Abstract: A contact process, sulfuric acid system and method are disclosed for producing sulphuric acid with improved operating efficiency in humid environments. The system comprises a pre-drying absorber for pre-drying humid air with weak sulfuric acid. Weak sulfuric acid from the pre-drying absorber is provided to a subsystem comprising two sulfur trioxide absorbers and a heat exchanger for the recovery of heat via steam production. This arrangement allows for a marked increase in steam production (i.e. energy efficiency). In a separate improvement, the emission apparatus for the system can be simplified using a peroxide tail gas scrubber comprising upper and lower scrubber sections in which the upper scrubber section consists essentially of tray type scrubbers.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: CH3—SO2—O—O—SO2OH.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor may have at least one reactor module and a shell that extends about a reactor center axis. The reactor module may include a gas distribution chamber, a gas collection chamber, and a catalyst. The gas distribution chamber may be connected to a shell-side gas feed. The gas collection chamber may be connected to a shell-side gas discharge. A catalyst bed between the distribution and collection chambers may extend transversely to the reactor center axis. The gas distribution and collection chambers are bounded by the catalyst bed and reactor walls. The gas feed either opens into the gas distribution chamber on the shell side or is connected to a pipe length that extends towards the reactor center axis and opens into the gas distribution chamber in the region of the reactor center axis. A height parallel to the reactor center axis of the gas distribution chamber reduces towards the reactor center axis starting from a mouth of the gas feed in the case of a shell-side connection.

Abstract: A method for the determination of pollutants and leachables in a dialysis solution by stir bar sorptive extraction involves conditioning a sorptive material-coated stir bar, stirring the dialysis solution with the conditioned stir bar, desorbing of pollutants and leachables from the coated stir bar, and analyzing the desorbed pollutants and leachables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell treatment composition for the permeabilization of fixed blood cells, to the use of said composition, to a method for the treatment of a biological sample comprising fixation of said sample and subsequently contacting said biological sample with said cell treatment composition. The invention further relates and to a kit comprising said cell treatment composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process plant for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3 in a process gas, said process plant comprising a heat exchanger configured for heating the process gas by heat exchange with an oxidized process gas and/or a further oxidized process gas by providing thermal contact between said process gas and said oxidized process gas and/or said further oxidized process gas, a first zone of material catalytically active in oxidation of SO2 to SO3, and a boiler configured for containing steam being heated by the oxidized process gas and/or the further oxidized process after said oxidized process gas has been cooled in the heat exchanger characterized in the cooled oxidized process gas in the boiler being non-condensing with the benefit of providing the possibility for a smaller heat exchanger which may be made with only moderate corrosion resistant materials, compared to a process plant according to the prior art, as well as a related process.

Abstract: A device for mixing and cooling two reactive liquids, comprising a bundle type heat exchanger with parallel tubes, a head space open to one end of all tubes, a first inlet to the head space for introducing a first liquid and a second inlet to the head space with a multitude of nozzles for introducing a second liquid, the nozzles being located within the head space and oriented to direct the introduced liquid transverse to the axis of the tubes of the tube bundle, is useful for making peroxomonosulphuric acid from 85 to 98% by weight sulphuric acid introduced into the first inlet of the device and 50 to 80% by weight aqueous hydrogen peroxide introduced into the second inlet of the device.

Abstract: A device, comprising a conduit for an aqueous stream, a mixing tube located inside the conduit, having a static mixer inside the mixing tube, an outlet open to the conduit and an inlet, a sulphuric acid supply tube connected to the inlet of the mixing tube and a hydrogen peroxide supply tube, arranged inside the sulphuric acid supply tube and having an outlet for hydrogen peroxide at the inlet of said mixing tube, and a method, where an aqueous stream is passed through the conduit of the device, 85 to 98% by weight sulphuric acid is introduced to the sulphuric acid supply tube of the device and 50 to 80% by weight aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is introduced to the hydrogen peroxide supply tube of the device, provide a dilute aqueous solution of peroxomonosulphuric acid without a risk of exposing operating personnel to concentrated peroxomonosulphuric acid.

Abstract: This invention describes a sulfurous acid generator that employs a burn chamber that acts as a sulfur hopper. Generally, the burn chamber is not in sulfur communication with a sulfur hopper that is separate and distinct from the burn chamber. Instead, the burn chamber may be adapted to hold enough sulfur to allow the generator to produce sulfurous acid for a desired period of time without needing more sulfur to be added to the sulfur being combusted in the burn chamber.

