Abstract: The invention concerns a process for desulphurization of a gaseous effluent containing hydrogen sulphide using a Claus treatment unit followed by a Claus tail gas treatment unit (TGT), said process comprising using a device for on-line analysis of the ratio H2S/SO2 at the outlet from the TGT unit and a feed-back loop which can maintain said H2S/SO2 molar ratio at the outlet from the TGT unit to a value close to 2 and generally in the range 1.5 to 2.5.

Abstract: A system and method for removing contaminant from sulfur (or sulphur) to a level that allows re-processed sulfur to reenter a supply chain. The system and method melt contaminated sulfur, filters the molten sulfur, and then dispenses the less contaminated sulfur after filtering it. More specifically, solid contaminated sulfur enters a settling tank, while heated molten sulfur circulates through the system and the settling tank. The circulation of the molten sulfur assists in the melting process of the solid sulfur, allowing the solid sulfur to melt efficiently. In preferred embodiments of the system, the system uses steam jacked sulfur lines and steam tracing to maintain temperatures for melting the solid sulfur and maintaining the molten state of the sulfur circulating through the system. Furthermore, the system comprises a programmable logic controller, which controls motors, pumps, valves, and environment monitoring instruments.

Abstract: An apparatus is used for diagnosing the temperature state of a catalyst converter. The catalyst converter includes a catalyst for cleaning an emission, and a conductive carrier for carrying the catalyst. The conductive carrier is energized for temperature rise of the catalyst, and the conductive carrier has a characteristic in which resistance drops with temperature increase. In the apparatus, a first obtaining unit obtains a first parameter having a first correlation with supply power to the conductive carrier for energization of the conductive carrier. A second obtaining unit obtains a second parameter having a second correlation with a temperature of the conductive carrier. A diagnosing unit diagnoses the temperature state of the conductive carrier based on a comparison between the first parameter and the second parameter.

Abstract: An ablutionary installation including a mixing valve having respective inlets for hot and cold water and an outlet for temperature controlled water, a temperature sensor for monitoring outlet water temperature and providing a signal representative of the outlet water temperature to an electronic controller, a user interface permitting selection of outlet water temperature up to a pre-determined temperature, the electronic controller being operable to compare the selected and sensed outlet water temperatures for controlling the mixing valve to adjust the ratio of hot and cold water delivered to the outlet according to the selected outlet water temperature, and apparatus for initiating a disinfection cycle to deliver water to the outlet at a temperature higher than the pre-determined temperature, wherein the initiating apparatus includes an operating sequence with at least two inputs.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for purifying polluted air consisting of particle phase pollutants and gaseous phase pollutants, the apparatus (10) comprising: a dust level sensor (23) to measure the amount of particle phase pollutants in the polluted air; a dust removal component (14) to remove the particle phase pollutants from the polluted air; a catalyst filtering core (17) to decompose the gaseous phase pollutants by chemical reaction; a valve (22) for selectively controlling a path of air flow within the apparatus (10) and is movable between an open position and closed position, the valve (22) being positioned downstream from the dust removal component (14); wherein if the amount of particle phase pollutants measured by the dust level sensor (23) is above a predetermined value, the valve (22) is moved to the open position to enable the air to bypass the catalyst filtering core (17); and if the amount of particle phase pollutants measured by the dust level sensor (23) is less than a predetermined value, the valve (22)

