Abstract: An apparatus and method for sulfur recovery uses a scrubber tower with a plurality of vertically spaced scrubber trays in the tower. Sulfide-lean liquor is supplied to each of the trays and an acid gas is supplied to the tower below the trays. A downcomer extends in the tower and through the trays for accumulating liquid from the trays and moving the liquid to the bottom of the tower. The sulfide-lean liquor and acid gas are selected to form a sulfite-rich or sulfide-rich liquor in each of the trays which are brought to the bottom of the tower through the downcomer for removal from the tower.

Abstract: Apparatus for recovering sulphur from a combustible gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide is provided. The combustible gas stream, air and oxygen, or an oxygen-rich stream, are fed via a coaxial burner into an elongate furnace thereby creating a longitudinally-extending flame which has one or more relatively oxygen-rich, intense, combustion regions wherein hydrogen sulphide is combusted to form sulphur dioxide and one or more relatively oxygen-poor, endothermic, thermal dissociation regions. Residual hydrogen sulphide reacts with sulphur dioxide formed by the combustion to produce sulphur vapor. The apparatus includes a waste heat boiler to reduce the temperature of the furnace effluent and a condenser to remove sulphur therefrom. The furnace has an aspect ratio of about 8:1. The flame diverges from its root to occupy at its maximum cross-sectional area at least about 80% of the cross-sectional area of the furnace interior coplanar therewith.

Abstract: A device which generates sulphurous acid in a simplified, efficient way comprises a burn chamber for burning sulphur to produce sulphur dioxide gas, a first conduit for conducting sulphur dioxide gas produced in the burn chamber, a second conduit for conducting water, a third conduit having means for bringing sulphur dioxide gas from the first conduit and water from the second conduit into contained co-directional flow in the third conduit to create sulphurous acid, a mixing tank to receive sulphurous acid, sulphur dioxide gas and water from the third conduit, and an absorption tower and a vent conduit for reacting unreacted sulphur dioxide gas with water. The system is open meaning sulphur dioxide gas in the system is not under significant pressure as the sulphur dioxide gas is conducted through the system.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for use in a sulphuric acid manufacturing plant to effect heat transfer between desired gas streams selected from air, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. The exchanger provides for hot or cold split flow gas streams through the exchanger shell with either mixing or splitting into two or more streams to provide for reduced condensible material condensation, corrosion, metal thermal differential stress and capital equipment cost. A preferred exchanger is used in combination with a sulphur burning furnace to provide an improved preheater.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower.

Abstract: A flue gas conditioning system (FGC) for conditioning the flue gas flowing in a flue from a boiler to an electrostatic precipitator by injecting sulfur trioxide into the flue gas upstream of the electrostatic precipitator. The FGC has a source (52) of granulated sulfur which is transported by a conveyor (54) to a sulfur furnace (60) where it is combusted in sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide flows from the sulfur furnace (60) into a catalytic converter 62 which generates sulfur trioxide therefrom. The sulfur trioxide flows from the catalytic converter 62 into probes 64 which are mounted in the flue duct. Alternatively, the FGC has a source (70) of emulsoid sulfur which is pumped by a sulfur pump (72) to the inlet of an atomizing spray nozzle (200) which atomizes the emulsoid sulfur and sprays it into sulfur furnace (50).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing SO.sub.2 -containing gas and cement clinker by splitting waste gypsum and anhydrite, using paper fibers as the reducing agent, and firing the splitting residue with additives. The cement forming additives are formed into a mixture with the anhydrite and the mixture is compacted before the final drying and calcining, whereupon the anhydrite containing mixture is subjected to the splitting reaction and firing to form the clinker.