Abstract: A method for making sulfuric acid comprises: providing solid sulfur, melting the solid sulfur into liquid sulfur in a sulfur melting tank, burning the sulfur to generate a sulfur product, recycling high order heat energy generated from burning the sulfur and providing the high order heat energy to a distillation tower, recycling low order heat energy generated from burning the sulfur and providing the low order heat energy to the sulfur melting tank, providing hydrogen peroxide or sulfuric acid containing hydrogen peroxide into an absorption-reaction tower for reacting to produce a sulfuric acid product, and concentrating or purifying the sulfuric acid product to improve its concentration or purity.

Abstract: A method for adjusting a concentration of an acid or lye includes charging a medium for adjusting the concentration of the acid or lye into a supply conduit of the acid or lye so as to provide a combined stream. The combined stream is supplied through an inlet to a mixing chamber such that the combined stream is deflected upon entering the mixing chamber. The combined stream is mixed in the mixing chamber. The combined stream is discharged through an outlet of the mixing chamber such that the combined stream is again deflected upon being discharged from the mixing chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor for carrying out an exothermic reaction in the gas phase, which comprises a vessel having an outer wall (13) composed of a metallic material, wherein an inner shell (17) is accommodated in the interior of the reactor (1) and the inner shell (17) has a spacing of at least 50 mm to the inside of the outer wall (13).

Abstract: A reactor for synthesizing hydrogen sulfide in which sulfur and hydrogen are subjected to gas-phase reaction in the absence of a catalyst to synthesize hydrogen sulfide, the reactor including: a reactor body that retains liquid sulfur in a bottom portion thereof; a heating unit that gasifies part of the liquid sulfur; a hydrogen gas supply unit that supplies hydrogen gas into the liquid sulfur; and a heat-exchanging portion provided in a gas-phase reaction region located above the liquid surface of the liquid sulfur in the reactor body, wherein heat-exchanging portion is configured such that the reaction temperature in the gas-phase reaction region is controlled to be within a predetermined temperature range by changing the heat exchange amount per unit volume in a gas-phase reaction region located farther from the liquid surface from the heat exchange amount per unit volume in a gas-phase reaction region located closer to the liquid surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an installation for producing sulfuric acid. First of all, a product gas flow (5) containing sulfur dioxide is produced. The product gas flow (5) is supplied to a reaction chamber (1). A catalyst (3) is located in the reaction chamber (1). In the presence of the catalyst sulfur dioxide reacts to form sulfur trioxide. In further parts of the installation the resulting sulfur trioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. According to the invention, an oxidizing gas flow (6) is supplied to the reaction chamber (1) alternately with the product gas flow (5).

Abstract: A method for adjusting a concentration of an acid or lye includes charging a medium for adjusting the concentration of the acid or lye into a supply conduit of the acid or lye so as to provide a combined stream. The combined stream is supplied through an inlet to a mixing chamber such that the combined stream is deflected upon entering the mixing chamber. The combined stream is mixed in the mixing chamber. The combined stream is discharged through an outlet of the mixing chamber such that the combined stream is again deflected upon being discharged from the mixing chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an installation for producing sulfuric acid. First of all, a product gas flow (5) containing sulfur dioxide is produced. The product gas flow (5) is supplied to a reaction chamber (1). A catalyst (3) is located in the reaction chamber (1). In the presence of the catalyst sulfur dioxide reacts to form sulfur trioxide. In further parts of the installation the resulting sulfur trioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. According to the invention, an oxidizing gas flow (6) is supplied to the reaction chamber (1) alternately with the product gas flow (5).

Abstract: A sorption liner (100) has a sorbent material coating (150) on an inside surface (106). Sample components are adsorbed on the coating (150), the liner (100) is attached to an analytical device, such as a gas chromatograph, and the components desorbed.

Abstract: Configurations herein include a novel process and apparatus for generating and maintaining sulfur trioxide gas. The generation system and process operate to provide sulfur trioxide calibration gas for calibrating sulfur trioxide detection devices. The system and process provides a known, concentration of sulfur trioxide gas via a heated catalyst, which enables accurate calibration of measurement equipment. The system functions in part by controlling temperature, amount of moisture, residence time, catalyst selection, diluting generated sulfur trioxide and by locating the sulfur trioxide generator at a point of injection of a sulfur trioxide detection system.

