Abstract: A mixing and pouring apparatus for computer controlled processing of mixing and pouring operations includes a rotatable arm capable of holding vessels therein, the arm rotatable at programmable speeds and time lengths to perform automated moving and pouring processes. The present invention further provides a cap and vessel positioning system that securely locks a vessel in place and realigns the cap in essentially the identical position in relation to the vessel every time the vessel is capped. In one embodiment, both the cap and vessel have flanges that are aligned when the cap is properly secured to the vessel.

Abstract: A quench zone mixing apparatus that occupies a low vertical height and has an improved mixing efficiency and fluid distribution across the catalyst surface includes a swirl chamber, a rough distribution network, and a distribution apparatus. In the swirl chamber, reactant fluid from a catalyst bed above is thoroughly mixed with a quench fluid by a swirling action. The mixed fluids exit the swirl chamber through an aperture to the rough distribution system where the fluids are radially distributed outward across the vessel to the distribution apparatus. The distribution apparatus includes a plate with a number of bubble caps and associated drip trays that multiply the liquid drip stream from the bubble caps to further symmetrically distribute the fluids across the catalyst surface. Alternatively, deflector baffles may be associated with the bubble caps to provide a wider and more uniform liquid distribution below the plate.

Abstract: In a first aspect, systems and methods for producing biodiesel fuel include a modular production unit incorporated onto a single platform or into a housing for ease of relocatability. The modular production unit preferably includes a mixing unit, a reactor unit, a separation unit, a distillation unit, and a filtering unit, all incorporated onto or into a self-contained platform or housing that is able to be easily relocated. In a second aspect, the modular production unit is combined with additional fixed and/or relocatable components to provide a biodiesel processing plant. In a third aspect, a raw materials processing system and method includes a roller barrel adapted for recovery, transportation, and introduction of recycled oil feedstock into a biodiesel manufacturing process. The raw materials processing system preferably includes a hot box for filtering and heating the raw recycled oil feedstock.

Abstract: A cover slip mixing apparatus having a support and a flexible cover slip positioned over and forming a chamber between the support and the cover slip. A device is positioned with respect to the support and cover slip for applying a force on the cover slip and flexing the cover slip toward the support, the flexing cover slip providing a mixing action of a material located in the chamber. A microfluidic device includes a substrate with a fluid path disposed in the substrate. A flexible cover is positioned over the substrate and the fluid path, and a device is positioned with respect to the substrate and the cover. The device is operable to apply forces to the cover and flex the cover to act on fluid in the fluid path.

Abstract: Elastomer masterbatch is processed in a continuous compounder having multiple parallel elongate rotors axially oriented in an elongate processing chamber. Optionally, additional materials are compounded into the masterbatch, e.g., additives, other elastomeric compositions, etc. Preferably, the masterbatch then is further processed in an open mill. Excellent control of Mooney Viscosity is achieved. In certain preferred embodiments, elastomer composites are produced by novel continuous flow methods and apparatus in which fluid streams of particulate filler and elastomer latex are fed to the mixing zone of a coagulum reactor to form a coagulated mixture in semi-confined flow continuously from the mixing zone through a coagulum zone to a discharge end of the reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst slurry for a polymerization reactor can be prepared in a mixing tank and the catalyst slurry fed to one or more storage tanks. The storage tanks can include agitators so that the catalyst slurry is maintained at an essentially homogeneous solids-to-liquid ratio. From the storage tank(s), the catalyst slurry can be pumped to the polymerization reactor along a fluid passage having a flow meter. The flow of the catalyst slurry can be continuous and/or adjusted based on a measured parameter. The catalyst slurry may be continuously and reliability fed to the polymerization reactor.