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for product-conserving thermal dissociation of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, preferably for thermal dissociation of 1,2-dichloroethane to vinyl chloride. This uses chemical dissociation promoters and/or physical measures which initiate the dissociation reaction. The initiation of the dissociation reaction, with the same conversion, lowers the temperature level in the reaction mixture and the temperature of the dissociation gas on exit from the dissociation furnace. The amount and the exit temperature of the flue gas from the radiation zone of the dissociation furnace likewise decrease at the same time.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for converting urea into reactants useful for removing NOX from industrial emissions. The system includes a urea inlet, a steam inlet, and a reactor in fluid communication with the urea inlet and the steam inlet. The reactor is configured and adapted to inject urea from the urea inlet into a steam flow from the steam inlet to convert the urea into at least one reactant for NOX reduction within a substantially gaseous mixture. The invention also provides a method of converting urea into reactants for reducing NOX out of industrial emissions. The method includes injecting urea into a steam flow to convert the urea into at least one reactant for NOX reduction within a substantially gaseous mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for making a peroxycarboxylic acid. The apparatus includes a reaction catalyst and a guard column for pretreating one or more reagents, which can increase the life, activity, and/or safety of the reaction catalyst. The peroxycarboxylic acid compositions made by the method and apparatus can include one or more peroxycarboxylic acids.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for a levitation microreactor adapted to facilitate a chemical reaction. The levitation microreactor may comprise one or more levitation zones arranged in spatial communication with one another, each levitation zone including a levitator that is effective to levitate a reactant droplet. In some examples, a first levitation zone may include a first levitator effective to levitate a first reactant droplet, while a second levitation zone may include a second levitator effective to levitate a second reactant droplet. The second reactant droplet may be distinct from the first reactant droplet. Some example microreactors may further include a third levitation zone that is arranged in spatial communication with the first and second levitation zones. The third levitation zone may be effective to facilitate a chemical reaction on the first and second reactant droplets while the first and second reactant droplets are levitated to produce a product.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for decontaminating a region with a gaseous or vaporous decontaminant (e.g., vaporized hydrogen peroxide) without dehumidification (e.g., without the use of a dryer). The saturation concentration of the decontaminant inside the region is monitored, and the concentration of the decontaminant inside the region is regulated to prevent condensation of the decontaminant. The bioburden reduction is continuously monitored during a decontamination phase to ascertain successful completion of a decontamination process in accordance with a target bioburden reduction.

Abstract: The current invention relates to an apparatus for the production of stable oxy-chloro acid while monitoring the efficacy of the resin bed. The invention allows for simple ion exchange while modifying the pH to allow the chlorous acid to be in a stable form so that it does not rapidly degrading into chlorine dioxide and can be used as an effective biocide and cleaning composition. The apparatus also provides for an uninterrupted production of chlorous acid, which allows for the use of chlorous acid to be used in batch or continuous cleaning treatments.

Abstract: A vehicle efficacious constituents supply apparatus 10 includes a main unit 13 including an air gun and a subunit 15 including an air gun. A curling ring V1 of air containing aromatic constituents is projected from the main unit 13 towards an efficacious area A, while a curling ring V2 of air is projected from the subunit 15 towards the efficacious area A. A control unit for controlling projection timings of curling rings V1, V2 includes an alarming mode in which a projection interval at which curling rings v1 are projected is set shorter than a projection interval at which curling rings V2 are projected, and by executing this alarming mode, curling rings V2 can be applied to an occupant without causing the curling rings V2 so projected to disappear in the efficacious area A.

Abstract: A system and method for the treatment of process streams. A catalyst mediates a wet oxidation process at elevated temperatures and pressures for treating at least one undesirable constituent in an aqueous mixture. A catalyst may be selected for its solubility at a detected pH level of the aqueous mixture. Alternatively, a pH level of the aqueous mixture may be adjusted to solubilize a selected catalyst and/or maintain the selected catalyst in a soluble form. A controller in communication with a pH sensor may be configured to generate a control signal to adjust the pH level of the aqueous mixture in response to the pH sensor registering a pH level outside a predetermined pH solubility range for a selected catalyst.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a system and method is provided for producing a safely disposable end product from waste matter containing undesirable materials, such as infectious, biohazardous, hazardous, or radioactive elements. The method comprises the steps of providing a highly basic solvent, immersing the waste matter containing the undesirable materials within the highly basic solvent, and heating the solvent. The waste matter containing the undesirable materials is allowed to remain within the solvent until digested, thereby forming a solution void of any infectious or biohazardous elements and/or containing a concentration of radioisotope below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for release to a sanitary sewer as defined in applicable federal regulations.

