Abstract: A casing includes a metallic sheet and a screw. The metallic sheet is formed with an extruded tapped hole surrounded by an arcuate portion in the metallic sheet and a sleeve integrally with and depending from the arcuate portion. The sleeve has internal threads. On the other hand, the screw is configured to seal the extruded tapped hole of the metallic sheet. The screw has a threaded section configured to be mated with the internal threads of the sleeve of the metallic sheet, and a flat head capable of abutting against the arcuate portion and sitting flush with the metallic sheet when the screw is placed in the extruded tapped hole of the metallic sheet.

Abstract: Chattering suppression apparatus (10) comprises multiple bolt members (24a through 24d) for mounting boring bar (20) in the spindle (18). Inside the main body configuring bolt members (24a through 24d), a damper chamber (34) is formed and, inside the damper chamber (34), a friction damper section (36) that suppresses the vibration energy that can cause chatters during machining operation of workpiece W, through sliding friction, is housed in the movable state.

Abstract: A fastener has a shaft, a head at a first end of the shaft, and a point at the other end of the shaft. A first portion of the shaft adjacent the point is threaded. The first portion typically extends about one-half the total length of the shaft. A second portion of the shaft (adjacent the head) is not threaded, but has a plurality of spaced rings. A knurled portion can be provided between the first and second portions, if desired. Conventional symmetrical or asymmetrical thread can be used in the threaded portion, or a three lobe thread can be used.

Abstract: Devices methods, and systems for facilitating the installation of an item to a structure, and including for installation of doors and windows, and in particular for plumbing and/or leveling door/window jambs is provided. The devices may be used for facilitating the alignment of door/window jambs even before shims are installed. The devices may be adjusted to fine tune the installation. When the desired level of adjustment is reached, the jamb may then be permanently installed.

Abstract: Non-dimpling fasteners and methods of installing non-dimpling fasteners are provided herein. Non-dimpling fasteners can include a body including a first end and a second end, a tip at the first end of the body, a head at the second end of the body, a first body portion adjacent to the tip, a second body portion adjacent to the head, and a shoulder adjacent to the first body portion and the second body portion. The first body portion can have a first diameter and can include a first thread. The second body portion can have a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter of the first body portion. The shoulder can have an angle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the fastener.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to the improved construction, assembly, and installation of a duplex toggle bolt used for securing an object by hanging or mounting to a support, and more particularly, to a duplex toggle bolt wherein the bolt shaft contains a fixed stop-spacer ring. This invention ensures a snug fit of the bolt between the wings of a spring nut fastener and a washer or stop spacer and head and the support structure and an attached object.

Abstract: The invention relates to a floor anchor (10) made of steel pipe. The floor anchor comprises a hollow shaft segment (14) having an external thread (16) at least in segments, and a head segment adjacent to the shaft segment (14) and facing downward in the anchored state in the floor. The head segment (12) is designed as a drill head and comprises elements for removing earth.

Abstract: A hole-forming and thread-forming screw for screwing into a sheet piece, including a slotted screw head for accommodating a tool, a threaded shank and a tapering hole-forming part having outer sides with a continuous convex-shaped curve along an entire length thereof, ribs running like threads along the hole-forming part being provided. The hole-forming part ends in a rounded, blunt end piece, and the rounded ribs, which chiplessly displace the material of the sheet part, are situated symmetrically opposite one another and have a pitch that is a multiple of the thread pitch.

Abstract: A screw has a screw head and a shank. The screw head has a square cavity, a hexagonal cavity or a hexagonal boss to be wedged by a screw driver for wrenching. The shank has a first asymmetrical thread at the taper to facilitate drilling holes, asymmetrical saw-type threads behind the first asymmetrical thread, and a second asymmetrical thread behind the asymmetrical saw-type threads. The shank further has a carved V-shaped tail between the first asymmetrical thread and the asymmetrical saw-type threads to facilitate cutting and debris dispelling. The screw thus formed can rapidly perform thread tapping and debris dispelling, and reduce friction and expand drilling holes and achieve fast fastening.

Abstract: A fastening device for securing panels together. Threads are formed along an outer circumference of a shank of the fastening device. The shank is coaxially connected to a head configured to be engaged by and to transfer torque loads from a tool to the shank. The shank comprises concentric cylindrical braid layers that each includes braided reinforcing fibers infiltrated with a resin matrix and adhesive layers may be disposed between them.

