Abstract: A method for controlling a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) exploiting a set of predetermined trigger events and a set point for the NOx concentration, and an arrangement for SCR. At the occurrence of a trigger event, NOx concentration measurement downstream from the catalyst elements is started and the difference between the measured concentration and the set point is determined. If the difference is negative, the dosing of the reducing agent is decreased. If the difference is positive, the dosing of the reducing agent is increased and after system stabilization a new measurement is started. If the measured value is below the previous measured value, the same dosing is maintained. If the measured value is above the previous measured value, the dosing is decreased with an amount greater than the increase after the previous measurement.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring and compensating for bleach concentration changes within a disinfection system may be provided. A bleach concentration monitor may be introduced into a disinfection system to measure the percentage concentration of a bleach precursor that may be introduced into a mixer and then report the measurements to pump controls within the disinfection system. Data relating measurements of the concentration of the bleach precursor may be transmitted to pump controls within the disinfection system so that adjustments may be made to a control algorithm within the pump controls to compensate for any changes that may be observed related to bleach concentration in the system.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments include methods of removing carbon dioxide from combustion gas from an engine of a vehicle, systems for removing carbon dioxide from combustion gas from an engine of a vehicle, vehicles, methods of managing carbon dioxide emissions from an engine of a vehicle, and computer software program products for managing carbon dioxide emissions from an engine of a vehicle.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) assembly, and method of operating the assembly, is described. In one example, the SCR assembly includes an SCR line, a flow restrictor, and a pressure sensor. The SCR line carries a reducing agent such as urea, and the flow restrictor is located in the SCR line. The pressure sensor senses the pressure of the reducing agent flowing through the SCR line, and the sensed pressure can be used to do one or more of the following: i) monitor the functionality of the SCR injector, ii) as one or more bases for controlling operation of an SCR fluid pump, and/or iii) determine a volume or volumetric flow rate of reducing agent that is ejected into an exhaust stream.

Abstract: A reformer having improved performance and stability and a reformer control method, the reformer including a reforming reaction unit, a first sensor, a heat source unit, a second sensor, and a flow control unit. The reforming reaction unit converts a first fuel into a reformate. The first sensor senses a first temperature of the reformate generated from the reforming reaction unit. The heat source unit heats the reforming reaction unit with a combustion heat of a second fuel. The second sensor senses a second temperature at a fuel inlet of the heat source unit. The flow control unit controls a temperature of the reformate by regulating a flow of an oxidizer supplied to the heat source unit based on the first temperature, and controls a temperature of the heat source unit by regulating a flow of the second fuel supplied to the heat source unit based on the second temperature.

Abstract: Sanitization apparatuses, kits, and methods for sanitizing stethoscopes (e.g., at least one side of a bell and/or diaphragm of a stethoscope chestpiece).

Abstract: The present invention generally includes an ozone generation system with a power supply that measures the rate of energy delivered to the ozone generation cell. While changing voltage, frequency or current will likely affect the rate of energy delivery, current, frequency and voltage provide a very poor and unreliable control for an ozone generation cell. It is only through control of the rate of energy delivery that consistent, reliable ozone generation is possible. Based upon the measurements of the rate of energy delivery as measured at the ozone generation cell, compared to the rate of energy delivery supplied, the rate of energy delivery supplied can be adjusted to improve ozone production and control.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that include an exhaust gas stream produced by an engine and an aftertreatment system including an SCR catalyst element receiving at least a portion of the exhaust gas stream. An exhaust outlet flow path has an inlet fluidly coupled to the exhaust gas stream at a position downstream of at least a portion of the SCR catalyst element that bypasses at least a portion of exhaust gas stream to provide for compositional measurement of the exhaust gas with a compositional sensor located downstream of a diagnostic catalyst positioned in the exhaust outlet flow path.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system for an internal combustion engine to control desulfurization of at least one aftertreatment device is provided. The exhaust gas treatment system includes a desulfurization mode trigger module, a desulfurization control module, and an interrupt module. The desulfurization mode trigger module is configured to set a desulfurization request based on one or more trigger conditions. The desulfurization control module is configured to control desulfurization of at least one aftertreatment device based on the desulfurization request. The interrupt module is configured to interrupt the desulfurization of at least one aftertreatment device based on an interrupt condition.