Abstract: A method and device for cleaning air. The air to be cleaned is directed as a continuous flow in succession through a) a first zone wherein the air is treated with ozone and possibly also water, ammonia or other aerosol growth promoters; b) a second zone wherein the air is subjected to ultraviolet light; c) a third zone wherein the air is maintained for a sufficient time to allow aerosol growth; d) a fourth zone where particles in the air are given an electrical charge; e) a fifth zone wherein the air is passed through an electrostatic filter; and f) a sixth zone wherein the air flows over a catalyst to break down residual ozone. The air in confined spaces including indoor rooms, public vehicles with limited access to fresh air is subjected to a low energy consuming universal broad-spectrum removal of the various types of indoor air pollution including toxic gases, organic compounds, microorganisms and liquid and solid particles being hazardous to health and detrimental to quality of life.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an ultraviolet irradiation device that sterilizes, disinfects, and inactivates raw water such as city water or underground water, includes a water processing vessel, an ultraviolet sensor, and a controller. The water processing vessel includes a water supply port into which the raw water flows, at least a pair of ultraviolet lamps configured to irradiate the raw water that flows into the water processing vessel with ultraviolet rays, and a water discharge port from which the raw water irradiated with the ultraviolet rays is discharged. The ultraviolet sensor is configured to measure an amount of ultraviolet rays irradiated from the ultraviolet lamps. The controller is configured to control turnon and turnoff of the ultraviolet lamps.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an ultraviolet irradiation system that sterilizes, disinfects, and inactivates raw water such as city water or underground water, includes a plurality of ultraviolet irradiation devices connected in series, and a controller configured to control output and non-output of the ultraviolet irradiation devices. The ultraviolet irradiation device includes a water processing vessel through which the raw water flows, an ultraviolet lamp configured to irradiate the raw water in the water processing vessel with ultraviolet rays, and an ultraviolet sensor configured to measure an amount of ultraviolet rays emitted from the ultraviolet lamp.

Abstract: A control system of a surgery autoclave is described, which is capable of establishing a sterilization cycle which includes at least a first evacuation step of a sterilization chamber and of heating of a load and a final drying step. The autoclave includes a device capable of detecting a parameter proportional to the energy used up in a step of the cycle preceding the drying step and the control system establishes at least a reduction of the drying step upon determining that, the parameter of used up energy lies below a preset threshold.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents are added to the coal ahead of combustion and/or are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: A continuous process wherein a mechanized and automated feeding system provides precision delivery of thermally and atmospherically conditioned components to a pelletization process including extrusion, pelletization, thermal processing, drying, and post-processing of the polymeric pellets formed. The components can be combined to form solutions, dispersions, emulsions, formulations, and the like. These components can further be reacted and thermally modified to form oligomers, pre-polymers, polymers, copolymers, and many combinations thereof.

Abstract: A cascade source provided with a cathode housing, a number of cascade plates insulated from each other and stacked on top of each other which together bound at least one plasma channel, and an anode plate provided with an outflow opening connecting to the plasma channel, wherein one cathode is provided per plasma channel, which cathode comprises an electrode which is adjustable relative to the cathode housing in the direction of the plasma channel, wherein the clamping provision is preferably of the collet chuck type. Also described is method for controlling the cascade source in use.