Abstract: A system which uses available waste acid process streams from hydrometallurgical extraction processes as absorption media for the direct production of leach grade acid solutions for return to the hydrometallurgical processing circuit for use in liberating metals from metal-bearing materials.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a unique fuel cell system. Another embodiment is a unique desulfurization system. Yet another embodiment is a method of operating a fuel cell system. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for fuel cell systems and desulfurization systems. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith.

Abstract: A process and system for production of concentrated sulphuric acid from sulphuric acid by stripping the sulphuric acid with dried air. The concentration of the sulphuric acid is 90-98% by weight, and the concentration of the concentrated sulphuric acid is 95-98.8% by weight. The air is dried in a dehumidifier. The sulphuric acid can be formed by cooling and condensing of a sulphur trioxide/water containing off-gas thus forming the sulphuric acid. The cooling and condensing can take place in an air cooler, and if an absorption dryer is used, it can be regenerated by warm air being cooling air transferred from the outlet of the air cooler.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating sulfuric acid are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes combusting a sulfur-containing material with a gas including oxygen to produce a first stream of sulfur dioxide, mixing water with the first stream of sulfur dioxide to produce a mixed stream, using an energy, electrolytically converting the mixed stream of sulfur dioxide and water into sulfuric acid and hydrogen, generating a source of energy from the hydrogen, and providing the source of energy as at least a portion of the energy for electrolytically converting the first stream of sulfur dioxide and water into sulfuric acid and hydrogen. In some embodiments, the system includes a first chamber for combusting a sulfur-containing material to produce a first stream of sulfur dioxide, an electrolytic cell for converting the first stream into sulfuric acid and hydrogen, and a fuel cell for generating an energy source from the hydrogen.

Abstract: Contemplated configurations and methods for elemental sulfur removal from various gases, and especially well acid gases employ a hydrocarbon solvent that dissolves the sulfur to form a rich solvent and that is then regenerated by hydrotreating. Thus, sulfur is removed from the rich solvent as H2S that may then be processed (e.g., in Claus unit or absorption unit) while the regenerated solvent is routed back to the well and associated production pipes.

Abstract: A method for recovering diluted waste sulfuric acid by extractive rectification with concentrated sulfuric acid which is re-concentrated for reutilization. Waste sulfuric acid from the nitration process is fed into a first column, optionally together with another waste sulfuric acid in a DNT washing acid, and divided into an overhead product containing nitric acid and nitro-organic compounds and a prepurified sulfuric acid in the bottom product. The prepurified sulfuric acid withdrawn from the bottom of the first column is fed to the top of a second column, into the bottom zone of which another waste sulfuric acid is fed in the form of a diluted sulfuric acid recovered from the nitric acid concentration system so the prepurified sulfuric acid from the first column is further purified in the second column and is preconcentrated along with the diluted sulfuric acid recovered from the extractive rectification of nitric acid.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a system and process for recovering useful compounds from a byproduct composition produced in a silicon tetrafluoride production process.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide H2S is prepared from a crude gas stream containing H2S and polysulfanes (H2Sx). The crude gas stream is passed at temperatures of from 114 to 165° C. through catalytically active material present in a vessel, and sulfur is collected in the bottom of the vessel and recycled to the preparation of H2S. This process may be accomplished in an apparatus including a reactor for reacting sulfur and hydrogen, a cooler for receiving and cooling an H2S-containing crude gas stream passed out of the reactor to between 114 to 165° C., a vessel coupled to the cooler, the vessel including catalytically active material and a bottom for collecting sulfur obtained from the crude gas stream, and a line which is connected to the bottom of the vessel and opens into the cooler or into the reactor, for recycling sulfur.

Abstract: A method and system for on-site production of solutions is described according to embodiments. In an embodiment, the solution is sulfuric acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reaction vessel in which hydrogen sulphide is prepared from sulphur and hydrogen, wherein the reaction vessel consists partly or entirely of a material which is resistant to the reaction mixture, its compounds or elements and retains its resistance even at high temperatures.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and to an apparatus for preparing hydrogen sulfide H2S by converting a reactant mixture which comprises gaseous sulfur and hydrogen over a solid catalyst. The reactant mixture is converted at a pressure of from 0.5 to 10 bar absolute, a temperature of from 300 to 450° C. and a sulfur excess in a reactor (1). The sulfur excess corresponds to a ratio of excess sulfur to H2S prepared of from 0.2 to 3 kg of sulfur per kg of H2S prepared.

