters are arranged and displayed in a keyboard layout.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a housing, a key board, and a height adjustment apparatus. The key board includes a number of first keys and a number of second keys. The height adjustment apparatus includes a platform for supporting the second keys, a cross bridging, a sliding button, and a pushing rod. The cross bridging includes a first supporting arm and a second supporting arm, the first supporting has an end slidably connected to the platform and the other end pivotably connected to a securing portion. The second supporting arm has an end slidably connected to the platform. The sliding button includes a lever surface facing the cross bridging. The pushing rod includes a first end pivotably connected to the other end of the second supporting arm and a second end resisting the lever surface.

Abstract: An ergonomic keyboard having a mount and a plurality of keys arranged in a plurality of unbroken adjacent rows is provided. Each row is comprised of an arcuate portion, a left portion, and a right portion. The left and right portions extend tangentially from the left and right sides of the arcuate portion, respectively. The arcuate portion, of each row is convex to the user side of the keyboard, and at least two keys in each arcuate portion are elongated. Alphanumeric indicia on the keys can be arranged in the QWERTY pattern.

Abstract: An ergonomically developed key input system for use with a computing or electronic handheld device that uses chording to type at increased speeds. The key input system includes a set of finger input keys corresponding to the fingers of a user's hands that are divided into at least three subkeys, each subkey adapted to be engaged simultaneously with any other subkey. Simultaneous engagement of the finger subkeys creates an input signal that corresponds to a grouping of input values, which are translated by software to display a word or perform a function. Thumb keys may be used in conjunction with the finger input keys to perform additional functions. The key input system disclosed utilizes a chording principle to type words and perform computing functions with only slight movements of a user's hands from an initial relaxed position.

Abstract: The present invention provides a portable and easier to use three-dimensional keyboard for computer-type devices. In a preferred embodiment, the keyboard of the present invention includes smaller keys for select character, functional and operational keys, select raised keys and a keyboard that is more ergonomic and easier to use with smaller computer-type devices. Such embodiments of the present invention provide a simple, improved ergonomic keyboard that is portable, easier-to-use, ergonomic and is compatible with the QWERTY keyboard.

Abstract: A user interface with a keypad having a reduced form factor is provided. The keypad includes a plurality of multi-position keys, each of which has a plurality of toggle positions for making a plurality of data selections. The user interface may also include a plurality of function keys and a screen for displaying the data. The user interface reduces the number of keys needed on a keypad and minimizes the number of finger movements, thereby reducing the number of errors made when using the user interface.

Abstract: An apparatus and layout for manual text entry on a small form factor information processing device provides a keyboard for data entry located on the back side of the device, opposite the side of the device facing the user. The keyboard assembly is further laid out as a split of the layout of the conventional standard form factor keyboard adapted to touch-typing, enabling users to employ touch-typing expertise acquired on standard keyboards on the small form-factor device.

Abstract: A keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys representing characters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: (a) keys representing frequently used vowel characters of said alphabet arranged together in series; (b) keys representing frequently used consonant characters of said alphabet arranged adjacent to said keys representing vowel characters; and (c) keys representing infrequently used consonant characters of said alphabet arranged in positions remote from said keys representing vowel characters, wherein the keys representing frequently used consonant characters are arranged in alphabetical order around the keys representing the vowel characters.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes an apparatus for ergonomic typing. The apparatus includes a first surface having first set of keys including a plurality of alphabetic keys, where the first set of keys is operable by a user's thumbs. The apparatus includes a second surface having a second set of keys including a plurality of alphabetic keys, where the second set of keys is operable by the user's fingers. The second surface includes first structures for home positioning of fingers of the user's left and right hands and second structures for positioning of the fingers of the user's left and right hands when moving to and from home position keys during typing.

Abstract: A keyboard having an arrangement of English letters and Japanese Kana (Hiragana) characters across keys of the keyboard. The keys are associated with more than two letters and/or characters. The key arrangements facilitate easier memorization. In one embodiment, an example keyboard includes a 6 key arrangement (3 keys in a top row and 3 keys in a lower row). This arrangement is useful for cellular phones and other small computing devices.

Abstract: A computer keyboard assembly includes a computer keyboard. The computer keyboard includes a housing on which a keypad is arranged. The housing defines oppositely disposed print media input and ejection slots though which print media can pass. A print media feed mechanism is located within the housing and is configured to feed print media along a print media path between the entry and ejection slots. A printer is located within the housing and is configured to print upon print media fed along the print media path.

Abstract: A computer keyboard incorporates a base member, a keying module and a spacing member coupled therebetween. The spacing member is pivotable over a range of angles to allow the keying module to be retained at a range of discrete, desired angles above a support structure such as a desktop. An embodiment incorporates two such assemblies linked together by a sliding member, further allowing the keying modules to be spaced apart laterally from each other by a desired distance. Another embodiment incorporates a hinged linking member, allowing the keying modules to also be angled with respect to each other about an axis normal to the support plane.

Abstract: A keyboard for one-handed data input is disclosed. The keyboard includes a primary keypad including a first set of keys. The primary keypad is defined by a first side and an opposed second side. The keyboard also includes an auxiliary keypad including a second set of keys, as well as an input selection pad with a multiple position switch. The switch is used to selectively map the keyboard to various input value sets. The auxiliary keypad is attached to the first side, while the input selection pad is attached to the second side. There is also a rest pad centrally mounted to the primary keypad.