Abstract: An air sanitization system including a reactive oxygen species generator, a variable speed fan, a pathogen sensor and a controller. The reactive oxygen species generator generates reactive oxygen species from an oxygen-containing gas and discharges the reactive oxygen species to a conditioned space. The variable speed fan directs the oxygen-containing gas to the reactive oxygen species generator at a controlled speed. The pathogen sensor senses a level of airborne pathogens in the conditioned space and generates a signal indicative of the level of pathogens sensed. The controller receives the signal from the pathogen sensor and varies the speed of the variable speed fan in response to the signal to decrease a speed of the variable speed fan in response to an increase in the level of airborne pathogens sensed by the pathogen sensor.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, computer programs and computing devices related to biologically assembling and/or synthesizing peptides and/or proteins are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention proposes a method and a device for continuously producing a crystallite, wherein a metered amount of seed crystals is fed continuously to the internal solution circuit of a crystallizer, in particular a DTB crystallizer, through a crystallization seed line from a seed generator preferably designed as a flash crystallizer. The amount of seed crystals fed is controlled by an electronic control system as a function of a measured value determined by a sensor, said value being representative of the particle size distribution of the crystallites in the solution in the internal circuit in the crystallizer. By way of a line, the seed generator receives a partial stream of the external solution circuit of the crystallizer, said external circuit being routed through a line. Excess fine crystalline suspension can be fed back to the external circuit from the seed generator by way of a return line.

Abstract: A system and a method for the production of polycrystalline silicon according to the monosilane process are disclosed. At least one reactor (10), at least one converter (20), at least one injection tank (30) and at least one vaporizer (40) are provided. Each reactor (10) is provided with an inlet pipe (11a) for fresh mixtures of gases and an outlet pipe (11b) for partially used-up mixtures of gases. Likewise, each converter (20) comprises an outlet pipe (21) for a mixture of gases and each vaporizer (40) comprises an outlet pipe (41) for a mixture of gases. Several sampling elements (7) for specimens to be measured are provided in the inlet pipe (11a) and the outlet pipe (11b) of each reactor (10) as well as in the outlet pipe (21) of each converter (20) and the outlet pipe (41) of each vaporizer (40). The withdrawn specimens to be measured are fed by the sampling elements (7) via a pipe (8) to at least one gas-phase chromatograph (2).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerization process for producing olefin polymers in a loop reactor comprising the steps of: introducing into the loop reactor one or more olefin reactants, polymerization catalysts and diluents, and while circulating said reactants, catalysts and diluents, polymerizing said one or more olefin reactants to produce a polymer slurry comprising essentially liquid diluent and solid olefin polymer particles, said process further comprising one or more cycles of: (a) allowing said polymer slurry to settle in one or more setting legs connected to said reactor, and (b) discharging from a setting leg a predetermined volume of polymer slurry substantially equal to the volume of polymer slurry settled in said settling leg since its previous discharge.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine exhaust gas purification apparatus purifies exhaust gas using a NOx storage-reduction catalyst unit and a NOx selective reduction catalyst unit. The NOx selective reduction catalyst unit is provided downstream of the NOx storage-reduction catalyst unit in an exhaust gas passage. An urea injecting mechanism, for example an injection valve, injects urea into the exhaust gas passage. An urea injection controller prohibits urea injection from the urea injecting mechanism if at least one of the temperatures of the NOx storage-reduction catalyst unit and the NOx selective reduction catalyst unit is equal to or lower than a reference temperature. As such, production of cyanic acid is minimized, and therefore leaks of cyanic acid from the NOx storage-reduction catalyst unit and/or the NOx selective reduction catalyst unit can be suppressed.

Abstract: An arrangement for the exposure of a pumpable medium to an electric field. The arrangement comprises, at least two power supplies (100) for the generation of electrical voltage, at least one non-conducting chamber (102) for pumping said pumpable medium, which said at least one chamber (102) is provided with a first (106) and a second electrode plate (108), a control means (104) for controlling said at least two power supplies (100). During control the control means (104), by synchronous control, establishes a series connection between at least two of said at least two power supplies (100), the first electrode plate (106) and the second electrode plate (108). A resulting composite voltage arises between the first (106) and the second electrode plate (108), which resulting composite voltage will result in an electric field between the first (106) and the second electrode plate (108). The pumpable medium is exposed to the electric field.