Abstract: Configurations herein include a novel process and apparatus for generating and maintaining sulfur trioxide gas. The generation system and process operate to provide sulfur trioxide calibration gas for calibrating sulfur trioxide detection devices. The system and process provides a known, concentration of sulfur trioxide gas via a heated catalyst, which enables accurate calibration of measurement equipment. The system functions in part by controlling temperature, amount of moisture, residence time, catalyst selection, diluting generated sulfur trioxide and by locating the sulfur trioxide generator at a point of injection of a sulfur trioxide detection system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating sulfuric acid (102) are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes combusting a sulfur-containing material (114) with a gas including oxygen (116) to produce a first stream of sulfur dioxide (118), mixing water with the first stream of sulfur dioxide to produce a mixed stream, using an energy, electrolytically converting (108) the mixed stream of sulfur dioxide and water into sulfuric acid (102) and hydrogen (122), generating a source of energy (126) from the hydrogen, and providing the source of energy as at least a portion of the energy for electrolytically converting the first stream of sulfur dioxide and water into sulfuric acid and hydrogen. In some embodiments, the system includes a first chamber for combusting a sulfur-containing material to produce a first stream of sulfur dioxide, an electrolytic cell (108) for converting the first stream into sulfuric acid and hydrogen, and a fuel cell (112) for generating an energy source from the hydrogen.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a concentric hopper and burn chamber in which the burn chamber is surrounded or substantially surrounded by the hopper. The present invention also employs means for substantially eliminating any discharge plume.

Abstract: Contemplated configurations and methods for elemental sulfur removal from various gases, and especially well acid gases employ a hydrocarbon solvent that dissolves the sulfur to form a rich solvent and that is then regenerated by hydrotreating. Thus, sulfur is removed from the rich solvent as H2S that may then be processed (e.g., in Claus unit or absorption unit) while the regenerated solvent is routed back to the well and associated production pipes.

Abstract: A system which uses available waste acid process streams from hydrometallurgical extraction processes as absorption media for the direct production of leach grade acid solutions for return to the hydrometallurgical processing circuit for use in liberating metals from metal-bearing materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reaction vessel in which hydrogen sulphide is produced from sulphur and hydrogen, wherein the reaction vessel is partially or completely made up of a material which is resistant to the reaction mixture and its compounds and/or elements and which remains resistant even at high temperatures.

Abstract: There are described a process and a plant for producing sulfuric acid by catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3 and subsequent absorption of SO3 in sulfuric acid, wherein the SO3 is introduced into a first absorption stage and absorbed there in concentrated sulfuric acid, wherein the sulfuric acid having a higher concentration due to the absorption is passed through a heat exchanger and cooled, and wherein the non-absorbed SO3 is supplied to a second absorption stage for the further absorption in sulfuric acid. Before the first absorption stage a partial stream of SO3 is branched off and supplied directly to the second absorption stage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and a plant for producing sulfuric acid, in which a starting gas containing sulfur dioxide at least partly reacts with molecular oxygen in at least one contact with at least one contact stage to form sulfur trioxide, and in which the sulfur-trioxide-containing gas produced is introduced into an absorber and converted there to sulfuric acid. To achieve that only small gas volumes must be supplied to the first contact stage, based on the amount of sulfur dioxide used, with at least the same capacity of the plant and by using conventional catalysts, it is proposed in accordance with the invention to supply to the first contact stage a contact gas with a sulfur dioxide content of more than 16 vol-% and with a volumetric ratio of sulfur dioxide to oxygen of more than 2.67:1.

Abstract: A generator to provide sulfurous acid on demand and fail-safe operation includes a hopper to provide a supply of sulfur, and a burner connected to the hopper to receive the sulfur and combust it to produce sulfur dioxide gas. An inlet passes air from the environment into the burner. A channel is connected to the sulfur burner to receive the sulfur dioxide. An eductor, connected to a water supply, draws the sulfur dioxide through the channel. The generator includes a safety system to substantially inhibit discharge to the environment products of combustion that are deemed objectionable, in the event of an interruption of the water supply or shut down of the sulfurous acid generator.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for retrieving a mist of sulfurous acid and creating sulfurous acid from residual sulfur dioxide gas originating from an exhaust of a sulfurous acid generator. In one embodiment, such a system includes a sulfurous acid generator to output sulfurous acid, in a primary stream, and exhaust comprising a mist of sulfurous acid and sulfur dioxide gas. A recovery system is connected to the sulfurous acid generator to receive the exhaust and substantially remove the mist and the sulfur dioxide gas. The recovery system is further structured to pass the exhaust to apertures therein sized to separate the mist from the exhaust, wet itself with the liquid of the mist, and capture the sulfur dioxide gas with the liquid to substantially remove them both from the exhaust.