Abstract: A bioremediation system converts a waste stream, at least part of which is a fluid containing energetics, to carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and environmentally benign end products. It uses gas-enhanced sequencing-batch-reactors (SBRs), treating the waste stream in three SBRs seriatim. The first SBR uses a nitrogen purge, the second a hydrogen gas supplement, and the third an oxygen gas or forced air supplement. Each reactor may be supplemented with additives to optimize conditions such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient level. The system may be implemented under manual control, semi-automated, or fully automated, as needed. A waste stream of consideration is the pink water resultant from munitions fabrication and handling.

Abstract: In an apparatus 10, a space is formed by a pair of impermeable supports 16 and a pair of spacer members 12 for providing a predetermined distance between the impermeable supports 16. A permeable membrane is provided within the space and outlets 15 are provided on each of the pair of impermeable members 16. A stirrer 20 is provided within the space where the permeating object is present, and comprises a stirring axis 22, a driving source for oscillating the stirring axis 22, and a plurality of stirring blades 24 mounted on the stirring axis 22. Cut sections 26 are provided at a portion of each of the stirring blades 24 so that the permeating object can be circulated at the space between the stirring blade 24 and the inner wall of the spacer member 12 or at the space between the stirring blade 24 and the permeable membrane 14. The cut sections are alternately provided at the right and left sides of the layered stirring blades.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for recovering lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium batteries. The method of recovering lithium cobalt oxide comprises the steps of: separating the cathodes from spent lithium batteries by dismantling; producing lithium cobalt oxide by reacting the cathodes with a strong alkali solution under a certain hydrothermal condition; cooling the lithium cobalt oxide to crystallize; and cleansing the synthesized lithium cobalt oxide to remove foreign objects. The apparatus for recovering lithium cobalt oxide comprises a reactor main body 300 having a sealing cap 320 on the upper section and an agitator 130; an outer reaction container 200 installed inside the reactor main body 300; and an inner reaction container 100 installed inside the outer reaction container 200. The inner reaction container 100 comprises a plurality of holes on the upper section and a separating cap 240.

Abstract: As to a reactor which is used in a process for producing hydrogen fluoride through a reaction of fluorite with sulfuric acid, and which comprises means for applying a shearing force to a content therein between the means and an inner surface thereof, a metal material is used for at least a portion of a part of the means which part is opposed to the inner surface, the metal material comprising tungsten carbide and a material comprising at least one element, or an alloy comprising two or more elements, selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron, tungsten and carbon, the metal material comprising 30 to 90% by weight of tungsten carbide. Thereby, it becomes possible to reduce the wear of an edge of the means for applying the shearing force to the content (the reaction mixture) between the means and the inner surface.

Abstract: The direct contact liquid air contaminant control system and method to revitalize air by removal of carbon dioxide and other trace gas contaminants use a direct contact air, liquid scrubber element and stripper element. The scrubber element has two rotor elements rotatably mounted in a housing first for centrifugal separation of an air flow and liquid absorbent mixture which liquid absorbent has absorbed carbon dioxide and trace gas contaminants. Then second for centrifugal separation of an air flow and acid water wash mixture which acid water wash has liquid absorbent and other contaminants. The processed air is then passed through a charcoal bed filter for further removal of contaminants. A rotary contact processor may also be used to reprocess contaminated liquid absorbent for reuse.

Abstract: The present invention involves a system and method of making ferric chloride with reduced amounts of hydrochloric acid for water treatment. The method comprises preparing a reactant batch comprising ferric oxide and hydrochloric acid at a predetermined molar ratio. The method further includes mixing the reactant batch with an impeller rotating between about 60 and 150 revolutions per minute. The method further includes maintaining the reactant batch at a temperature between about 70° Fahrenheit and 180° Fahrenheit. The method forms a reaction product including ferric chloride and a reduced amount of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: An efficient process to produce calcium thiosulfate (CaS2O3) from lime, sulfur and oxygen is described. By selecting appropriate process conditions such as mole ratios of lime to sulfur, temperature and pressure of the reaction process and the oxidation conditions, including rate and duration, the concentration of byproducts in the resulting suspension can be reduced to about 2% by weight or less. The solid particulate dispersion in the suspension tends to form a slimy solid suspension that is hard to filter if not treated properly. The suspension then can be acidified and treated with a flocculent. This agglomerates the solids into a floc that filters with ease. The resulting calcium thiosulfate is a clear liquid with concentrations achievable up to 29%.