Abstract: A quenching medium is delivered directly to selected regions or locations within a catalyst bed in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in order to control the reactivity of a hydroprocess occurring in the selected regions or locations separately from other regions or locations. Temperature sensors for providing temperature indications and conduits for delivering the quench medium are distributed throughout the catalyst bed. One or more conduits can be selected for delivery of the quenching medium to selected regions or locations so that separate control of the level of reactivity in each of various regions or locations throughout the bed can be achieved.

Abstract: An electrical device for performing a particular function includes a system circuit for performing the function, and a dedicated power supply for providing power to the circuit. Both the system circuit and the power supply are hermetically sealed within a housing. The device within the housing is intended to be sterilized using high temperature, reaching a sterilization temperature. According to the invention, the device includes a thermal switch which is electrically connected between the system circuit and the power supply. The thermal switch is switchable between an open position wherein the system circuit is electrically isolated from the power supply and receives no power therefrom and a closed position wherein the system circuit is electrically connected to the power supply and receives power therefrom. The thermal switch switches from its closed position to its open position in response to the temperature within the housing rising to a predetermined switch-open temperature value.

Abstract: In a hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilizer, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide sterilant is an important factor in determining sterilization efficacy. The present application describes sterilizers, and sterilization methods, which use a novel injector-concentrator arrangement. This arrangement provides accurate control of concentration of the liquid-phase hydrogen peroxide, prior to vaporization of the liquid sterilant into the sterilization chamber. This increases the reliability and efficacy of the sterilization cycle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a component comprising a plurality of plates stacked on each other, at least one of said plates being made of a ceramic material and in which a channel area is formed of fluid flow guide channels by means of webs, said channels having a flow connection to inlet and outlet openings, wherein the stack of plates is connected by force fit by means of a clamping device, and wherein a flat seal is disposed between each of the individual plates of the stack, wherein the flat seal is made of an elastic and/or compressible material and covers both the channel area and the areas encompassing the inlet and outlet openings, and at least partially covers the top sides of the webs forming the channels. The components according to the invention are pressure-tight, resistant to thermal shock, and can be dismantled.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for operating an exhaust gas catalytic converter designed to reduce nitrogen oxides in an exhaust gas flow using a solution that contains urea and that reacts to form at least ammonia in the exhaust gas flow. The method may include: introducing an amount of the solution containing urea upstream of the exhaust gas catalytic converter until an ammonia slip through the exhaust gas catalytic converter; determining a first actual value of the loading state of the catalytic converter with ammonia at the time of the slip; determining a first estimated value of the loading state at the time of the slip by means of a dynamic model for the loading; subsequently draining the ammonia from the catalytic converter; determining a second actual value of the loading state of the exhaust gas catalytic converter with the solution containing urea when the catalytic converter is drained as specified.

Abstract: A system configured to decrease the emissions of a power plant system during transient state operation is disclosed. In one embodiment, a system includes: at least one computing device adapted to adjust a temperature of an operational steam in a power generation system by performing actions comprising: obtaining operational data about components of a steam turbine in the power generation system, the operational data including at least one of: a temperature of the components and a set of current ambient conditions at the power generation system; determining an allowable operational steam temperature range for the steam turbine based upon the operational data; generating emissions predictions for a set of temperatures within the allowable steam temperature range; and adjusting the temperature of the operational steam based upon the emissions predictions.