Abstract: A water treatment system for treating coal-bed-methane (CBM) water. The CBM water treatment system includes a pump system for pumping CBM water from one or many CBM wells into a common reservoir and a solid-based sulfurous generator that produces aqueous sulfurous acid to treat the CBM water and an injection system that increases the amount of calcium contained in CBM water. In one embodiment, the injection system is a gypsum injector that injects soluble gypsum into the CBM water. Moreover, in one embodiment, the solid-based sulfurous generator includes a hydraulic air inlet shut off valve safety system for automatically reducing the combustion air to the sulfurous generator when water is not delivered to the solid-based sulfurous generator.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower.

Abstract: A water treatment system for treating water. The water treatment system includes a primary water treatment station and a solid-based sulfurous generator downstream from the primary water treatment station for producing aqueous sulfurous acid for further treatment of the water. In one embodiment, the solid-based sulfurous generator includes a hydraulic air inlet shut off valve safety system for automatically reducing the combustion air to the sulfurous generator when water is not delivered to the solid-based sulfurous generator. Also, in one embodiment, the water treatment system includes a control system that monitors the pH of the treated water to control the water flow rate through the solid-based sulfurous generator to achieve the desired concentration of sulfurous acid in the water being treated.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending, contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower. The present invention also incorporates a novel high temperature concrete for use in constructing portions of the present invention.

Abstract: In a shell-and-tube type reactor, the leakage between the upper and lower chambers is substantially decreased by tightly fitting the reaction tubes to the shield. The present invention provides a reactor for use in catalytic gas phase oxidation characterized by expanding reaction tubes to at least one groove formed in the reaction tube-fixing part of an intermediate tube sheet to form a shield, thereby forming plural of chambers with the intermediate tube sheet, and forming an expansion joint around the periphery of each of the chambers.

Abstract: Means of conveniently examining nephropathy; and a method of assaying substance(s) in association with nephropathy (for example, podocalyxin and/or nephrin) in the urine to be used in the above means. The above assay method can be provided by releasing proteins in association with nephropathy, which exist on the surface of podocytes, from the cell surface and thus assaying the substances existing on the cell surface and/or free substances contained in the urine.

Abstract: An agitation type powder dissolving apparatus for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is provided. The apparatus comprises a dissolving tank (1) to which powder of spent nuclear fuel is supplied, an agitating member (3) rotatably disposed in the dissolving tank; and rise inhibiting means, disposed in the dissolving tank above the agitating member, for inhibiting the powder from swirling and rising due to the rotation of the agitating member. The rise inhibiting means is composed of a plurality of fixed blades (11) for causing the powder which would otherwise swirl and rise due to the rotation of the agitating member to move downward. The fixed blade has a descending slope with respect to a swirling direction in swirling and rising. This dissolving apparatus effectively prevents the non-dissolved particles from overflowing, thereby providing improvement in the speed with which spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed and in the ability to carry out the nuclear fuel cycle process.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending, contact and mixing mechanisms which injects sulphur gases into aqueous solution or which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water or aqueous solution to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower. The present invention also incorporates a novel high temperature concrete for use in constructing portions of the present invention.

Abstract: A sulfuric acid production vessel is provided that oxidatively processes elemental sulfur or elemental sulfur-bearing materials to produce sulfuric acid. The vessel maximizes sulfuric acid production from elemental sulfur-bearing materials by enhancing solids retention of unreacted elemental sulfur by an associated settling device. The vessel may be operatively linked to one or more additional vessels in which the elemental sulfur-bearing material, or portions thereof are subjected to further processing, and thus further increase the yield of sulfuric acid produced.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system. The present invention also incorporates a novel high temperature concrete for use in constructing portions of the present invention. The present invention also employs means for substantially eliminating any discharge plume.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a combination of novel blending, contact and mixing mechanisms which maximize the efficiency and duration of contact between sulphur dioxide gas and water to form sulphurous acid in an open nonpressurized system, without employing a countercurrent absorption tower. The present invention also incorporates a novel high temperature concrete for use in constructing portions of the present invention.