Abstract: In the manufacture of sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur is reacted to by finely atomizing liquid sulfur into a vortex of combustion air and returning the atomized sulfur in the vortex during combustion, the ratio of air and sulfur supplied to the vortex being substantially stoichiometric. This ensures that liquid sulfur is not deposited on the walls of a reaction chamber or the structure of a waste heat boiler receiving gases from the combustion chamber, and minimizes generation of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: The method for the production of sulphur trioxide, operating in a non-stanary regime, intend for sulphuric acid production.The aim of the present invention is to provide a method for the production of SO.sub.3 by catalytic oxidation of SO.sub.2, contained in an inlet gas flow, providing a stable regime of operation of wide limits of variation of the flow rate and the concentration of SO.sub.2 in the input gas.The essence of the invention is in this, that between the two layers of the first step of oxidation in a two-step three-layer contact apparatus, the gas flow is partially cooled in an inner heat-exchanger-mixer and part of the heat of the reaction of oxidation of SO.sub.2 in the first stage of oxidation is passed to the second stage of oxidation by means of the gas flow coming out of the intermediate absorption, containing unoxidized SO.sub.2 from the first stage.

Abstract: Ionene polymers having biologically-active organic and/or inorganic anions are described. Methods to prepare the ionene polymers, compositions containing them and their methods of use are also described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flue gas conditioning system and method for generating conditioning agent used in the removal of entrained particles in a flue gas flow with an electrostatic precipitator. The invention involves a catalytic converter that is operable between an operative position where the flue gas is exposed to the catalyst and converts SO.sub.2 contained in the flue gas to SO.sub.3 when conditioning agent is needed and an inoperative position where the flue gas is not exposed to the catalyst when conditioning agent is no longer needed. The catalytic converter and related assembly may take variable configurations to accommodate various flue gas ductworks and space limitations and may carry one or more SO.sub.2 /SO.sub.3 converters providing a plurality of open and generally parallel flow paths of the flue gas.

Abstract: A cooling system for the high voltage electrode of a corona treater includes an elongated hose disposed within the dielectric tube and around which the high voltage wire is spirally wound. The elongated hose is connected to a first port through which cooling fluid is introduced. The cooling fluid flows through the hose and out an open end into the dielectric tube. The cooling fluid then flows out of the dielectric tube through a second port and back to a reservoir after passing through a high voltage isolator.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering hydrogen and separating its isotopes. The apparatus includes a housing bearing at least a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. A baffle is disposed within the housing, attached thereto by a bracket. A hollow conduit is coiled about the baffle, in spaced relation to the baffle and the housing. The coiled conduit is at least partially filled with a hydride. The hydride can be heated to a high temperature and cooled to a low temperature quickly by circulating a heat transfer fluid in the housing. The spacing between the baffle and the housing maximizes the heat exchange rate between the fluid in the housing and the hydride in the conduit. The apparatus can be used to recover hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium and tritium) from gaseous mixtures, or to separate hydrogen isotopes from each other.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for the production of gaseous sulphur dioxide mixture for conversion to sulphur trioxide in a catalytic converter in the production of sulphuric acid by the contact process. Apparatus comprises the furnace to produce sulphur dioxide gas from elemental sulphur and a first dry air stream; means for feeding a first portion of the sulphur dioxide gas to a waste heat boiler to cool the gas; the improvement comprising combining a second portion of the sulphur dioxide gas exiting the furnace with a second dry air stream to provide a combined gaseous stream which bypasses the boiler and subsequently is combined with the cooled sulphur dioxide stream. The system provides use of a bypass valve which experiences only cooled sulphur dioxide containing gases with its attendant reduced corrosion. Further, the system may operate at higher temperatures than is common to provide further advantages.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flue gas conditioning system and method for generating conditioning agent used in the removal of entrained particles in a flue gas flow with an electrostatic precipitator. The invention involves the use of a catalytic converter movable between an operative position where the flue gas flows through the catalyst and converts SO.sub.2 contained in the flue gas to SO.sub.3 when conditioning agent is needed and an inoperative position where the flue gas does not flow through the catalyst when conditioning agent is no longer needed. The movable catalytic converter and related assembly may take variable configurations to accommodate various flue gas ductworks and space limitations.

Abstract: A sulfur recovery process wherein a minor fraction of a hydrogen sulfide-containing gas is precombusted with oxygen in an externally cooled combustion zone while extracting the major fraction of the heat released in the substantially complete combustion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide in that zone, the gas is further cooled and is then passed to a Claus reaction furnace together with the major fraction of the gas, enabling using oxygen for a substantial productivity increase within the temperature and flow rate limitations of a Claus plant without need for a temperature moderator introduced into the precombustor.