Abstract: A gas analysis device according to the present invention includes a flue-gas extraction pipe for extracting flue gas from a flue gas duct to which flue gas including both of NH4Cl and SO3 is fed, a collector that is provided in the flue-gas extraction pipe, for removing soot dust contained in the extracted flue gas, a roll filter that is provided in the flue-gas extraction pipe, for depositing both of NH4Cl and SO3 contained in the flue gas, and a measurement device for measuring both of NH4Cl and SO3 contained in the flue gas by irradiating a sample including both of NH4Cl and SO3 deposited by the roll filter with X-rays and detecting fluorescent X-rays generated from the sample.

Abstract: An arrangement for controlling injection of a reducing agent in an exhaust line of a combustion engine (1): An injection system (8-12) injects the reducing agent into the exhaust line (3). A first catalyst (13) reduces the amount of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases in the exhaust line (3) using the reducing agent. A second catalyst (14) downstream of the first catalyst (13) in the exhaust line (3) converts ammonia in the exhaust gases to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. A nitrous oxide sensor (17) monitors the amount of nitrous oxide in the exhaust line (3) downstream of the second catalyst (14). A control unit (10) of the injection system (8-12) adjusts the amount (q) of reducing agent injected into the exhaust line (3) if the sensor (17) detects that the amount of nitrous oxide is not within a selected range (A).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the quantity of pollutant in waste gases, in particular for reducing the quantity of nitrogen oxide in the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant is provided. The process includes the steps of, introducing the waste gas into a catalyzer, to which a quantity of catalytic reduction agent is supplied, measuring the quantity of pollutant at the outlet of the catalyzer, and setting the quantity of pollutant to a setpoint value smaller than a limit value to be complied with, by varying the quantity of reduction agent supplied, wherein the setting of the quantity of pollutant is dynamically regulated as a function of mean values over time, for example half-hour or quarter-hour mean values, of the measured quantity of pollutant determined regularly beforehand.

Abstract: A non-thermal plasma (NTP) system treats fluid flows (e.g., air) containing pollutants (e.g., VOCs; particulate) using two or more stages, each operated to produce NTP with a respective frequency targeted toward one or more pollutants. NTP generation cell assemblies or dielectric barrier discharge devices are arranged in stages along a flow path. Parallel flow paths with multiple stages may be employed. NTP fields in successive stages operate at a different frequency, power density and/or waveforms, which are controlled to be a vibrational harmonic of a targeted compound. Power density can be adjusted to only create gaseous ionized species or to incinerate organic airborne, suspended particulate in situ. Automatic fault detection employs a split ground current so that an imbalance indicates a fault. A faulted component is automatically isolated. Automatic re-routing allows operation with only slightly degraded performance.

Abstract: Utilizing the finding that the state of adsorption of NH3 on a selective reduction type NOx catalyst includes a weakly adsorbed state in which the adsorbed NH3 is useful for a reduction reaction of NOx and a strongly adsorbed state in which the adsorbed NH3 is not useful for the reduction reaction of NOx unless the state of adsorption is changed into the weakly adsorbed state, the apparatus of the invention includes an actual weakly-adsorbed amount-calculation NH3 that is adsorbed on the selective reduction type NOx catalyst in the weakly adsorbed state, and a dispensation control portion that performs a dispensation control of the reductant dispensed by a reductant-dispensation portion, according to the actual weakly adsorbed amount calculated by the actual weakly adsorbed amount calculation portion.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment apparatus according to the present invention generates post-mercury oxidation exhaust gas by denitrating exhaust gas of a combustion apparatus, generates desulfurization drainage by desulfurizing the post-mercury oxidation exhaust gas, supplies the desulfurization drainage to the combustion apparatus, and controls a return amount, which is the amount of the desulfurization drainage reused for the desulfurization, based on a concentration of halogens in the desulfurization drainage. Such exhaust gas treatment apparatus can appropriately remove mercury from the exhaust gas, and can desulfurize the post-mercury oxidation exhaust gas more appropriately.

