Abstract: Processes for producing gray cast iron and the resulting gray cast iron exhibiting consistently good surface finish with prolonged tool life during finish machining with cubic boron nitride and silicon nitride cutting tools at high cutting speeds and low feed rates are provided comprising (1) adding microalloying elements with strong affinity for nitrogen to a gray iron melt; (2) adding microalloying elements with strong affinity for carbon to said melt; and (3) adding microalloying elements with strong affinity for oxygen to said melt, to form a chemically stable, high melting or refractory oxide protective layer at the cutting edge of the tool during metal cutting, thereby suppressing chemical wear.

Abstract: Medium- and high-density articles are formed from melting and casting alloys containing tungsten, iron, nickel and optionally manganese and/or steel. In some embodiments, the articles have densities in the range of 8-10.5 g/cm3, and in other embodiments, the articles have densities in the range of 10.5-15 g/cm3. In some embodiments, the articles are ferromagnetic, and in others the articles are not ferromagnetic. In some embodiments, tungsten forms the largest weight percent of the alloy, and in other embodiments the alloy contains no more than 50 wt % tungsten. In some embodiments, the articles are shell shot.

Abstract: A method for compounding an alloy includes the step of forming a first batch of the base metal and tracking the first batch through the process. The master alloy is added to the first batch based on the weight of the base metal. In one embodiment, the master alloy is added to meet a desired percentage. In another embodiment, the master alloy is added to meet a desired total weight. When the total weight criteria is used, a computer tracks the weights of the batches and compensates for heavy batches with light batches and compensates for light batches with heavy batches in order to maintain the average weight of the batches at the desired total weight. The batches are briquetted and the composition of the briquettes are tracked. The briquettes are added to an electrode formation device and the position of the briquettes in the device is tracked so that the composition of the electrode can be identified.

Abstract: An improved method of processing a nonferrous metal and alloys of said metal using a blanketing gas having a global warming potential is provided. The improvement involves reducing the global warming potential of the blanketing gas by blanketing the nonferrous metal and alloys with a gaseous mixture including at least one compound selected from the group consisting of COF2, CF3COF, (CF3)2CO, F3COF, F2C(OF)2, SO2F2, NF3, SO2ClF, SOF2, SOF4, NOF, F2 and SF4.

Abstract: Impurities are extracted from a thin-film device structure based on mercury, cadmium, zinc, and/or tellurium, such as HgCdTe, CdTe, CdZnTe, or HgCdZnTe. The impurities are extracted by furnishing a sink medium comprising molten bismuth, and contacting the contaminated structure to the sink medium for a period of time sufficiently long that impurities diffuse out of the structure and into the bismuth for removal. The molten bismuth may additionally contain small amounts of one or more of the major components of the structure (mercury, cadmium, zinc, and/or tellurium) to inhibit loss of these elements from the structure.

Abstract: A cathode material of an electron beam device comprising 0.5 to 9.0% by weight of a rare-earth metal of the cerium group, 0.5 to 15.0% by weight of tungsten and/or rhenium, 0.5 to 10% by weight of hafnium and the balance of iridium is provided. Since the cathode material has excellent plasticity, it is easy to manufacture small-size emitters. Also, since the density of the electron emission of the cathode material is high and the working temperature is low, a long lifetime can be ensured. Also, the cathode material is useful as a cathode material of an electron beam device.

Abstract: A method of preparing a magnetostrictive material, including the steps of: (a) forming a melt of metals having a composition corresponding to the magnetostrictive material; (b) subjecting the melt to a micro-gravity environment; and (c) cooling the melt in the micro-gravity environment at a rate of at least 50° C. per second, while applying a magnetic field to the melt, to solidity the melt.

Abstract: A method for preparing a platinum alloy electrode catalyst for DMFC using anhydrous metal chlorides. The method includes reducing platinum chloride and non-aqueous second metal chloride with boron lithium hydride (LiBH4) in a water-incompatible organic solvent in a nitrogen atmosphere to form nano-sized particles of colloidal platinum alloy, and drying the platinum alloy particles without any heat treatment. The method of preparing a platinum alloy catalyst according to the present invention makes it possible to prepare platinum alloy particles having a narrow range of size distribution and an average particle size of less than 2 nm with ease, relative to the conventional methods. The platinum alloy particles thus obtained can be used as an electrode catalyst for DMFC to enhance methanol oxidation performance.