Abstract: A reactor for the oxidation of a precursor to an aromatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof in a liquid phase reaction mixture is disclosed. The reactor comprises an elongate vessel, substantially vertical in use, having an upper mixing element and a lower mixing element, characterised in that the upper mixing element is an axial pumping impeller and the lower mixing element is a radial pumping impeller. A process of producing a carboxylic acid or ester thereof in a reactor of the invention is also disclosed. In use, the configuration of mixing elements leads to three highly turbulent mixing zones. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention oxidant, from one inlet, and solvent, precursor and catalyst, are introduced directly into a mixing zone. The highly turbulent mixing zones lead to rapid mass transfer suppressing the formation of unwanted, coloured by-products and reduced reactor fouling.

Abstract: A chuck assembly for holding a sample includes a shaft; a generally circular chuck member, the shaft extending from a first surface of the chuck member; and a sample holder associated with a second surface of the chuck member. The second surface is opposite the first surface. A sample receiving assembly holds the sample on the sample holder so that the sample remains fixed to the sample holder when the shaft rotates and causes the chuck member and the sample holder to rotate with the shaft. The chuck assembly may be used in a reactor assembly including a reactor chamber for receiving the chuck assembly; a spindle assembly for receiving an end of the shaft distal from the chuck member; and a motor for rotating the spindle assembly and the shaft so that fluid in the chamber flows generally along the shaft in a first direction and through the openings in the chuck member, around the sample holder, and then along a wall of the chamber in a second direction generally opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing non-photosensitive fatty acid silver salt grains having a first feeding device for feeding a silver ion-containing solution, the solvent of which is water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent, to a closed mixing device; a second feeding device for feeding a solution of a fatty acid alkali metal salt, the solvent of which is water, an organic solvent, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent, to the closed mixing device; a third feeding device for feeding water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent to the closed mixing device; and the closed mixing device for mixing matter fed from the first, second and third feeding devices, and discharging a liquid containing non-photosensitive fatty acid silver salt grains.

Abstract: A liquid phase oxidation reactor is provided. The liquid phase oxidation reactor includes: a substantially cylindrical reaction vessel having an interior space of a predetermined volume; a lid combined with the reaction vessel on top of the reaction vessel; one or more stirring blades disposed within the reaction vessel and rotating by a driving source disposed on the outside of the reaction vessel; a liquid phase supplying line disposed at a sidewall of the reaction vessel for supplying a liquid phase reactant to the reaction vessel; a liquid phase discharging line disposed at a sidewall of the reaction vessel for draining a product obtained through a chemical reaction out of the reaction vessel; a gas feed nozzle formed in a bent shape for supplying an oxygen containing gas to the reaction vessel; and an angle adjusting means for supporting the gas feed nozzle so that the gas feed nozzle is turned so that the outlet thereof faces one of the stirring blades or the interior sidewall of the reaction vessel.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for regenerating spent acid liquor includes a primary roasting furnace for evaporating a substantial portion of the liquid from the spent acid to produce acid vapors and partially roasted metal salts. The partially roasted metal salts are transferred to a secondary roasting chamber where the acids adhering to the surface of the metal salts is vaporized and the metal salts are oxidized. The acid vapors from the primary roasting furnace are then transferred to an absorption column to regenerate the acid. The primary roasting furnace is operated at a different temperature from the secondary roasting chamber and has different retention times for the metal salts. The secondary roasting chamber includes a raking device to mix and convey the metal salts during the secondary roasting step to produce a uniformly roasted metal oxide.