Abstract: A substrate processing system includes one or more processing chambers defining N reaction volumes. N-1 first valves are arranged between the N reaction volumes. A controller communicates with the N-1 first valves and is configured to pressurize a first one of the N reaction volumes with precursor gas to a first target pressure, wait a first predetermined soak period, evacuate a second one of the N reaction volumes to a second target pressure that is lower than the first target pressure, and open one of the N-1 first valves between the first one of the N reaction volumes and a second one of the N reaction volumes.

Abstract: A system for sanitizing an enclosed structure has first and second sensors, a germicidal ultraviolet light source, a motor, and a controller. The first sensor detects humans within the enclosed structure. The second sensor detects the position of at least one door to the structure. The motor selectively moves the light source from an inactive position to an active position. The controller receives inputs from the first and second sensors and transmits outputs to the light source and the motor. When the controller receives signals that no humans or animals are present in the enclosed structure and that the door is in a closed position, the controller transmits a signal to the motor to move the light source from the inactive to the active position. If humans are detected in the structure or if the door is detected open, then the controller deactivates or repositions the light source.

Abstract: Large-scale downstream processing of secreted recombinant proteins is provided in a single device, wherein the contents of a plurality of bioreactors are combined simultaneous to their harvesting and purification resulting in significant savings of time and the cost of manufacturing.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator is described, which comprises: a material supply device (4); a water supply device (5); an evaporator (10); a reforming catalyst layer (1) for generating reformed gas; a CO removing catalyst layer (2) configured to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas generated by the reforming catalyst layer (1); a combustor (3) for heating the reforming catalyst layer (1) and the CO removing catalyst layer (2); a reforming temperature detector (9) for detecting the temperature of the reforming catalyst layer (1); a heater (7) for heating the CO removing catalyst layer (2); a CO removing temperature detector (8) for detecting the temperature of the CO removing catalyst layer (2); and a controller (16) configured to perform control such that the heater (7) heats the CO removing catalyst layer at the time of start-up and such that if the temperature detected by the CO removing temperature detector (8) becomes greater than or equal to a first specified value, the combustor (3)

Abstract: A method for recovering CO2 from gas to be processed containing CO2, includes bringing the gas to be processed containing CO2 and CO2 absorbent into contact with each other to absorb and remove CO2 from the gas to be processed; cleaning the treated gas from which CO2 has been removed with washing fluid at least once; heating the absorbent which has absorbed CO2, separating and removing CO2 gas from the absorbent and regenerating the absorbent; cooling the separated CO2 gas to condense moisture contained in the gas to obtain condensed water; and monitoring changes in concentration of the CO2 absorbent contained in the condensed water and depending on the value of the measured concentration, controlling supply of the condensed water so that the condensed water is reused as a part of the washing fluid or a part of the CO2 absorbent.

Abstract: The invention relates to the synthesis of silicon-containing nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis. For this purpose: a precursor (SIH4) containing the element silicon is conveyed, by a transport fluid (He), into a pyrolysis reactor (REAC); laser radiation (LAS) is applied, in the reactor, to a mixture that the transport fluid and the precursor form; and silicon-containing nanoparticles (nP) are recovered at the exit of the reactor. In particular, the power of the laser radiation is controlled. Furthermore, the effective pulse duration is controlled within a laser firing period. Typically, for a power greater than 500 watts and a pulse duration greater than 40% of a laser firing period, nanoparticles having a crystalline structure with a size of less than or of the order of one nanometer are obtained at a rate greater than or of the order of 80 milligrams per hour. Under optimum conditions, a record rate of greater than 740 milligrams per hour was able to be obtained.