Abstract: An iridium-containing nickel-base superalloy which has an orderly arrayed allow structure to be strengthened by precipitation and contains iridium dissolved in the &ggr; and &ggr;′ phases to be strengthened by solid solution, thus being improved in high-temperature strength and resistance to high-temperature corrosion.

Abstract: A method of alnico alloy melting includes melting a charge, oxidizing refining of the melted charge, with the melting including introducing the charge into a flux that is heated try electrical current, maintaining a temperature of the flux in a range of 1500-1800° C., and carrying out the oxidizing refining until an aluminum content reaches 0.05-1.0%.

Abstract: A method to minimize oxidation of metal during melting processes is provided, the method comprising placing solid phase metal into a furnace environ-ment, transforming the solid-phase metal into molten metal phase having a molten metal surface, and creating a barrier between the surface and the environment. Also provided is a method for isolating the surface of molten metal from its environment, the method comprising confining the molten metal to a controlled atmos-phere, and imposing a floating substrate between the surface and the atmosphere.

Abstract: An Ni—Fe alloy material suitable for forming a ferromagnetic Ni—Fe alloy thin film is provided. The magnetic thin film produces a small number of particles during sputtering, and excels in corrosion resistance and magnetic properties. A method of manufacturing an Ni—Fe alloy sputtering target used to make the thin film is also provided. In addition, an Ni—Fe alloy sputtering target for forming magnetic thin films is provided. The sputtering target is characterized in that it has: an oxygen content of 50 ppm or less; an S content of 10 ppm or less; a carbon content of 50 ppm or less, and a total content of metal impurities other than the alloy components of 50 ppm or less. Such an Ni—Fe alloy target can be produced by melting and alloying high-purity materials obtained by dissolving the raw materials in hydrochloric acid, and performing ion exchange, activated-charcoal treatment, and electrolytic refining.

Abstract: The method for producing a mother alloy for an iron-based amorphous alloy has the steps of (a) melting raw materials for elements constituting the amorphous alloy together with at least one oxide of an element constituting the amorphous alloy, the raw materials containing aluminum as an inevitable impurity, and the oxide having a smaller standard free energy of formation than that of Al2O3 in an absolute value; and (b) removing the resultant Al2O3 from the melt, thereby reducing the content of aluminum to 50 ppm or less in the melt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for carbothermic production of aluminum where molten bath aluminum carbide and aluminum oxide are produced in a low temperature compartment (2), and continuously flow into a high temperature compartment (3) where the aluminum carbide is reacted with alumina to produce a top aluminum layer (31), where the aluminum layer (31) forms a layer on the top of a molten slag layer and is tapped from the high temperature compartment (3) at outlet (5), and where off-gases from the two compartments are treated in reactors fed by one or more columns (9, 19). According to the invention the low temperature compartment (2) and the high temperature compartment (3) are located in a common reaction vessel (1) where the low temperature compartment is separated from the high temperature compartment by an underflow partition wall (4).

Abstract: A method of producing a nickel base alloy includes casting the alloy within a casting mold and subsequently annealing and overaging the ingot at at least 1200° F. (649° C.) for at least 10 hours. The ingot is electroslag remeelted at a melt rate of at least 8 lbs/min (3.63 kg/mm.), and the ESR ingot is then transferred to a heating furnace within 4 hours of complete solidification and is subjected to a novel post-ESR heat treatment. A suitable VAR electrode is provided form the ESR ingot, and the electrode is vacuum arc remelted at a melt rate of 8 to 11 lbs/minute (3.63 to 5.00 kg/minute) to provide a VAR ingot. The method allows premium quality VAR ingots having diameters greater than 30 inches (762 mm) to be prepared from Alloy 718 and other nickel base superalloys subject to significant segregation on casting.

Abstract: A method for processing steel slags and optionally iron carriers such as, e.g., electric furnace slags, converter slags, dusts derived from steel production, mill scale or secondary metallurgical residues, in which the molten steel slags or iron carriers are supplemented with chromium ores or chromium-containing and/or nickel-containing dusts in order to adjust a slag basicity of 1.2 to 1.6, whereby the bath temperature is maintained at above 1600° C., in particular between 1650° C. and 1800° C., and a carbon-containing iron bath is provided or formed. In addition to environmentally safe slags, a high-grade ferrochromium alloy may be recovered, thus enhancing the economy of the method.