Abstract: A unique reactor configuration especially suitable for interphase mass transfer and mixing of multiple phases, i.e. gas(es), liquid(s), and solid(s) where reaction is catalyzed by a solid catalyst comprises a draught tube reactor wherein the solid catalyst particles are maintained in an annular space between the draught tube of the reactor and an annulus-defining wall by means of filter elements positioned downstream and optionally also upstream from the catalyst bed.

Abstract: An improved recirculating tank reactor incorporating the advantages of a fixed catalyst includes a monolithic honeycomb catalyst positioned within the tank in such a manner so as to provide an adjacent bypass passageway. Internal flow activation means are provided for recirculating the reactant liquid within the tank in such a manner that it sequentially flows through channels in the catalyzed honeycomb substrate and around the substrate through the bypass passageway.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a mixing system that provides improved mixing of quench gas and process fluids in a height constrained interbed space while not increasing pressure drop. In particular, the device improves the effectiveness of an existing mixing volume in mixing the gas phase of two-phase systems. The mixing system includes a horizontal collection tray, a mixing chamber positioned below the collection tray, at least one passageway extending through the collection tray into the mixing chamber, and a vapor slipstream passageway extending through the collection tray into the mixing chamber for directing a vapor slipstream from above the collection tray into the mixing chamber. The mixing chamber and the collection tray define a two-phase mixing volume. The passageway conducts fluid containing at least some vapor from above the collection tray into the mixing chamber. The mixing chamber preferably includes at least one outlet opening for the downward passage of fluid.

Abstract: A method of producing self dispersible organic pigment particles stabilized by the method. The method includes modifying organic pigment particles and then contacting the surface modified particles with an aqueous vapor entrained in a carrier gas to produce the stabilized organic pigment particles. Typically the pigment particles are modified by exposing their surfaces to ozone or a plasma-activated process gas. The surface stabilizing method prevents the violent exothermic reaction, which occurs when surface modified pigment particles are exposed to ambient air. The method is accomplished in a device, which includes a reactor, means for introducing in the reactor aqueous vapor entrained in a carrier gas and an agitator assembly for deagglomerating during surface modification the pigment particles placed in the reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and apparatus for mixing a plurality of gases. The preferred embodiments of the invention comprise forming bubbles of at least two gases injected separately into a liquid, and passing said bubbles through a gas-induced turbulent liquid region to enhance gas transfer between bubbles and to thereby mix the at least two gases. Creating the gas-induced turbulent liquid region preferably includes using a high gas superficial velocity, and may further include using powered mechanical devices, static internal structures, fluid recirculation, or combinations thereof. The gas mixture is preferably supplied to a reaction zone. In one embodiment a bubble tank mixer supplies a gas mixture comprising oxygen and a hydrocarbon gas to an oxidation reaction zone disposed above said mixer. In alternative embodiments the reaction zone and mixer may be integrated into the same vessel.

Abstract: A parallel reactor system including a reactor and vessels in the reactor for holding reaction mixtures, and a cannula for introducing fluid reaction material into the vessels. A robot system is operable to insert the cannula into cannula passages in the reactor for delivery of reaction materials, including slurries, to respective vessels, and to withdraw the cannula from the cannula passages after delivery. Related methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A catalyst slurry for a polymerization reactor can be prepared in a mixing tank and the catalyst slurry fed to one or more storage tanks. The storage tanks can include agitators so that the catalyst slurry is maintained at an essentially homogeneous solids-to-liquid ratio. From the storage tank(s), the catalyst slurry can be pumped to the polymerization reactor along a fluid passage having a flow meter. The flow of the catalyst slurry can be continuous and/or adjusted based on a measured parameter. The catalyst slurry may be continuously and reliability fed to the polymerization reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for regenerating a used solid absorbent from a desulphurization zone wherein partial combustion of a regenerating gas, regeneration of the absorbent by contacting, in a chamber, said absorbent with the gas effluents derived from the combustion, cooling the gas mixture resulting from regeneration to a temperature higher than the liquid sulphur formation temperature, and filtering the cooled mixture to separate the solid particles of regenerated absorbent from the gas fraction of said mixture is carried out. The invention also relates to an installation for implementing said method.