Abstract: A composite member 12, which is formed by integrating an OCV housing 14 and a cylinder head cover 13, is fixed to a cam cap 15 by a bolt 20. The bolt 20 is passed through a bolt insertion hole 16 of the composite member 12 and fastened to the cam cap 15. A step portion 20d is formed in a shank 20c between a head 20a and a threaded rod 20b of the bolt 20. A circumferential groove 21 is formed in the shank 20c between the step portion 20d and the head 20a of the bolt 20. The circumferential groove 21 extends along the outer circumferential surface of the shank 20c. An annular sealing member 22 is fitted in the groove 21. The threaded rod 20b of the bolt 20 is then screwed into the internal thread 19 of the cam cap 15, which is a coupled member. At this time, the step portion 20d of the bolt 20 contacts a contacting portion 16c in the bolt insertion hole 16 of the OCV housing 14. Also, the sealing member 22 contacts the inner circumferential surface of the bolt insertion hole 16 of the cylinder head cover 13.

Abstract: A sliding connection between components of dissimilar materials includes a first mating surface formed on a first component and a second mating surface formed on a second component and configured to mate with the first mating surface. The first component is connected to the second component at the first and the second mating surfaces by a fastener including a shank, a sleeve received by the shank, and a resilient member received by the shank and contained by the sleeve. The resilient member is configured to press the first mating surface and the second mating surface against one another and to permit the first mating surface to slide against the second mating surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sealing arrangement for attaching a side plate often used with a pump volute of a centrifugal pump and an attachment screw used therewith. A characterizing feature of the sealing arrangement for attaching the side plate of a centrifugal pump, comprising at least a pump volute (10) and a side plate (130) with attachment screws (132) and flanges (164) of the screws (132) arranged in communication with the volute (10) or the cover of the casing, is that an annular seal (180) is arranged between the screw (132) and the volute or the cover of the casing.

Abstract: A casing includes a metallic sheet and a screw. The metallic sheet is formed with an extruded tapped hole surrounded by an arcuate portion in the metallic sheet and a sleeve integrally with and depending from the arcuate portion. The sleeve has internal threads. On the other hand, the screw is configured to seal the extruded tapped hole of the metallic sheet. The screw has a threaded section configured to be mated with the internal threads of the sleeve of the metallic sheet, and a flat head capable of abutting against the arcuate portion and sitting flush with the metallic sheet when the screw is placed in the extruded tapped hole of the metallic sheet.

Abstract: Provided is a high-strength bolt which has a tensile strength of 1,200 MPa or more while exhibiting excellent ductility and delayed facture resistance, and further has an excellent impact toughness which had not been obtained in the conventional high-strength bolt. The high-strength bolt has a tensile strength of 1.2 GPa or more and includes a threaded portion and cylindrical neck portion. The bolt has K of 0.8 or more and satisfies Ho<Hs, where K is defined by the equation: (Ao×Ho)/(As×Hs)=K, in which Ao is an effective cross-sectional area of the cylindrical neck portion with a diameter larger than that of the threaded portion, Ho is a Vickers hardness of a portion at which Ao is measured, As is an effective cross-sectional area of the threaded portion, and Hs is a Vickers hardness of the threaded portion.

Abstract: An electrically-insulative threaded connection includes a pin member having a pin thread and a box member having a box thread. An insulating composite layer is disposed between the pin thread and the box thread. The insulating composite layer includes an insulating fiber and insulating resin. The pin thread and the box thread are wedge threads. A method of making an electrically-insulative threaded connection includes forming a pin wedge thread on a pin member and winding a filament over the pin wedge thread. The filament is wetted with a resin, thereby forming a composite layer. The composite layer is cured and machined to mate with a box wedge thread.

Abstract: A fastener has a shaft, a head at a first end of the shaft, and a point at the other end of the shaft. A first portion of the shaft adjacent the point is threaded. The first portion typically extends about one-half the total length of the shaft. A second portion of the shaft (adjacent the head) is not threaded, but has a plurality of spaced rings. A knurled portion can be provided between the first and second portions, if desired. Conventional symmetrical or asymmetrical thread can be used in the threaded portion, or a three lobe thread can be used.