Abstract: Ammonia-containing sour gas is combusted at high flame temperature with at least 90 percent purity oxygen in an externally cooled combustor, the ammonia-free product is cooled, then, in conjunction with additional acid gas which does not contain ammonia, is passed to a Claus furnace wherein less than one-third of the hydrogen sulfide is combusted with oxygen enriched air enabling boosting sulfur recovery in a Claus plant without detrimental effects on catalyst life, furnace refractories and pressure drops.

Abstract: In the processing of hot concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum in steel apparatus, the improvement wherein said apparatus is formed of an alloyed material comprising an iron-chrome-nickel-silicon alloy containing 13 to 32% by weight Cr, 5 to 25% by weight nickel and 4 to 9% by weight Si and having a structure containing more than 10% delta-ferrite.

Abstract: In the processing of hot concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum in steel apparatus, the improvement wherein said apparatus is formed of an alloyed material comprising an iron-chrome-nickel-silicon alloy containing 13 to 32% by weight Cr, 5 to 25% by weight nickel and 4 to 9% by weight Si and having a structure containing more than 10% delta-ferrite.

Abstract: A piping arrangement for two or three Claus catalytic converters and condenser sets used for recovering sulphur from gas streams containing hydrogen sulphide. One of the converters is operated at a sub-dewpoint temperature while the other(s) is(are) operated at a higher temperature for regenerating the catalyst. The piping arrangement includes two four-way switching valves that allow an influent gas stream to be switched between the two converters without leaving stagnant gas in the piping.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the recovery of heat from a sulfuric acid process are provided. Sulfur trioxide is absorbed into hot concentrated sulfuric acid, acid having a concentration greater than 98% and less than 101% and a temperature greater than 120.degree. C., in a heat recovery tower and the heat created by the exothermic reaction is recovered in a useful form in a heat exchanger. Gas leaving the primary heat recovery absorption zone is cooled by contact with sulfuric acid in a secondary absorption and cooling zone located above the primary absorption zone in the tower.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for burning sulfur to sulfur dioxide and generating sulfurous acid comprising a primary sulfur-burning chamber, a sulfur feed tank closely coupled to the primary chamber, a secondary sulfur burning chamber, and an absorption tower, Air is drawn into the primary chamber under turbulent, high velocity negative pressure conditions. Gas passes through the secondary chamber under turbulent negative pressure flow conditions. The apparatus is capable of converting sulfur to sulfur dioxide at a rate in excess of 25 pounds of sulfur per hour per square foot of surface area of the molten pool of sulfur in the primary chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for generating a reagent of sulfur trioxide in a carrier which includes a reagent generator. The reagent generator has associated therewith means for introducing a source of sulfur trioxide into the reagent generator, means for introducing a carrier such as a liquid halocarbon or an inert gas into the reagent generator, and means for introducing oleum into the reagent generator. The reagent generator also includes means for contacting the sulfur trioxide, carrier, and oleum to provide a reagent of sulfur trioxide in the carrier. Additionally, the system includes means for removing oleum from the reagent generator, as well as means for removing the reagent from the reagent generator. In a preferred embodiment, the system for generating the reagent also includes, in conjunction with the reagent generator, a treatment chamber for the surface treatment of polymer resins including medical products which have polymeric resin material on exposed surfaces thereof.

Abstract: A Pauling boiler for the concentration of sulphuric acid, wherein the external surface of the Pauling boiler is coated with aluminum.A process for the concentration of sulphuric acid in Pauling boilers by underfiring with gas or liquid fuels, wherein the concentration is carried out in a Pauling boiler coated with aluminum.