Abstract: A process for the production of nitrogen trifluoride by reacting fluorine gas and liquid ammonia acid fluoride in a first reaction zone having a relatively low energy input followed by treatment of the resulting reaction product in a second reaction zone having a relatively high energy input. The resulting crude nitrogen trifluoride product may be further treated with fluorine gas under elevated temperatures to improve yield of the desired product.

Abstract: To provide a substance separating/recovery method using a superconductive magnetic field that separate and recover substances efficiently, to make the ashes harmless, and to generate zeolite. The method of the present invention includes: (1) a step, wherein the ashes resulting from the incineration of combustible waste are (a) introduced into a first tank 2 to form a liquid that contains, as a solvent, an alkaline aqueous solution or water, air, and electrolytic water, and (b) continuously reinjected into a first substance-separating/recovering device 1A to make the ashes harmless, and (2) a step, wherein clear water, which recovered in the first substance-separating/recovering device 1A and then returned to the first tank 2, is (c) introduced into a second tank 3 to form a heat-treated liquid that contains, an alkaline aqueous solution, and (d) continuously reintroduced into a second substance-separating/recovering device 1B to crystallize that heat-treated liquid into zeolite.

Abstract: A mix head assembly including a mix chamber having a mixer rotatably mounted therein. The mixer extends for a longitudinal length and defines a multiple of vanes which agitate the fluid material components as the mixer is rotated. A plunger is movably mounted in the mix chamber relative to the mixer. As the plunger is driven relative the mixer, the plunger scrapes the fluid material off the mixer such that no remnants remain within the mix chamber.

Abstract: A cavitating hydrogen generator is provided to mechanically separate hydrogen molecules from water to be used as a fuel source. Turbines fans rotating at a high RPM agitate water that is introduced into a vacuum and captures and separates the resulting hydrogen and oxygen molecules and stores the hydrogen molecules and purges the oxygen molecules. Any remaining water molecules existing as vapor or otherwise are transported through a recycling conduit where they are cooled prior to reintroduction to the cavitation chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for treating pulp with filler. The method and apparatus according to the invention ae especially well suitable for treating pulp with filler, the mixing of which to the pulp requires simultaneous treatment of the pulp with gas. The treatment of cellulose pulp suspension of the paper making industry and calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide is presented as one preferred embodiment of the invention.

Abstract: A reactor system 10 for use in chemical processing. The system 10 includes a reactor 12 having a longitudinal cylindrical bore 14 and a basket assembly 18 that is received in the bore so that the basket assembly is secured in relation thereto. The basket assembly includes an inner, generally cylindrical basket 20 and an outer, generally cylindrical basket 22 that is coaxial with the inner basket. The inner and outer baskets define an annular space 24 therebetween, the annular space being adapted to accommodate a granular catalyst 26. A rotatable shaft assembly 28 extends axially within the bore. The shaft assembly includes an upper end 30, a lower end 32 and a central section 34 extending therebetween. The upper and lower ends each have a pump 36,38 for directing flow of a chemical reagent 40 axially toward the central section upon rotation of the shaft assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus for parallel processing of reaction mixtures, including a reactor block including reaction chambers for containing reaction mixtures under pressure, the reactor block further including a first sidewall, a second sidewall, and a first plurality of fluid flow paths providing fluid communication with the first sidewall and respective reaction chambers and the second sidewall and respective reaction chambers; a stirring system including a base plate defining a second plurality of flow paths, wherein respective flow paths of said second plurality of flow paths are in fluid communication with respective reaction chambers and respective fluid flow paths of said first plurality of flow paths, and the base plate also supports a plurality of stirring blade assemblies for mixing the reaction mixtures; interchangeable manifolds supported by the first sidewall and the second sidewall, the interchangeable manifolds defining a plurality of manifold inlet/outlet ports, wherein respective inlet/outlet ports of sa