Abstract: An improved process for successful and homogeneous incorporation of ruthenium and iridium into titanium and titanium alloy melts, ingots, and castings via traditional melting processes (e.g., VAR and cold-hearth) has been developed. This result is achieved through the use of low-melting point Ti-Ru or Ti—Ir binary master alloys within the general composition range of ≦45 wt. % Ru and with a preferred composition of Ti-(15-40 wt. % Ru), or within the general composition range of ≦61 wt. % Ir and with a preferred composition of TI-(20-58 wt. % Ir). Primary features are its lower melting point than pure titanium, lower density than pure Ru and Ir metals, and the ability to be readily processed into granular or powder forms.

Abstract: Disclosed are composition and a method for making a high volume reinforced Al composite by use of a dipping process. Through the method comprising mixing 20-50 wt % of exothermic reaction-causing Ti and C or Ti and B powders, 20-60 wt % of exothermic reaction-controlling diluent powders, and 5-30 wt % of infiltration-aiding Al or Al alloy powders, then preparing mixture powders; preforming the mixture powders into a predetermined shape; fitting the preformed body in a reaction container, followed by dipping in an Al melt of 700-1,100° C.; and separating the synthesized composite from the reaction container after removal from the Al melt, a high volume reinforced Al composite can be prepared from the mixture powders through such exothermic synthesis in a metal melt that reinforced particles are uniformly distributed while restraining the generation of pores. As such, the exothermic reaction-controlling diluent powders are selected from the group consisting of TiC, TiB2, SiC, WC or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An improved method of processing a molten non-ferrous metal and alloys of the metal using a blanketing gas having a global warming potential is provided. The improvement involves reducing the global warming potential of the blanketing gas by blanketing the molten non-ferrous metal and alloys with a gaseous mixture including at least one compound selected from the group consisting of SO2F2, NF3, SO2CLF, SOF4, and NOF.

Abstract: A treatment agent and method to introduce magnesium into ferrous material. The treatment agent includes a mixture of high melting temperature particles and magnesium particles. The content of high melting temperature particles in the particle mixture is present in an effective amount to inhibit the complete conversion of the magnesium particles into molten magnesium prior to the magnesium particles entering the ferrous material. The method describes the efficient treatment of molten ferrous material with these particles.

Abstract: A metallurgical-grade silicon for use in alkyl or aryl halosilane synthesis, and having a structure consisting of primary silicon crystals and intermetallic compounds, particularly of silicon, aluminum and calcium, wherein at least 90% of the primary silicon crystals have an aluminum content of 50-1000 ppm. This structure substantially enhances the reactivity of the silicon in the synthesis reaction.

Abstract: The improved copper alloy suitable for use as a connector material contains 17-32 wt % of Zn, 0.1-4.5 wt % of Sn and 0.01-2.0 wt % of Si, with Zn and Sn satisfying the relation 54≦3X+Y≦100 where X is the amount in wt % of Zn added and Y is the amount in wt % of Sn added. Rolled material of the alloy can be produced by a process comprising the steps of melting a copper alloy of the composition specified above, cooling the melt over a temperature range from the liquidus line to 600° C. at a rate of at least 50° C./min, and subsequently hot rolling the resulting ingot at an elevated temperature of 900° C. or below.

Abstract: A process for separating molten metals, the molten metals being treated with metal hydrides is provided. The molten metals employed are from Groups II-IV of the Periodic Table of Elements and the subgroups, including their alloys, and are distinguished by the fact that the metals or alloys are reacted with a metal hydride in a molten bath.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for the electroslag refining of metal, the method includes providing a refining vessel to contain an electroslag refining layer floating on a layer of molten refined metal. The refining vessel representing an upper part of a cooled mould comprises a plurality of superimposed sleeves which are electrically insulated from one another. The top sleeve, being the refining vessel, is substantially a non-consumable electrode and has a current lead electrically insulated from the sleeve. The molten electroslag layer is heated by a refining current which is passed from a power source through the mould and slag layer to the metal pool. An unrefined metal is lowered into the vessel into contact with the molten electroslag layer such that its surface is melted and overheated at the point of contact with the slag such that droplets of the metal are formed and these droplets pass down through the slag and are collected in a pool of molten refined metal beneath the slag.