Abstract: The invention provides large, vertically elongated keyboard keys strategically chosen and positioned above the alphanumeric section of a standard keyboard (e.g. a laptop PC keyboard) to provide a more ergonomic keyboard arrangement. The invention provides for keys that appropriately address the needs of touch typists when striking frequently used keys located above the alphanumeric section of the keyboard.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a reconfigurable keyboard is provided. One implementation involves a row mounting mechanism for mounting each row of keys on a row frame, the row mounting mechanism allowing one or more keys of each row to be moved and locked in a certain row position, whereby the spacing of one or more keys in each row on the keyboard can change. The apparatus also includes a column mounting mechanism for mounting each column of keys on a column frame, the column mounting mechanism allowing one or more keys of each column to be moved and locked in a certain column position, whereby the spacing of one or more keys in each column on the keyboard can change. As such, one or more keys can be moved in row or column and to lock or unlock key positioning for arranging the keys on a keyboard according to a reconfigurable layout.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multimedia portable electronic device including a first housing, a second housing coupled to the first housing so as to rotate about a first hinge axis, a third housing adapted to slide while facing the first housing, a fourth housing connected to the third housing so as to rotate about a second hinge axis to be folded/unfolded, a connection device positioned between the first and fourth housings so that the connection device rotates about a third hinge axis to slide the third housing when the fourth housing is folded on or unfolded from the third housing, and a sliding device positioned between the first and third housings so that the third housing can slide.

Abstract: In one aspect, an apparatus for data entry on an electronic device, comprising: a keyboard with only one row of keys used to type letters of an alphabet; and an electronic display device in communication with the keyboard; wherein each key of the one row of keys has a correspondence with a plurality of characters, and wherein the correspondence enables touch-typing consistent with touch-typing on QWERTY or other standard keyboard configurations.

Abstract: A data entry interface for use with an electronic device (200) includes a first row of keys that have a first group of letters (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, and 5A) and a second group of letters (1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, and 5B) that are horizontally offset from the first group of letters. A second row of keys are positioned below the first row of keys and have a third group of letters (6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A) and fourth group of letters (6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 10B) such that the third group of letters are vertically aligned with the first group of letters and the second group of letters are vertically aligned with the second group of letters.

Abstract: A small form-factor keyboard or keypad for key structures is provided in which individual key structures have a contact surface on which there is a center reference and a peak. The center reference and the peak or offset, so that an offset distance between the center reference and the peak is greater than or equal to zero. The offset distance for at least two or more key structures in the plurality of key structures may different. The difference in the offset distance may be based on a position of the individual key structures relative to a first reference line.

Abstract: An electronic keyboard having an improved ergonomic design for use with computers and other alphanumeric input electronic devices is disclosed. Repetitive motion stress on a typist's hands, wrists and fingers is substantially reduced by relocating and centering the ENTER and BACKSPACE keys to a location central to the keyboard so as to be index finger activated, with the ENTER key extending up into the home row, thereby reducing wrist flexure. The alphanumeric keys are disposed in an ortholinear array, with substantially vertical columns and substantially horizontal rows and functional keys are grouped into rationally apportioned areas below the alphanumeric keys of the keyboard. Certain of the keys have up to three different functions, depending upon whether the keyboard is in QWERTY mode, Dvorak mode, or numeric keypad mode.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus configured to have: a display section (2) pivotally provided with respect to an apparatus main body (3) with a pair of hinges (9a, 9b) so as to pivot between a close position to close the apparatus main body and an open position to open the apparatus main body; and an operation section (18) executing a predetermined function by being operated is disposed between the pair of hinges, so that operations to the operation section are possible in the both states of the open position and the close position of the display section.

Abstract: In a preferred form, a keyboard has a single row of eight multi-position keys or groups of key elements with the letters arranged in a standard QWERTY keyboard configuration. The eight keys or key element groups correspond to the eight fingers used when touch typing; each finger operates one key, and that key contains all the letters that the finger normally accesses when touch typing on a standard QWERTY keyboard. With this design, no finger has to move to a different key or key element group while typing. In certain forms, when depressed at different locations on its key face, each key either moves straight down, or down while tilting slightly about one of a plurality of axes. Three-position keys have two tilt axes and six-position keys have five tilt axes. The switches utilize contacts located on the bottom of the switches which may be conductive or nonconductive.

Abstract: Data entry arrangements that include twenty-six letters of the Roman alphabet arranged in matrices including six rows of three to six letters per row and in five column matrices. The transposition of the letters of the Roman alphabet on a standard three-row QWERTY keyboard into six row matrices and five column matrices utilizes spacing between the letters wherein a vertical distance between adjacent letters is at least the same.

Abstract: A compact ergonomic keyboard that places a raised input control pad at the center of the keyboard in order to maintain smaller lateral dimensions and prevent inadvertent engagement of the central input control pad. Placed between the left and right sections of the keyboard, said input control pad provides easy implementation of web browser commands, media commands, and direction controls. A raised miniature trackball or raised trackpad for cursor controls is also placed between the left and right sections. An alternate configuration achieves the same benefit by placing the input control pad and the trackball/trackpad at an elevation that is lower than the keys of the left and right sections.

Abstract: A method for hand inputting symbol and key-function information into a digital data processor comprises: providing a device including three keys for the left hand's middle, ring, and pinky fingers, three keys for the right hand's middle, ring, and pinky fingers, first and second joysticks including ‘enter’, ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘up’, and ‘down’ positions, operable in a main mode pressed by the thumb of one hand, and in a supplemental mode switched by the point finger of the other hand, assigning unique combinations of the keys and joysticks positions to fingers of each hand, thereby producing left-hand and right-hand tables, and converting the combinations of the tables into predetermined electrical signals, inputted into the data processer. In embodiments, the left-hand and right-hand tables are identical, can be preset by the user and/or by the manufacturer. The preferable time for pressing the joysticks in the supplemental mode is also provided.