Abstract: A composite fastener, a belly nut, a tie system and/or a method reduce heat transfer through a building envelope. The composite fastener, the belly nut, the tie system and/or the method secure a wall to a backup structure. The composite fastener is constructed from a fiber reinforced polymer that has fibers embedded in a polymeric matrix. The composite fastener has a low thermal conductive value (k-value) and has non-corrosive properties. The belly nut has a fastening hole on a first side of the belly nut to attach the composite fastener to the belly nut. Further, the belly nut has a pathway to receive a leg of a pintle from a top surface of the belly nut to a bottom surface of the belly nut. The pathway is sized to allow for greater vertical adjustment eccentricity between the belly nut and the pintle without creating large horizontal deflections of the tie system.

Abstract: A composite metal male fastener is provided. The metal fastener includes an elongate hollow shell made of metal. The shell includes a threaded exterior for insertion or retraction from the threads of a female fastener. In addition, the shell element includes a central bore and a radially extending flange. The male fastener further includes a core element made of a composite material including plastic, fiberglass or carbon fiber or the like. In a first embodiment, the core element fills the shell's central bore and extends proximally from the proximal end of the shell to encapsulate the shell's flange to form a male fastener head. In an alternative embodiment, the shell's proximal extremity includes a radially extending flange to form a male fastener head for rotation of the male fastener. For this embodiment, the core element extends proximally to the shell's proximal end, without projecting beyond the shell's proximal end.

Abstract: A fastener with a breakaway and methods of using the same. In one embodiment the fastener is a screw having a head and elongated stem, adapted to be easily manipulated by a user when using the screw as a fastener in a hinge or joint. A means of holding a screw by providing a breakaway tab or non-threaded second portion of the elongated stem which can be used to align and insert the screw into a screw hole in the process of engaging threads in the screw hole with threads of the screw. After engaging the threads in the screw hole, such as after the screw has been essentially completely inserted into the screw hole, the breakaway tab or non-threaded second portion of the elongated stem of the screw may be broken off at a breakaway and discarded.

Abstract: A wire rod or a steel wire of a bamboo nano-structure, whose mean grain diameter in a C-direction section is 200 nm or smaller, is prepared by applying a hot or warm working and additionally applying a cold working to a steel and next, by performing a forging, by a tool or a die such as cold pressure production, to a section, of a desired, limited site, other than a section parallel to an L-direction, an equiaxed nano-structure, whose mean grain diameter is 200 nm or smaller, is formed in this site. As a typical example of a formed article, there is enumerated a high strength micro screw in which a shaft outer diameter is 1.6 mm or smaller, a surface layer part of a head part recess has equiaxed nano-structure and a hardness Hv?300, and a screw main body portion has bamboo nano-structure and a hardness Hv?250.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for molding a high-strength, non-metallic fiber-reinforced threaded fastener, such as a bolt or the like. A non-metallic preform (e.g., a solid rod) having longitudinally-extending fibers running therethrough is located in a mold. A mold insert is positioned at the top of the mold, and a penetrator having a pointed tip is located at the bottom of the mold. Upper and lower press plates are closed against the mold insert and the penetrator. Accordingly, the upper press plate moves the mold insert against the top of the preform in the mold to form the bolt head. The lower press plate moves the penetrator against the bottom of the preform, whereby the penetrator is embedded therewithin. By virtue of the embedded preform, the molded fastener will have axially-extending fibers which are compressed into the threads and run in substantially parallel alignment to better resist failure under load conditions.

Abstract: In the case of a thread-tapping screw (1), especially a concrete screw (2), including a screw head (3), a screw shank (5) and a thread (6) that is formed on at least part of the screw shank (5), whereby at least one longitudinal groove (9) is formed on a front section (7) of the screw (1), starting at the end (4) of the screw on the screw shank (5), and the at least one longitudinal groove (9) is delimited on the screw shank (5) by two lengthwise sides (10) running essentially radially relative to a longitudinal axis (8) of the screw (1), it is the objective that the tightening torque needed when the screw (1) is being screwed into a drilled hole should be slight, and that the screw (1) should be produced cost-effectively.