Abstract: The technology of altering nuclear, chemical, physical and electrical characteristics of a material by changing isotopic concentrations is not new. It has been used for many years primarily in nuclear reactor fuel enrichments and in production of radioactive isotopes. What is new, with regard to Phoenix 1, is the manipulation of the isotopic concentrations of silicon within certain ranges to obtain a lightweight, high strength material that will withstand temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees C and can be used in structural application. Phoenix-1 is a structural material comprising, % by weight, 20-40% isotope Si-28, 30-50% isotope Si-29, 20-40% isotope Si-30 with trace amounts of gold, silver, nickel, carbon, zinc, germanium and copper to enhance the physical properties in the material.

Abstract: A carbon or low-alloy steel is provided with improved machinability. The carbon content of the steel is less than 1.5% and the sum of the alloy elements contained therein is less than 9%. The steel contains oxide and sulfide inclusions, and the chemical composition of the steel includes 0.1%≦Mn, 0.01%≦Al≦0.05%, 0.025%≦S≦0.3%, 0.002%≦Ca, O≦0.0015% by weight; the “KO oxides” cleanness index is less than 30, all the oxides are lime aluminates, and the average calcium content of type 2, type 3, type 4 and type 5 inclusions is less than 30%. A process of manufacturing such steel and an oxide-core wire for its manufacture are also provided.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of producing an aluminum alloy for automotive parts, comprising adding a scrap of an aluminum wrought alloy or a pure aluminum ingot to an aluminum alloy casting scrap, melting the mixture to dilute impurities, and if necessary, adjusting elements of the resultant. According to the above method, aluminum alloy casting scraps, which contain large amounts of impurities and have been difficult to recycle into other articles until now, can be converted to an aluminum alloy material that is applicable as a wrought material usable as a higher-grade material.

Abstract: A process for producing finely divided 20 to 500 angstrom metal particles, metals with oxide coatings or metal oxides using an alkalide or electride in a non-reactive solvent is described. The process produces various forms of the metal depending upon the oxidizability of the metal initially produced by the process. The process is useful for producing catalysts, alloys, colloidal solutions, semi-conductors and the like.

Abstract: A method of making metal/refractory composites includes bubbling a reactive gas through a melt to form a foam including refractory particles. In continuous mode, the foam is separated from the melt and the melt replenished. Composites of lightweight metals reinforced with discontinuous refractory ceramic particles can be efficiently and economically produced.

Abstract: A high strength Al—Mg alloy in plate or extrusion form having significantly improved strength in both soft and work-hardened tempers as compared with AA5083 is provided. The materials have ductility, pitting, stress and exfoliation corrosion resistances equivalent to those of the AA5083. The materials have improved long term stress and exfoliation corrosion resistances at temperatures above 80° C. The composition is 5-6% Mg, >0.6-1.2% Mn, 0.4-1.5% Zn, 0.05-0.25% Zr, up to 0.3% Cr, up to 0.2% Ti, up to 0.5% each Fe and Si, up to 0.4% each Cu and Ag, remainder Al and inevitable impurities. Manufacture of plate of this alloy is by homogenizing an ingot, hot rolling the ingot into plate in the range 400-530° C., cold rolling the plate with or without inter-annealing, final and optionally inter-annealing of the cold rolled material at temperatures in the range 200-550° C.

Abstract: Recrystallized lead and lead alloy positive electrodes for lead acid batteries having an increased percentage of special grain boundaries in the microstructure, preferably to at least 50%, which have been provided by a process comprising steps of working or straining the lead or lead alloy, and subsequently annealing the lead or lead alloy. Either a single cycle of working and annealing can be provided, or a plurality of such cycles can be provided. The amount of cold work or strain, the recrystallization time and temperature, and the number of repetitions of such steps are selected to ensure that a substantial increase in the population of special grain boundaries is provided in the microstructure, to improve resistance to creep, intergranular corrosion and intergranular cracking of the electrodes during battery service, and result in extended battery life and the opportunity to reduce the size and weight of the battery.

Abstract: A method for combining a first metal with a second metal where the melting point of the second metal is higher than the melting point of the first metal. The first and second metals are melted in separate crucibles. The second molten metal is introduced onto or into the first molten metal. Also described is a two-zone furnace for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage material (1) having excellent hydrogen storage capability and having such a low hydrogen desorption temperature as not to significantly hinder the use thereof, and also capable of being mass-produced, and a manufacturing method of the same can be obtained. The hydrogen storage material has a layered deformation structure including plastic deformation, and one layer (2) of the layered deformation structure is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of groups 2A, 3A and 4A or an element of at least one of the groups 2A, 3A and 4A, and another layer (3) being in contact with the one layer is formed from an alloy or compound including an element of groups 6A, 7A and 8A or an element of at least one of the groups 6A, 7A and 8A.