Abstract: A solid fuel gasifier includes first wall structure (12) defining a gasification chamber (14) and means (50, 52) to collect particulate solid residue from gasification in the gasification chamber. Second wall structure (16) defines a gas combustion chamber (17) and means (19) is arranged for admitting a flow of hot gases from the gasification chamber to the gas combustion chamber as combustion takes place. Also provided is means (178, 170) to conduct hot gases from the gasification chamber and/or gas combustion chamber into thermal contact with said collected particulate solid residue, for facilitating post-combustion and/or post-reduction of the solid residue. Also disclosed are an agitator bed (52, 182) for fine particulate material, and a method of gasification of solid fuel.

Abstract: The method allows for nickel sulphamate to be produced by means of reacting elementary nickel with sulphamic acid. Therein, the nickel is disintegrated by strong stirring, mixing, or dispersing of the nickel-acid mixture by means of a stirring, mixing, or dispersing tool, introducing high energy density into the reaction mixture. Herein, the nickel is oxidized by reduction of the acid protons of the sulphamic acid without adding special oxidization means. The nickel sulphamate contained in an aqueous solution is especially suitable for electroplating technology since it is for the most part free of foreign ions and amorphous nickel sedimentations.

Abstract: A sulfuric acid production vessel is provided that oxidatively processes elemental sulfur or elemental sulfur-bearing materials to produce sulfuric acid. The vessel maximizes sulfuric acid production from elemental sulfur-bearing materials by enhancing solids retention of unreacted elemental sulfur by an associated settling device. The vessel may be operatively linked to one or more additional vessels in which the elemental sulfur-bearing material, or portions thereof are subjected to further processing, and thus further increase the yield of sulfuric acid produced.

Abstract: A fluid bed processing system for particles with an agitation system includes a product chamber with an interior and a plurality of elongated structures. The elongated structures extend at least partially across the interior of the product chamber and are positioned in the product chamber where the particles are located. The fluid bed processing system also includes a system for engaging the elongated structures to agitate the particles in the product chamber.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrate includes supplying hydrate producing substance in a gas state into an aqueous phase in a hydrate producing vessel, thereby providing the hydrate producing vessel having a gaseous phase including the hydrate producing substance and the aqueous phase, and spraying water including methane dissolved therein into the gaseous phase containing the hydrate producing substance in the hydrate producing vessel, thereby reacting the water and the hydrate producing substance to produce hydrate.

Abstract: An improved process, such as a microbiological or enzymatic process, and apparatus, such as an apparatus for producing a cellular product, comprising introducing a gaseous feed stream of at least one gas of low solubility into an aqueous medium containing a microorganism capable of converting said gaseous feed stream to a cellular product, entraining the gas in the aqueous medium, stirring the gas-entrained aqueous medium so that the gas is retained within the reactor for a time sufficient for the microorganism to convert the majority of the gas to product.

Abstract: The invention concerns a module for the synthesis of organic molecules on or in solid phase and an apparatus comprising at least such a module.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus particularly a monolith catalytic reactor in a stirred tank reactor.

Abstract: A reactor which is a reactor (4) in the form of a cylindrical vessel having a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet and elongated in a flowing direction, comprising, in the interior, a drive shaft (6) coaxial with the reactor, one or more stages of plate-shaped or round-bar-shaped agitating elements (1) extending in a direction perpendicular to the drive shaft, baffles composed of plates or round bars or combination thereof and/or coiled, tubular, plate-shaped or helical heat-exchangers (7) installed on the inner wall side of the reactor, wherein the natural frequency of the agitating elements is greater than the numerical value at which the agitating elements begin to vibrate, the value being calculated from the viscosity of the solution in the reactor, and the rotating speed and structure of the agitating elements.