Abstract: A bolt has a male screw with a surface hardening portion that has an increased surface hardness and that is applied with a compressive residual stress. The male screw is formed by cutting the bolt, and performing a process to provide at least on the surface of the male screw of the bolt the surface hardening portion that has increased hardness and that is applied with a compressive residual stress. As a result, the fatigue resistance of the male screw is improved and the bolt is effective for use in a portion where the male screw is subject to a repetitive stress.

Abstract: A wind turbine includes a plurality of turbine blades, with each of the blades having a root flange that attaches to a flange of a rotor hub by a plurality of circumferentially spaced blade bolts. The blade bolts have opposite cylindrical end sections engaged within the rotor hub flange and blade root flange, respectively, and a non-cylindrical shank extending between the cylindrical end sections. At least one flattened side is defined in the shank along a longitudinal axis of the bolt.

Abstract: A cam assembly is provided for adjustment of a drill feed guide wear pad. The cam assembly has an eccentric bushing with a shank portion extending circumferentially about a first axis and defining a bore along a second axis. The second axis is generally parallel and offset from the first axis. The bushing has a head portion extending from the eccentric bushing portion, with the bore extending though the head portion. The bushing is sized for insertion into an aperture of a drill feed guide wear pad, and is rotatable causing the shank portion to engage the aperture of the wear pad to provide a camming action to position the wear pad relative to a drill feed guide. The head portion is shaped to interact with a tool for rotating the bushing.

Abstract: A self-countersinking, self-tapping screw has a head with a substantially flat underside that acts like a washer for bearing against a surface of a material into which the screw is inserted. On an underside of the head are one or more material-receiving pockets. These pockets receive material when the head of the screw bears against the surface. These pockets thus help lock the screw in place, i.e. help to prevent the screw from loosening over time. These pockets may have a circular or non-circular shape.

Abstract: The present invention provides a threaded member with antirust effect. An oil reservoir is formed inside the threaded member and multiple conduits are formed on an outer circumference of the stem body of the threaded member in communication with the oil reservoir. An absorption material is installed in the oil reservoir and soaked with an antirust liquid. The antirust liquid in the oil reservoir can slowly seep out of the conduits to the outer circumference of the stem body so as to protect the threaded member from rust.

Abstract: A fastening element is provided for connecting mechanical parts to one another. The fastening element includes integrated, cutting machining grooves which are designed to work the edges of the hole, during fixing of the fastening element, by the removal of material in the parts to be mutually connected, so that the hole is made to fit against the shell surface of the fastening element. A fastening element can be provided which, in a cheap and simple manner, is designed to absorb both occurring shearing loads and compression/traction loads between the connected parts.

Abstract: There is provided a screw treated by a chemical conversion coating of trivalent chromium having a torque characteristic approximately equivalent to a screw of a hexavalent chromate treatment. For the purpose, on a surface of a bolt, a zinc plating layer is formed by a zinc plating treatment. On the layer, a chemical conversion coating of trivalent chromium is also formed by a treatment of chemical conversion coatings of trivalent chromium. The coating is formed to be thin and soft so that the zinc-based plating layer can be exposed on the surface due to rubbing off of the chemical conversion coating of trivalent chromium at a contact portion to a fastened member of the bolt by tightening the bolt.

Abstract: Reduced material content fasteners are provided that have a reduced material content portion between working ends allowing the fastener to have less weight with equal or better break and torque strengths. Systems and methods are provided for manufacturing reduced material content fasteners that provide for cold working the initial material to reduce the material while work hardening the remaining material. The cold working is provided by rolls and/or dies.

Abstract: A screw includes a shaft, a trumpet-shaped head provided to a base end of the shaft, and a narrow-tip portion formed at a tip end of the shaft. The shaft has different diameters at a small-diameter portion contiguous to the narrow-tip portion and at a large-diameter portion contiguous to the head. Two screw threads are formed on the small-diameter portion and one screw thread is formed on the large-diameter portion. Therefore, a thread portion can be divided into a double-thread portion and a single-thread portion. It is preferable that the screw threads forming the double-thread portion have different heights. The screw is mainly used for fastening a plasterboard to a frame member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a drilling tool incorporating first and second ends, a cuttable and/or processable shaft extending between the ends. The first end has a drill bit to penetrate rock. The drill bit and the shaft have complementary threads. The drill bit and the shaft comprise a relative rotation stop means that ensures that the drill bit remains loose during drilling in a first direction. The invention further relates to a self drilling rock bolt, a drill bit, drill shaft and shaft coupling, and an anchoring device per se.