Abstract: A method for stabilization of liquid mercury in which powdered copper particles are cleaned with a chemically reactive fluid suitable for removing surface oxidation from the surface. “Clean” powdered copper particles are mixed with liquid mercury to form a powdered copper/liquid mercury mixture. The mixture is then hardened to form an amalgam. Amalgams in which the amount of mercury is greater than 50% by weight of the total amalgam may be produced in accordance with the method of this invention.

Abstract: Rare earth alloy compositions, such as the neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) alloy are made by a Reduction-Melting process. The Reduction-Melting process comprises preparing a primary electrode containing at least one compound or metal to be reduced to form a refined metal or metal alloy ingot; placing the electrode in an electroslag refining furnace; passing a current through the electrode into a molten flux or slag to melt the electrode; reducing the metal or compound in the slag while forming an oxide by-product; collecting melted metal or metal alloy droplets falling through the slag; forming an ingot of the metal or metal alloy from the melted droplets; and collecting the solid oxide byproducts in the slag.

Abstract: Two methods of producing a ceramic reinforced Al-alloy metal-matrix composite are described. The first one comprises the steps of dispersing a ceramic phase (of titanium diboride) in a liquid aluminum or aluminum alloy, mixing the ceramic phase with a cryolite or other fluoride flux powder and melting the mixture together with the aluminum or aluminum alloy phase at a temperature of between 700° and 1000° C. In the second method, the fluoride flux is reduced in situ by either molten aluminum or its alloying elements (Mg, Ca) to yield TiB2 crystallites of different size and size distribution that can be predetermined by fixing the flux and alloy composition and the processing temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for recovering metal from dross. The apparatus comprises a chamber having an opening to receive the dross and an agitating member mounted in the chamber. The agitating member is driven so that it agitates the dross in the chamber so as to release the metal from the oxide of the dross. The chamber also has an outlet through which the recovered metal and residual oxide are discharged.

Abstract: Particulate skeletal iron catalyst is provided which contain at least about 50 wt. % iron with the remainder being a minor portion of a suitable non-ferrous metal and having characteristics of 0.062-1.0 mm particle size, 20-100 m2/g surface area, and 10-40 nm average pore diameter. Such skeletal iron catalysts are prepared and utilized for producing synthetic hydrocarbon products from CO and H2 feeds by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Iron powder is mixed with non-ferrous powder selected from aluminum, antimony, silicon, tin or zinc powder to provide 20-80 wt. % iron content and melted together to form an iron alloy, then cooled to room temperature and pulverized to provide 0.1-10 mm iron alloy catalyst precursor particles. The iron alloy pulverized particles are treated with NaOH or KOH caustic solution at 30-95° C.

Abstract: Skeletal iron catalysts are prepared and utilized for producing hydrocarbon products from CO and H2 feeds by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Iron powder is mixed with aluminum, antimony, silicon, tin or zinc powder and 0.01-5 wt % metal promotor powder to provide 20-80 wt % iron content, then melted together, cooled to room temperature and pulverized to provide 0.1-10 mm iron alloy catalyst precursor particles. The iron alloy precursor particles are treated with NaOH or KOH caustic solution at 30-95° C. to extract or leach out a major portion of the non-ferrous metal portion from the iron, and then dried and reduced under hydrogen atmosphere to provide the skeletal iron catalyst material. Such skeletal iron catalyst is utilized with CO+H2 feedstream in either fixed bed or slurry bed type reactor at 200-350° C. temperature, 1.0-3.0 mPa pressure and gas hourly space velocity of 0.5-3.0 L/g Fe/h to produce desired hydrocarbon products.

Abstract: In a method for desiliconizing pig iron prior to subsequent refining to steel molten steel slag after blast furnace tapping is charged onto the tapped pig iron bath, and optionally onto the blast furnace slag bath, in an amount corresponding to the Si content of the pig iron and the Fe and/or Cr oxide contents of the slag. The amount of steel slag is calculated such that the Si content of the pig iron is reduced to below 0.5% by weight at a simultaneous increase in the SiO2 content of the slag while reducing to liquid metals the Fe and/or Cr oxides of the slag. The slag-iron bath temperature is maintained at below 1500° C.