Abstract: Hot flue gas, such as the flue gas from a fossil fuel furnace or a waste incinerator, to be scrubbed to remove acidic gas, such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas, and particulates, such as fly ash, is passed to a primary drying chamber and contacted therein with a spray of droplets of an absorbent liquid containing particles of an alkali or alkaline reactant. The droplets are partially dried in the primary drying chamber to a tacky condition before reaching a foraminous collecting member extending through a lower portion of the primary drying chamber wherein it collects as a moist, porous mat. As the flue gas continues to flow through the mat depositing on the collecting member, the mat serves as a filter for removing particulates, including fly ash, in the gas and the remaining sulfur oxides in the gas react with unreacted particles of reactant and reactive ingredients of the fly ash collected in the mat.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for precipitation of fly ash from flue gas of a coal burner wherein liquid sulfur is burned to form SO.sub.2. The SO.sub.2 is converted to SO.sub.3 and injected into the flue gas. The sulfur burning process is modulated and controlled.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of hydrogen polysulfide to hydrogen sulfide in liquid sulfur and removal of hydrogen sulfide from said liquid sulfur comprising a multistage process in which the sulfur is supplied to a holding zone, passed to a treatment zone where it is given multiple contact with a solid catalyst adapted to convert hydrogen polysulfide to hydrogen sulfide and removed from a third zone after treatment for hydrogen sulfide removal.Apparatus for carrying out the method is disclosed and described.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the recovery of heat from a sulfuric acid process are provided. Sulfur trioxide is absorbed into hot concentrated sulfuric acid, acid having a concentration greater than 98% and less than 101% and a temperature greater than 120.degree. C., in a heat recovery tower and the heat created by the exothermic reaction is recovered in a useful form in a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A process to produce sulphur from two acid gases both containing hydrogen sulphide and one of which contains ammonia, using a modified Claus technique.The acid gas containing ammonia is burnt in the presence of air under substoichiometric conditions in a first heat-reaction chamber, while the ammonia-free acid gas is burnt in a second heat-reaction chamber, forming a series with the first chamber, with the right quantity of air to provide a molar ratio of H.sub.2 S to SO.sub.2 of approximately 2/1 at the catalytic reaction stage inlet. The mixed effluents from both heat-reaction chambers may pass through a high-temperature residence chamber before being conveyed to the heat-recovery stage.Gas effluents from the heat-reaction stage contain H.sub.2 S and SO.sub.2 in the right ratio for the catalytic reaction stage, and no hydrocarbons or harmful quantities of NH.sub.3 and NO.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the recovery of heat from a sulfuric acid process are provided. Sulfuric trioxide is absorbed into hot concentrated sulfuric acid, acid having a concentration greater than 98% and less than 101% and a temperature greater than 120.degree. C., in a heat recovery tower and the heat created by the exothermic reaction is recovered in a useful form in a heat exchanger.

Abstract: Modified Claus furnace containing, in addition to primary reaction chamber, a secondary chamber in heat exchange with said primary reaction chamber wherein H.sub.2 S is cracked to supply hydrogen needed downstream in a clean-up system. This eliminates the need for supplemental hydrogen generator now usually provided for in a sulfur recovery system. A catalyst such as cobalt-molybdenum can be used in the secondary reaction chamber.

Abstract: A mono-stage device for generating gaseous sulphuric anhydride from melted sulphur, of the kind having two chambers, one inside the other and preferably concentric. The internal chamber contains spherical refractory material and has a duct feeding hot air into the bottom of the chamber. It opens at its upper end into the external chamber. Molten sulphur is fed into the upper end of the inner chamber and is burned to form SO.sub.2 which flows down in the external chamber containing catalytic material to form SO.sub.3 which is extracted through an outlet near the bottom of the external chamber.

Abstract: The SO.sub.2 content of gases is catalytically reacted to form SO.sub.3. The SO.sub.3 -containing gases are cooled in a plurality of stages with a cooling fluid (A) before the SO.sub.3 is absorbed. The absorbing acid is cooled by a cooling fluid (B) which delivers heat to a consumer. To increase the temperature of the cooling fluid (B) or to reduce the expenditue and to prevent a temperature drop in the SO.sub.3 -containing gases below the dew point temperature, the SO.sub.3 -containing gases are cooled first by and indirect heat exchange and then by a second indirect heat exchange with a cooling fluid (A) to a temperature slightly above the dew point temperature of the SO.sub.3 -containing gases. The cooling fluid (A) is conducted in a closed cycle. The sulfuric acid circulated through the absorber is cooled by an indirect heat exchange with a liquid cooling fluid (B), which is conducted in a closed cycle.