Abstract: A composite metal male fastener is provided. The metal fastener includes an elongate hollow shell made of metal. The shell includes a threaded exterior for insertion or retraction from the threads of a female fastener. In addition, the shell element includes a central bore and a radially extending flange. The male fastener further includes a core element made of a composite material including plastic, fiberglass or carbon fiber or the like. The core element fills the shell's central bore and extends from the shell to encapsulate the shell's flange to form a male fastener head.

Abstract: A metal bolt or cap screw fastener has a head, a shank of reduced cross section and a threaded portion, which fastener is configured to be manufactured using cold forming automatic bolt making machines of concurrent configuration. The reduced cross section shank provides additional elastic stretch and reduces stress throughout the fastener upon application of external joint parting loads, as compared to conventional fasteners with nominal diameter shanks. The inventive fastener has at least three straight longitudinal ribs along the length of the reduced cross section shank. The longitudinal ribs extend laterally outward from the surface of the shank a distance substantially corresponding to the fastener nominal diameter so as to center the fastener within round holes. During cold forming, the fastener shank diameter is made to the same or somewhat larger diameter than the not yet threaded part of the bolt.

Abstract: Screw fasteners are used to connect multiple trusses in side-by-side relationship. The screw fasteners join truss wood members which are in edge to edge relationship with the screws being driven through the edge of each wood member. The screws may be knurled screws as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,850; lag screws, or standard screws. The connection may also join wood board members in edge-to-edge relationship when bending of the wood members is limited by a restraining structure.

Abstract: A fastening element has a core zone (14) formed of a relatively hard carbon steel, a skin zone (17) located outwardly of the core zone (14) and formed of a first low-carbon austenitic steel alloyed with a first alloy metal, and an intermediate zone (15a, 15b) provided between the core zone (14) and the skin zone (17) and formed of a second low-carbon steel having a smaller hardness than the steel the core zone (14) is formed of.

Abstract: A blade bolt for attaching a blade to a rotating member of a rotary mower has a head at a lower end, a cylindrical shoulder portion extending from the head, a shank extending from the shoulder portion, the shank having a cross-section that is rounded and non-cylindrical, and a threaded portion extending from the shank. The shoulder portion extends laterally beyond at least a portion of the shank such that the shoulder portion bears against the rotating member when the shank is inserted into a mounting aperture defined by the mounting member that has a shape corresponding to the cross-section of the shank. The rounded and non-cylindrical shank prevents rotation of the bolt, and distributes stress forces across a wider area compared to the prior art.

Abstract: The present invention provides a threaded member with antirust effect. An oil reservoir is formed inside the threaded member and multiple conduits are formed on an outer circumference of the stem body of the threaded member in communication with the oil reservoir. An absorption material is installed in the oil reservoir and soaked with an antirust liquid. The antirust liquid in the oil reservoir can slowly seep out of the conduits to the outer circumference of the stem body so as to protect the threaded member from rust.

Abstract: A construction vehicle door assembly includes a frame member having an inside surface and an outside surface, a window pane is positioned proximate one of the inside surface and outside surface, and a first resilient member substantially vibrationally isolates the frame member and the window pane. A fastener extends through the frame member, window pane and first resilient member to couple the window pane to the frame member. A second resilient member substantially vibrationally isolates the window pane and the fastener. A pair of hinges are coupled to the frame member, a pair of hinge pins are selectively extended into the respective one of the pair of hinges, and a lever is coupled to the pair of hinge pins for moving the pair of hinge pins relative to the pair on hinges upon movement of the lever, to detach the door assembly from the vehicle.

Abstract: A bolt assembly has a bolt body which includes a threaded portion and a shank; a head; a ring; and a shear zone. The head is configured to transmit rotary motion to the threaded portion through the shank. The ring is disposed on the shank and has a ring thread and a tab configured to ensure continuity between the ring thread and the threaded portion. The shear zone joins the shank to the threaded portion and a complementary recess, disposed on the threaded portion, is engageable with the tab to ensure rotation locking of the ring in relation to the threaded portion.