Abstract: A dispersion strengthening method for metallic melts that are used to form large articles. The method comprises adding nanophase particles into a molten metallic melt and dispersing the nanophase particles in the metallic melt. The nanophase particles comprising particles with diameters in the range of about 5 nanometers to about 100 nanometers. The step of dispersing the nanophase particles in the metallic melt spaces the particles from each other with an average interparticle spacing (IPS) in a range from about 10 nanometers to about 500 nanometers.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for making an alloy comprising the steps of cladding with a tube a plurality of metal members including a first and a second metal to form a metal composite. The metal composite is drawn for reducing the diameter thereof. The tube is removed to provide a remainder. The remainder is heated to convert the remainder to alloy. A multiplicity of composites may be processed simultaneously for producing fine alloy fibers.

Abstract: A high strength ternary lead-free solder alloy, solder paste and method. The alloy consists essentially of a major portion of tin, from in excess of 5 wt % bismuth to 25 wt % bismuth and 2 to 5 wt % silver.

Abstract: A high strength Al—Mg alloy in plate or extrusion form having significantly improved strength in both soft and work-hardened tempers as compared with AA5083 is provided. The materials have ductility, pitting, stress and exfoliation corrosion resistances equivalent to those of the AA5083. The materials have improved long term stress and exfoliation corrosion resistances at temperatures above 80° C. The composition is 5-6% Mg, >0.6-1.2% Mn, 0.4-1.5% Zn, 0.05-0.25% Zr, up to 0.3% Cr, up to 0.2% Ti, up to 0.5% each Fe and Si, up to 0.4% each Cu and Ag, remainder Al and inevitable impurities. Manufacture of plate of this alloy is by homogenizing an ingot, hot rolling the ingot into plate in the range 400-530° C., cold rolling the plate with or without inter-annealing, final and optionally inter-annealing of the cold rolled material at temperatures in the range 200-550° C.

Abstract: A Sn—Ag—Cu eutectic alloy is modified with one or more low level and low cost alloy additions to enhance high temperature microstructural stability and thermal-mechanical fatigue strength without decreasing solderability. Purposeful fourth or fifth element additions in the collective amount not exceeding about 1 weight % (wt. %) are added to Sn—Ag—Cu eutectic solder alloy based on the ternary eutectic Sn—4.7%Ag—1.7%Cu (wt. %) and are selected from the group consisting essentially of Ni, Fe, and like-acting elements as modifiers of the intermetallic interface between the solder and substrate to improve high temperature solder joint microstructural stability and solder joint thermal-mechanical fatigue strength.

Abstract: A method of grain refining aluminum, the method comprising providing a molten aluminum body containing at least one of the metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and beryllium. A material reactive with the titanium is introduced preferably in gaseous form to the aluminum body. The material has a component selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The material and said metal form a grain refining compound adapted for grain refining the aluminum.

Abstract: A process for altering surface properties of a mass of metal alloy solder comprising a first metal and a second metal. The process comprises exposing the mass to energized ions to preferentially sputter atoms of the first metal to form a surface layer ratio of first metal to second metal atoms that is less than the bulk ratio. The solder may be located on the surface of a substrate, wherein the process may further comprise masking the substrate to shield all but a selected area from the ion beam. The sputtering gas may comprises a reactive gas such as oxygen and the substrate may be an organic substrate. The process may further comprise simultaneously exposing the organic substrate to energized ions of the reactive gas to roughen the organic substrate surface.

Abstract: Compositions suitable for use as an inoculant for cast iron. The composition includes granules of intermetallic alloys selected from Al4Sr, Al2Sr, and AlSr. The composition consists essentially of 40 to 81 percent strontium by weight.

Abstract: The invention relates to activated magnesium metal, to a method of activating magnesium metal and to its use for the preparation of organomagnesium compounds. The activated magnesium metal is obtainable by reacting molten magnesium metal with magnesium hydride; or by heating a mixture of magnesium metal and magnesium hydride until molten.

Abstract: A fast quench reaction includes a reactor chamber having a high temperature heating means such as a plasma torch at its inlet and a restrictive convergent-divergent nozzle at its outlet end. Reactants are injected into the reactor chamber. The resulting heated gaseous stream is then rapidly cooled by passage through the nozzle. This “freezes” the desired end product(s) in the heated equilibrium reaction stage.