Abstract: A highly efficient apparatus for burning sulfur to sulfur dioxide and generating sulfurous acid comprises a primary sulfur-burning chamber, a sulfur feed tank closely coupled to the primary chamber, a secondary sulfur-burning chamber, and an absorption tower. Air is introduced to the primary chamber under turbulent, high-velocity flow conditions. Gas passes through the secondary chamber under turbulent flow conditions. The apparatus is capable of converting sulfur to sulfur dioxide at a rate in excess of 25 pounds of sulfur per hour per square foot of surface area of the molten pool of sulfur in the primary chamber.

Abstract: A method of preparing sulphur trioxide by the oxidation of sulphur dioxide contained in a reaction mixture in a stationary catalyst bed wherein the direction of the movement of the reaction mixture flow along the catalyst bed is reversed periodically each 10-200 minutes, or the temperature of said reaction mixture is changed in front of the catalyst bed from a temperature of 20.degree.-200.degree. C. to a temperature of 350.degree.-600.degree. C. each 10-200 minutes.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of removing heat from the process gas in a sulfuric acid plant having interpass and final absorption towers by indirect heat exchange with a liquid without condensing acidic vapors from said process gas. The method comprises installing first and second economizers, the second economizer having first and second sections for liquid flow. The process gas flow through the first economizer before passing through the interpass absorption tower and through the second economizer before passing through the final absorption tower. A liquid flows through the first and second economizers for indirect heat exchange with the process gas, the liquid passing sequentially through the second section of the second economizer, the first economizer, and the first section of the second economizer.

Abstract: A shell and tube type of economizer is divided into first, second and third sections. Gas flow through the economizer flows sequentially through the first, second and third sections. The liquid first flows through the second section and then through the third and first sections. The second section serves as a preheater to increase the heat recovered from the gas stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for converting matte in two parallelly connected converters (I, II) with essentially equal blowing rates, corresponding the full capacity of the sulphuric acid plant receiving the process gases. Instead of an arrangement where the following converting periods of the two converters (I, II) are carried out in turns, the converting periods of the converters are now partially overlapping in such a fashion that their blowing periods are staggered, so that blowing is always performed in the first converter while the second converter is being charged or poured. By using this method it is possible to achieve very short waiting periods between the converting periods, additional heating is unnecessary and the pair of converters renders a continuous and even gas flow, which has a higher sulphur dioxide content than normally.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus adaptable to continuous production of hydrogen sulfide by chemical reaction of sulfur with a gaseous sulfur-reducing reactant selected from methane or other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon-containing compounds such as carbon disulfide, gases with high CO contents, e.g. from gasification of coal, or mixtures of such gases are provided utilizing a separately-fired sulfur heater to vaporize liquid sulfur feedstock. Adding steam with the sulfur reduces the temperature level requirements of the sulfur vapors and provides H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 for the hydrolysis reactions. Control of the temperature of the sulfur vapors and steam delivered into the system through the sulfur vaporizer is used to modulate sulfiding reaction temperatures. A major portion of the steam is introduced with the sulfur vapors; a minor portion of the steam can be added with the feedstock reductant gas to assist in heat recovery from the reaction product gases and to facilitate standby conditions.