Abstract: A system for storage and dosing of ammonia, including a solid ammonia storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption/absorption. The system is able to release ammonia gradually according to a demand that can vary over time with intermediate periods of no ammonia demand. A main storage unit and a start-up storage unit are provided. The storage units hold ammonia storage material. At least one one-way valve is provided via which the one main storage unit is in communication with the start-up storage unit. The one-way valve prevents any back-flow of ammonia from the start-up storage unit to the main storage unit. Heating devices are arranged to heat the main storage unit and the start-up storage unit separately to generate gaseous ammonia by thermal desorption from the solid storage material.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for assisting hygienization of organic waste. The apparatus comprises at least one reception means for receiving organic solid matter and organic waste, mixing means for mixing the organic waste and the organic solid matter together into an organic mixture, selecting means for selecting whether to expose the organic mixture in the mixing means to either: aeration in order to create a homogenized and internally oxygenous organic mixture, thereby accelerating the hygienization of the organic mixture, or a heat treatment, wherein the heat treatment performs the hygienization of the organic mixture, or to neither the aeration nor the heat treatment. The mixing means may then expose the organic mixture to the aeration, or to the heat treatment, or to neither of the aeration nor the heat treatment on the basis of the selection. The apparatus may further comprise delivery means for passing the organic mixture to either aerobic biodegradation or an end user.

Abstract: A hydrogen manufacturing system for performing offgas flow control includes: a vaporizer (1) for heating a material mixture containing a hydrocarbon material; a reforming reactor (2) for generating hydrogen-containing reformed gas by reforming reactions of the material; a PSA separator (5) for repeating a cycle of adsorption and desorption, where in the adsorption PSA separation is performed with an adsorption tower loaded with an adsorbent to adsorb unnecessary components in the reformed gas and extract hydrogen-enriched gas out of the tower, and in the desorption the offgas containing the unnecessary components from the adsorbent and remaining hydrogen is discharged from the tower; and a buffer tank (6) for holding the offgas before supplying to the vaporizer. The offgas flow supply from the tank (6) to the vaporizer is changed continuously over time when the cycle time is changed according to load change on the separator (5).

Abstract: A transformer-less power supply is provided for ozone generation. The power supply advantageously reduces costs and increases reliability of ozone generators. The power supply provides a first AC voltage from a power source to a resonant circuit and the resonant circuit provides a second AC voltage to the ozone generating unit, the second AC voltage being greater than the first AC voltage. A controller for the power supply that adapts to the resonance of the circuit to provide control with a wide tolerance for the high Q circuit component values of the circuit.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside an engine exhaust passage, a hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and an exhaust purification catalyst (13) are arranged. A first hydrocarbon feed method which injections hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve (15) by predetermined feed intervals (?T) so that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas falls to the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio (X) to thereby remove the NOx contained in the exhaust gas and a second hydrocarbon feed method which lowers the feed amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve (15) and feeds fuel to the combustion chambers (2) during a second half of the expansion stroke or the exhaust stroke are selectively used.

Abstract: A system and method for the treatment of process streams. A catalyst mediates a wet oxidation process at elevated temperatures and pressures for treating at least one undesirable constituent in an aqueous mixture. A catalyst may be selected for its solubility at a detected pH level of the aqueous mixture. Alternatively, a pH level of the aqueous mixture may be adjusted to solubilize a selected catalyst and/or maintain the selected catalyst in a soluble form. A controller in communication with a pH sensor may be configured to generate a control signal to adjust the pH level of the aqueous mixture in response to the pH sensor registering a pH level outside a predetermined pH solubility range for a selected catalyst.

Abstract: A gas cleaning system (8) for cleaning a carbon dioxide rich flue gas containing sulphur dioxide generated in a boiler (2) comprises a first gas cleaning device (10) being operative for removing at least 80% of the sulphur dioxide content of the flue gas generated in the boiler (2), thereby generating a partly cleaned carbon dioxide rich flue gas, and a second gas cleaning device (12), being separate from the first gas cleaning device (10) and being operative for receiving at least a portion of the partly cleaned carbon dioxide rich flue gas that passed through the first gas cleaning device (10). The second gas cleaning device (12) is operative for removing at least a portion of the water content of the partly cleaned carbon dioxide rich flue gas by means of cooling the partly cleaned carbon dioxide rich flue gas to condense water there from.