Abstract: A pyrolysis system includes a generally cylindrical reactor chamber having two opposite ends and a longitudinal axis. The chamber has an inlet for receiving biomass, the inlet being adapted to prevent air from entering the chamber and being located at a first opposite end; a gas outlet for recuperating biogas produced in the reactor chamber, the gas outlet being adapted to prevent air from entering the chamber and being located at a second opposite end; and a solid outlet for recuperating charcoal produced in the reactor chamber, the solid outlet being adapted to prevent air from entering the chamber and being located at the second opposite end. The biomass is then subjected to indirect heating supplied by a heated rotor that decomposes the biomass in the absence of air or oxygen into a biogas and charcoal. A controller for controlling a rate of feed of biomass, extracted carbon residue and a temperature inside the reactor chamber is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pyrolysis tube for enhancing the yield of olefins and reducing a coking tendency in steam cracking of hydrocarbons. According to the present invention, the pyrolysis tube is characterized in that a plurality of mixing blades made by twisting two ends of a plate in opposite directions are included therein. The yield of ethylene is thereby improved and the coking tendency is reduced by mixing a fluid flow, improving a heat transfer rate and shortening a residence time of the reactants therein.

Abstract: An improved process for the causticisation of Bayer liquors in an alumina refinery, the process including the steps of reacting lime with aluminate ions in a Bayer liquor within a primary reactor under controlled conditions of low to moderate temperature (between 70-80° C.) and agitation, to form substantially only a hydrocalumite species and hydroxyl ions; and a secondary reactor wherein the hydrocalumite species formed is subjected to heating in contact with a Bayer liquor under controlled conditions so as to cause the hydrocalumite species to react with the liquor to form calcium carbonate, aluminate ions and hydroxyl ions, whereby a causticised Bayer liquor is obtained and wherein the efficiency of lime utilization is substantially increased and/or alumina losses are minimized.

Abstract: Solvent containing a product (or precursor for the product) and anti-solvent are introduced via tangential inputs respectively 17,18 of a fluidic vortex mixer 11. The emerging mix from axial outlet 20 is supplied directly to a precipitate entrapment device such as filter bed 12 so that precipitate is removed from the solution before the precipitated particles have time to grow. Filtrate is treated in a reduced pressure evaporator 13 to recover anti-solvent and return concentrated solution for combining with a product make up stream at 19 and return to tangential input 17 of the fluidic vortex mixer.

Abstract: As to a reactor which is used in a process for producing hydrogen fluoride through a reaction of fluorite with sulfuric acid, and which comprises means for applying a shearing force to a content therein between the means and an inner surface thereof, a metal material is used for at least a portion of a part of the means which part is opposed to the inner surface, the metal material comprising tungsten carbide and a material comprising at least one element, or an alloy comprising two or more elements, selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron, tungsten and carbon, the metal material comprising 30 to 90% by weight of tungsten carbide. Thereby, it becomes possible to reduce the wear of an edge of the means for applying the shearing force to the content (the reaction mixture) between the means and the inner surface.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for mixing small volumes of reaction components. In one application, a plurality of removable vessels are placed in a parallel reactor, and reaction components are delivered to each vessel. An impeller is rotated in each vessel to mix the components. Each impeller has a rotary shaft and at least one blade on the shaft for placement in the reaction components. The blade is dimensioned so that one rotation of the impeller causes the blade to sweep out a sweep volume representing a large amount of the fill volume of the vessel.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for making an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. More particularly, it concerns a method for making hydrogen peroxide directly from hydrogen and oxygen, finely dispersed in an aqueous acid medium comprising a catalyst and at least a surfactant. The invention also concerns a device for implementing said method.

Abstract: A vacuum pump comprises a slide shaft having one end provided with a discharging valve and a diaphragm, a cam plate in press-contact with the other end of the slide shaft to cause reciprocating movement of the slide shaft, a shaft of a motor for rotating the cam plate and a bearing casing for holding a bearing which supports the motor shaft in a freely rotatable manner, wherein the cam plate is provided at its one side surface with a recess for receiving the bearing and provided at its other side surface with a cam surface.