Abstract: Positional sensitivity of a Kipp type generator with respect to a gravitanal field is achieved by utilization of one or more selectively oriented gravitational sensitive valves in the chamber containing the liquid capable of providing the desired gaseous output. The gravitational sensitive valves may be used individually or in combination. Each valve permits operation when it has an orientation corresponding to a predetermined orientational range. A chamber whose geometrical shape is a parallelepiped employs an arrangement of four gravitational sensitive valves to provide gas generator operation independent of its orientation in a gravitational field.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus adaptable to continuous production of hydrogen sulfide from chemical reaction of sulfur with various gaseous sulfur-reducing reactants selected from hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon-containing compounds such as carbon disulfide, hydrogen, of mixtures of such gases are provided utilizing a fired process sulfur heater to vaporize liquid sulfur feed stock.Control of the temperature of the sulfur vapors and the amount of liquid sulfur feed are used to modulate sulfiding reaction temperatures.Viscosity of the liquid sulfur feed stock is modified by contact with product gases in order to facilitate flow rate control as liquid sulfur is pumped into the sulfur vaporizer where its temperature increases above about 300.degree. F.Steam for hydrolysis purposes is introduced with the sulfur vapors, to augment temperature modulation of the sulfiding reactions, and/or with the reductant gas to assist in heat recovery from the reaction product gases.

Abstract: The tail gas from a sulfur process is added directly to the fuel gas supplied to an incinerator burner. The H.sub.2 S in the tail gas is converted by the burner to SO.sub.2 to enable the sulfur process to meet environmental air pollution requirements.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for removing sulphur components from flue gasses which include O.sub.2 and water vapor. The flue gasses are first heated to at least 1000.degree. F. Then H.sub.2 is added to the flue gasses for converting at least some of the SO.sub.x components to S and H.sub.2 S. H.sub.2 O is then sprayed into the flue gasses for precipitating particulate matter and for converting at least some of the H.sub.2 S components into H.sub.2 SO.sub.4. The resultant flue gasses are then filtered through lime rock for absorbing any H.sub.2 S and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 components and for trapping any remaining particulate matter therein. Some of the NO.sub.x components may also be reduced using this process. An apparatus for effecting this process is also disclosed.

Abstract: In a process for the catalytic oxidation of gaseous sulfur compounds to sulfur trioxide comprising passing said gaseous sulfur compounds through a plurality of serially connected catalytic stages at 400.degree.-580.degree. C., the improvement which comprises circulating a liquid heat exchange medium in indirect heat exchange relationship to the reaction gases in the catalytic stages and with a heat consumer and optionally a heat source at a rate and amount such that the liquid heat exchange medium absorbs substantially all the exothermic reaction heat and fluctuates no more than 5 centrigrade degrees, thereby controlling the temperature of said catalytic stages.

Abstract: A continuous flow liquids-solids separator for removing particulate solids suspended in gas scrubbing liquids used in industrial stack gas scrubbing systems. The separator includes a solids separating tank having a pair of parallel perforated walls and an inlet aligned to direct an entrant flow of the liquid-solids suspension in a direction generally parallel with the perforated walls to promote separation of the suspension such that particulate solids are retained in the tank while the scrubbing liquids flow into a liquids reservoir. The tank is supported within the reservoir and is connected with a bleed discharge line which accomodates continuous evacuation of the retained solids from the tank concurrent with the discharge of scrubbing liquids through an outlet in the liquids reservoir.

Abstract: A multistage catalytic reactor of unitized internal construction whereby the vertical support columns for the division plates and the catalyst support grids comprise a unitized structure from the top to the bottom of the reactor and are fixedly attached at their respective ends to the top and bottom of the reactor. The reactor further includes horizontal beams for support of a catalyst support grid or mesh, at least some of said beams being mounted for movement relative to said vertical columns through windows or openings in at least a portion of said columns. The beams are of such length that they either (i) span as a chord across the reactor or (ii) at least one end of the beam abuts a vertical column with sufficient clearance to allow for expansion. At each junction between a beam and a window in a vertical column as well as where a beam end abuts a vertical column, the beam is supported on a rocker means affixed to the column so that the beam is free to move as it expands and contracts.

Abstract: In a gas generation method in which liquid fuel is catalytically reacted with air at elevated temperatures to form a fuel gas, several plates each having a multiplicity of passage openings are arranged in tandem in spaced fashion within the reaction chamber of the gas generator and are embedded in a bed of packing material with the thermal conductivity of the plates higher than that of the packing material in order to obtain more uniform heating of the reaction chamber and better mixing and distribution of the reacting media permitting the gas generator to be loaded more heavily.