Abstract: A continuous process wherein a mechanized and automated feeding system provides precision delivery of thermally and atmospherically conditioned components to a pelletization process including extrusion, pelletization, thermal processing, drying, and post-processing of the polymeric pellets formed. The components can be combined to form solutions, dispersions, emulsions, formulations, and the like. These components can further be reacted and thermally modified to form oligomers, pre-polymers, polymers, copolymers, and many combinations thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a gas isolation valve which separates reactive materials, principally gases, contained in a high temperature reactor from the surrounding atmosphere. The valve is of modular construction with each module having a gas providing section and a gas removal section. Any number of modules can be provided in series. A central chamber, open at each end gives unimpeded access to the high temperature reactor. It is through the central chamber that the product of the reactor is removed and harvested. In the case of Ilas invention the product is carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A mobile deactivation apparatus for deactivating contaminants within a defined region that includes a source of a vaporous deactivating agent, a gas handling system, a support member, a drive means, a control system, and a power system is disclosed. The gas handling system dispenses the vaporous deactivating agent to the defined region. The support member is movable in the defined region and supports the source of the vaporous deactivating agent and the gas handling system. The support member can be propelled by the drive means. The control system is programmed to control the operation of the gas handling system and the drive means. A power system is provided to supply power to the mobile deactivation apparatus.

Abstract: This invention relates to a technique for adjusting the temperature of a liquid held on an analyzing instrument (1) to a target value. The invention provides a temperature control method wherein thermal energy is supplied to liquid (10) by passing a magnetic flux across an analyzing instrument (1) for raising the temperature of the liquid. The invention also provides an analyzing instrument (1) and analyzing apparatus (X) which are suited to raising the temperature of a liquid (10) using a magnetic flux.

Abstract: In a device for preparing process gases (3) for heat treatments of metallic materials/workpieces, the respective process gas (3) is to be fed into at least one treatment chamber (1.1) in an industrial furnace (1) having been practically fully prepared, homogenised and heated, and the method is to be carried out both with newly built and particularly with already existing installations of industrial furnaces (1) with the aid of the device, wherein the process gas (3) is prepared with compression at temperatures uncoupled from the temperature in the treatment chamber (1.1), in a process separate from the heat treatment process in the treatment chamber (1.1), and in a temperature range up to about 1250° C., and is rendered usable for economical and low-emission heat treatment (FIG. 3).

Abstract: An engine exhaust purification device comprises: a selective reduction type NOx catalyst; an oxidation catalyst disposed on an upstream side of the NOx catalyst; a reducing agent adding device which adds an NOx reducing agent to an exhaust gas of an engine; a control device which controls the reducing agent adding device; and an NO2 ratio calculation device which estimates an NO2 ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NOx catalyst. The NO2 ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NOx catalyst is calculated by a catalytic reaction model where the oxidation reaction of NO in the oxidation catalyst is numerically formulated, and the NO2 ratio is reflected to calculate an amount of ammonia adsorbed on the NOx catalyst by a catalytic reaction model where a chemical reaction concerned with the reduction of NOx in the NOx catalyst is numerically formulated.