Abstract: Disclosed is a production system (1) for a carbon fiber thread (Z) by continuously subjecting a carbon fiber thread precursor (X) having a jointed portion (a) connecting respective ends of two carbon fiber thread precursors (X) to heat treatment, which contains an oxidization oven (10) for subjecting the carbon fiber thread precursor (X) to an oxidization treatment, a carbonization furnace (12) for subjecting a thus obtained oxidized fiber thread to a carbonization treatment, a winder (18) for winding the carbon fiber thread (Z) around a winding bobbin, a detection means (24) for detecting the jointed portion (a), a positional information-acquisition means (26) for acquiring positional information of the jointed portion (a), a control means (28) for controlling the winder (18) in such a way that a carbon fiber thread including the jointed portion (a) and a carbon fiber thread not including the jointed portion (a) are separately wound up around different winding bobbins based on the positional information.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing nano-particles includes a furnace defining a vapor region therein. A precipitation conduit having an inlet end and an outlet end is positioned with respect to the furnace so that the inlet end is open to the vapor region. A quench fluid supply apparatus supplies quench fluid in a gas state and quench fluid in a liquid state. A quench fluid port positioned within the precipitation conduit is fluidically connected to the quench fluid supply apparatus so that an inlet to the quench fluid port receives quench fluid in the gas state and quench fluid in the liquid state. The quench fluid port provides a quench fluid stream to the precipitation conduit to precipitate nano-particles within the precipitation conduit. A product collection apparatus connected to the outlet end of the precipitation conduit collects nano-particles produced within the precipitation conduit.

Abstract: A system and method for the continuous production of an aqueous amino formaldehyde resin solution including the steps of (a) preparing a reaction mixture of an amino compound and an aqueous formaldehyde, (b) adding a catalyst to the reaction mixture, (c) condensation reacting the reaction mixture in the presence of the catalyst in a continuous plug flow, wherein in step (a) the amino compound and the formaldehyde are added as a concentrated aqueous solution or as a solid to a total solid content in the reaction mixture of 40-85 wt % (dry weight relative to the total weight of the reaction mixture), and in step (b) the catalyst is continuously added and finely dispersed into the reaction mixture through one or more addition points and optionally adding an amount of amino compound after condensation and/or removing water to reach a higher solid content.

Abstract: The micro-flow hetero catalytic structure is developed in a complex catalytic reaction system electronically controlled that can handle simultaneously many reactants in the proper operation domain. A distributed electronic processing system based on anticipated parameters and controls the entire system optimal regime. The method of obtaining the optimal response from the catalysts is that of maintaining the thermodynamic operation parameters at right values by a set of heat exchangers, fans, valves and actuators in closed loops and processor control having the safety embedded. The applications are covering chemical synthesis, heating, air and gas cleaning, fuels and alcohol reforming.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and remediation compositions for the microwave remediation of medical wastes are provided. The remediation compositions include a microwave active fluid including a microwave active liquid, a microwave enhancer, and a viscosity modifying agent. Methods include immersing medical waste in the remediation composition and then irradiating the medical waste and the remediation composition to remediate the medical waste. The devices include a container for the medical waste and the remediation composition, a microwave radiation source and a temperature monitoring device.

Abstract: A wireless temperature sensor for use in monitoring the temperature of a fluid or gas in a mixing vessel. The wireless temperature sensor comprises a temperature probe for contacting the fluid or gas and generating a signal based on the gas/fluid temperature; a temperature reader for receiving the signal generated by the temperature probe and determining therefrom a temperature reading of the fluid or gas; and a radio frequency (RF) transceiver for transmitting the temperature reading determined by the temperature reader to a control apparatus external to the mixing vessel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the reduction of mercury emissions from an industrial plant utilizing a cement or minerals kiln that has a high level of mercury. The invention allows for the repeated treatment of a gas stream to reduce the level of mercury and other pollutants through reduction steps, allowing targeted treatment of specific compounds. The invention utilizes multiple sorbent injections for the step-wise reduction in pollutants. Utilizing the multiple stages of reaction, very high levels of mercury emissions may be controlled to greater reduction percentages than existing methods.