Abstract: A screw includes a shank portion including a tapered bottom section having a tip, a head on top of the shank portion, and first and second helical threads. The first helical thread extends helically around the shank portion in a first direction between the tip and the head, and has a first end distal from the head, and a second end opposite to the first end. The second helical thread extends helically around the shank portion in a second direction between the first helical thread and the tip, and has a third end proximate to the second end of the first helical thread. The first and second directions are opposite to each other. A non-helical ridge extends around the shank portion between the first and second helical threads.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-boring and thread-forming tapping screw having a screw shaft with a screw tip at one end and at the other end a force application member for the transmission of a turning moment. The screw shaft includes a threaded section with the screw tip and an adjacent thread-free section of the shaft including the force application member. The threaded section has a shaft core and a self-tapping thread. The threaded section includes a core section axially displaced from the tip and having a polygonal core cross section. Corners of the core cross section define an enveloping circle with an enveloping circle diameter larger than a shaft diameter of the thread-free section.

Abstract: A fastener assembly adapted for providing adjustment between at least two members. A bolt includes a head, a shank axially extending from the head, and a circumferentially uninterrupted threaded portion axially extending from the shank. A first cam washer is fixed against rotation to the shank of the bolt in a position that is adjacent with respect to the head of the bolt. A second cam washer is fixed against rotation to the shank of the bolt in a position that is adjacent with respect to the threaded portion of the bolt. A threaded portion of a nut is threaded to the threaded portion of the bolt, and a skirt portion of the nut displaces the second cam washer as the nut is torqued down on the bolt.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a bimate screw providing with a first section alternating with a second threaded section; wherein, the second threaded section has a smaller outer diameter than the first threaded section, and further a plurality of concavities are disposed on each thread of the second threaded section for defining two flanks therein. In this manner, both the first and the second threaded sections facilitate to sever and shatter cuttings so as to reduce the screwing resistance and prevent the object from being damaged under the accumulation of cuttings; simultaneously, the bimate screw effectively attains to a good resistance of extraction from the object by the concavities receiving the remaining cuttings which are not guided out of the object.

Abstract: A flange headed screw. The flanged headed screw has a threaded shank portion with a shank diameter, a distal tip, and a proximal end. A stop flange with a diameter that is larger than the shank diameter of the threaded shank located at the proximal end of the threaded shank portion. A projection portion extends from the stop flange, and the projection portion has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the stop flange. A driving head with a driving engagement located at a proximal end of the projection portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a screw having a lower and an upper end for connecting a first component to a second component. A hollow space which is arranged in the longitudinal direction is formed in the screw. A medium is filled into this hollow space. The hollow space is configured as a heat exchanger tube, as a result of which satisfactory cooling is achieved for the screw.

Abstract: A deck screw and an installation method is intended for use with composite lumber, although it can be used with other products. The deck screw may be provided with a head and a shaft that has two regions of varying diameter. The upper region has threads that exceed the number of threads of the lower shaft, on a unit length basis. The threads of the upper shaft may be configured in an inverted buttress design. The lower region of the shaft terminates at a tapered distal end having a pointed tip that leads the screw through the wood material. The head of the screw is provided with an upper surface, a lower surface, and a crown that extends around the perimeter of the head. The crown extends beyond the lower surface of the head, forming a recessed region between the lower edge of the crown and the shaft of the screw. During installation the geometry of the deck screw functions to direct and capture displaced composite material to prevent volcanoing.

Abstract: A coated fastener having a fastener and a coating disposed on a portion of the fastener. The coating is a liquid material applied to the fastener.

Abstract: An improved anchor device or fastening member which is particularly suited for use in the attachment of various fixtures and equipment to masonry, concrete, and other hard and/or friable substrates includes a head and a shank depending therefrom. The shank has a first threaded portion having a predetermined thread angle and a predetermined hardness, and a second threaded portion having a predetermined thread angle and a predetermined hardness. The first threaded portion is proximate to the head and the second threaded portion extends from the first threaded portion. The thread angle of the first threaded portion is different than the thread angle of the second threaded portion. In addition, the hardness of the first threaded portion is softer than the hardness of the second threaded portion. This provides for a more ductile anchorage when the fastening member is engaged with the substrate.