Abstract: An SCR system that can detect a NOx concentration accurately irrespective of an operation state of an engine is provided. The SCR system including: an SCR device 103 provided in an exhaust pipe 102 for an engine E; a dosing valve 104 that injects urea solution on an upstream side of the SCR device 103; a NOx sensor 110 provided in the exhaust pipe 102; and an urea solution injection control unit 127 that controls a urea solution injection quantity according to a NOx concentration value detected by the NOx sensor 110 includes a pressure estimation unit 131 that estimates a NOx sensor pressure that is a pressure inside the exhaust pipe 102 at a position where the NOx sensor 110 is provided, and a NOx concentration detection value correction unit 136 that corrects the NOx concentration value detected by the NOx sensor 110, according to the NOx sensor pressure estimated by the pressure estimation unit 131.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system that can suppress thermal damage in operation of a dosing valve resulting from crystallization of urea solution and corrosion of the dosing valve to perform proper urea solution injection control, and includes an SCR device provided in an exhaust pipe of an engine; a dosing valve that injects urea solution at an upstream side of the SCR device; a minimum injection quantity setting unit that if temperature of the dosing valve is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature, sets a minimum injection quantity according to the temperature of the dosing valve; and an urea solution injection control unit that if injected quantity of urea solution according to quantity of NOx emitted from the engine is smaller than the minimum injection quantity, controls the injected quantity of urea solution to be the minimum injection quantity.

Abstract: An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine is provided with an exhaust purification catalyst where NOX which is contained in exhaust gas and modified hydrocarbons react. The exhaust purification catalyst carries precious metal catalysts and is formed with a basic exhaust gas flow surface part. The exhaust purification catalyst has the property of reducing NOX if making the concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period. The system estimates the holding ability by which the NOX in the exhaust gas is held on the basic exhaust gas flow surface part of the exhaust purification catalyst and, when the holding ability becomes less than a predetermined judgment value of the holding ability, makes the concentration of hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst rise.

Abstract: Multiple catalytic processing stations couple with a system which produces volatile gas streams from biomass decomposition at discrete increasing temperatures. These catalytic processing stations can be programmed to maximize conversion of biomass to useful renewable fuel components based on input feedstock and desired outputs.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, inside of an engine exhaust passage, air-fuel ratio sensors each of which has a solid electrolyte, electrodes which respectively cover the two side surfaces of the solid electrolyte, and a diffusion resistance layer which covers one of electrodes are arranged. In operation, the greater the amounts of deposition of sulfur ingredients at the air-fuel ratio sensors, the smaller the amounts of change of the air-fuel ratios detected by the air-fuel ratio sensor and the longer the time period of change of the air-fuel ratios. The amounts of sulfur poisoning of the air-fuel ratio sensors are detected from the changes of the air-fuel ratios detected by the air-fuel ratio sensors.

Abstract: Filtration devices, methods, and systems comprising a decontamination filtration medium. The filtration medium comprises a remotely-triggered decontamination material stored in microcapsules that are embedded in or attached to a filter element. The microcapsules contain a decontamination agent that will detoxify one or more toxins, including but not limited to chemical and biological warfare agents, and industrial materials and chemicals, among other things. The microcapsules can be locally or remotely triggered to release the detoxifying agent by a triggering agent such as light, electrical potential, pressure, temperature, or other methods. One method of use of the filtration device comprises the following: when a target toxin is detected in the vicinity of the device, the microcapsules are actively triggered to release the detoxifying agent, thereby neutralizing the toxic agent.

Abstract: A device for reprocessing used plastic containers including a system for analyzing the degree of contamination of the plastic, a system for determining decontamination process parameters as a function of the degree of contamination thus detected, and a system for controlled decontamination of the plastic according to the decontamination process parameters thus determined. The system for determining decontamination process parameters provides determined decontamination process parameters to corresponding decontamination control elements that are automatically adjusted depending on the degree of contamination.

Abstract: A sterilization system includes a plurality of vaporizers that are controlled by a network of interconnected controllers. The network includes a plurality of control units with each control unit controlling an associated vaporizer to adjust independently the rate at which the associated vaporizer injects vaporized sterilant into the different regions of an enclosure. The network also includes a master control unit configured to control each control unit over the network to coordinate the aggregate injection of sterilant vapor.

Abstract: Methods and systems for preparing catalyst, such as chromium catalysts, are provided. The valence of at least a portion of the catalyst sent to an activator is changed from Cr(III) to Cr(VI). The catalyst is prepared or activated continuously using a fluidization bed catalyst activator.