Abstract: An apparatus for establishing a sulfide bath includes a sulfide supply means for introducing sulfide into water for a water bath, a water chemistry monitoring means for monitoring at least a sulfide concentration of water from the water bath, an electronic controller connected with the sulfide supply means and the water chemistry monitoring means, wherein the electronic controller is configured to control the sulfide supply means to regulate the sulfide concentration in the water bath based on input from the water chemistry monitoring means. A variation of the apparatus is portable and can be used in connection with existing water baths. Another variation of the apparatus is for preserving biological materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for fluidizing a population of catalyst particles that are depleted of catalyst fines. In one embodiment, the process includes providing a plurality of catalyst particles in the reactor, wherein the catalyst particles have a d2 value of greater than about 40 microns. The catalyst- particles are contacted with a fluidizing medium under conditions effective to cause the catalyst particles to behave in a fluidized manner and form a fluidized bed. The particles are contacted with one or more primary obstructing members while in the fluidized bed. By fluidizing the catalyst particles in this manner, the catalyst particles can be maintained at an axial gas Peclet number of from about 10 to about 20.

Abstract: In a cartridge for chemical reaction, there are provided an inner part in which a chemical reaction is caused by feeding a liquid in accordance with a deformation when an external force is applied, and a plurality of passages that are connected with each other, and the passages can be switched between an opened state and a closed state by the external force. Since the plurality of passages are connected together in the cartridge, the cartridge can be applied to various uses. The plurality of passages may be connected together in the form of a network. Wells may be provided at the junctions of the passages. When the external force is applied on the well, the liquid may be pushed out of the well through the passages connected to the well. A passage may be provided for introducing a sample into the cartridge from an external part of the cartridge.

Abstract: A method and system for reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in a combustion gas waste stream by (1) analyzing the waste stream to determine the amount of NOx; (2) determining the stoichiometric amount of ammonia required to reduce the NOx concentration down to a required level or less; (3) determining the flow rate profile of NOx components across the combustion gas waste stream upstream of an ammonia injection grid; (4) selecting specific locations within the ammonia injection grid to activate ammonia valves; (5) injecting controlled amounts of ammonia vapor into the gas stream at grid locations corresponding to the location of NOx in the gas stream; and (6) treating the gas stream using a selective catalytic reduction unit to reduce the amount of NOx down to acceptable levels.

Abstract: Rapid thermal processing systems and associated methods are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method for heating a microelectronic substrate include generating a plasma, applying the generated plasma to a surface of the microelectronic substrate, and raising a temperature of the microelectronic substrate with the generated plasma applied to the surface of the microelectronic substrate. The method further includes continuing to apply the generated plasma until the microelectronic substrate reaches a desired temperature.

Abstract: An addition apparatus, a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) system having an addition apparatus, and a method for adding material to an FCC unit are provided. In one embodiment, an addition system having the capability of interfacing with a material container is provided that allows the addition system to obtain information relating material held in the container. In one embodiment, at least some of the information is contained on a tag affixed to the container. Other information may be retrieved and/or sent to the addition system controller from a remote data source, such as a catalyst supplier.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for a solar-driven chemical reactor are disclosed, including a solar thermal receiver aligned to absorb concentrated solar energy. Some embodiments include a solar driven chemical reactor that has multiple reactor tubes. Some embodiments include one of 1) one or more apertures open to an atmosphere of the Earth or 2) one or more windows, to pass the concentrated solar energy into the solar thermal receiver. This energy impinges on the multiple reactor tubes and cavity walls of the receiver and transfer energy by solar radiation absorption and heat radiation, convection, and conduction. In this way, the energy causes reacting particles to drive the endothermic chemical reaction flowing in the reactor tubes. The design of the multiple reactor tubes and solar thermal receiver can be adapted per a solar flux profile to take advantage of variations in the concentrations of solar flux in the profile.

Abstract: A baric electromagnetic thermal system for manufacturing disaccharide sweetener compounds is provided and permits baric and thermal processing, at low temperatures, to effect the retrocycloaddition, chemoselective promiscuous ligation, and cycloaddition reactions. A method for selecting base and adjunct components for the manufacture of a disaccharide sweetener compound having an equivalent functionality as a natural sweetener and/or derivative thereof as required for a specific food processing application is presented.

Abstract: An effluent gas scrubber and a method of scrubbing effluent gases are provided. An inlet port receives an effluent gas. The gas passes through successive chambers in which it is sprayed with a scrubbing fluid. An oxidizer within the scrubbing fluid is effective to oxidize non-water soluble gases within the effluent gas. An oxidation-reduction potential probe measures the oxidation-reduction potential of the scrubbing fluid and adds the oxidizer to the scrubbing fluid as needed. A pH probe measures the pH of the scrubbing fluid and adds a base to the scrubbing fluid as needed to maintain the pH at or above a threshold such as pH 7, or pH 12.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes a plurality of fuel sticks each of which includes a hydrogen release compound configured to generate hydrogen by a chemical reaction, a pressure-resistant container configured to store therein the plurality of fuel sticks, and a controller configured to carry out control in such a manner that hydrogen is generated selectively from the plurality of fuel sticks.

Abstract: A method of reducing NOx in a lean burn engine exhaust stream from a hydrocarbon burning engine may be first passing the exhaust stream over a thrifted diesel oxidation catalyst that substantially completes the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and the oxidation of hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water. Next, separate additions of ozone and ammonia or urea may be introduced to the exhaust gas stream upstream of the catalytic reduction reactor at temperatures below 250 degrees Celsius. The additions of ozone and ammonia or urea modify the exhaust gas composition to improve the performance of NOx reduction catalysts in the catalytic reduction reactor. At temperatures above 250 degrees, the ozone addition may be reduced or eliminated, while the ammonia addition can be controlled as a function of the amount of NOx in the exhaust stream and the temperature of the catalytic reduction reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for use in generating hydrogen are disclosed. The apparatus includes a fuel processor capable of producing a reformate from a fuel; a hydrogen purifier capable of generating a purified hydrogen gas stream from the reformate; a compressor capable of providing the reformate from the fuel processor to the pressure swing adsorption unit at a desired pressure; and a control system capable of integrating and controlling the operation of the fuel processor, the pressure swing adsorption unit, and the compressor. In another aspect, the invention includes a method for controlling the operation of a purified hydrogen generator, the method comprising: controlling the operation of a hydrogen generator; controlling the operation of a hydrogen purifier; and synchronizing the controlled operation of the hydrogen generator with the controlled operation of the hydrogen purifier.

Abstract: For an exhaust emission control device of an internal combustion engine with a support which has a catalytically active coating for absorbing oxygen (O2) in the reduction of the exhaust gas and for releasing oxygen in the oxidation of the exhaust gas, it is proposed that the catalytically active coating comprises different materials (A, B, C) which can store oxygen and which each form a component storage unit (MA, MB, MC) for the oxygen (O2), the first material (A) at lambda ?<1 changing its oxidation stage and constituting a first component storage unit (MA) for oxygen (O2), the second material (B) at lambda ?=1 changing its oxidation stage and constituting a second component storage unit (MB) for oxygen (O2), and the third material (C) at lambda ?>1 changing its oxidation stage and constituting a third component storage unit (MC) for oxygen (O2).

Abstract: Calcium bromide is a component of sorbent compositions that can be added on to coal to reduce the amount of sulfur gases released into the atmosphere from a coal burning facility. The sorbent components are added onto coal before the coal is added into the furnace and combusted. The fuel being burned is any fuel that contains sulfur, such as lignite, bituminous, and anthracite coal. The sorbent can contain other components such as silica, alumina, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, Portland cement, and aluminosilicate clay. Sulfur emissions are monitored during combustion of the fuel, and the rate of sorbent addition can be changed or a adjusted based on the monitored sulfur levels.