Abstract: A method and apparatus for mixing two different phases in a liquid-liquid extraction process and for separating the phases employs a spiral stirrer having two tubular coils for creating homogeneous circulation throughout a mixer. The stirrer rotates at a relatively slow speed to create an upward flow from bottom to top of the mixer near the mixer periphery and a downward flow in the middle of the mixer. The mixer has a flow reversing profile ring and is designed to prevent aeration and formation of an emulsion.

Abstract: An apparatus for delignifying and bleaching a lignocellulosic pulp without the use of elemental chlorine. The bleaching reactor is a horizontal vessel having a central rotatable shaft which preferably contains paddles, cut and folded screw flights or a ribbon flight, to disperse and advance the pulp particles in a plug flow manner while contacting and mixing the pulp particles with a gaseous bleaching agent such as ozone for substantially uniform bleaching thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for maintaining a continuous mixing in a liquid throughout the transversal reactor space, and for simultaneously separating from the liquid either another liquid, a solid material or possibly gas. The invention also relates to an apparatus whereby the mixing is maintained and simultaneously another phase is separated from the liquid under agitation.

Abstract: A plant for producing chain-type ammonium polyphosphate from ammonium orthophosphate and phosphorus pentoxide in the presence of gaseous ammonia comprises a reactor having rotatable mixing, kneading and comminuting tools in its interior and a feed pipe for the solid starting materials, an introduction pipe for ammonia, a gas discharge pipe and a discharge line for the reaction product, all of which are flow-connected to the interior of the reactor. The discharge line of the reactor is also connected for material flow to a mixing apparatus. A discharge device, which is controlled by the power consumption of the drive motor of the reactor, is arranged in the discharge line.

Abstract: In order to improve mixing efficiency of highly viscous fluid, while structural simplicity being maintained, two types of stirring impellers are employed in a single stirring apparatus. One of such stirring impellers is a large flat impeller and the other is a slanted or screw-shaped impeller to cause an up-and-down flow. This principle is further utilized in a stirring tower type polymerization reaction apparatus which has an array of mixing areas, each of which corresponds to the stirring apparatus above, and partitions between the mixing areas. The partitions are disposed so that the temperature of reaction can be controlled easily. Undesirable effects such as "dead space", space in which flow is insufficient, and the attachment of gelled material to the rotational shaft can be avoided while rather obvious, but no less important, advantages of efficient and uniform mixing, etc., are secured.

Abstract: Apparatus for processing materials within a bore is disclosed to provide separation of the bore-defining elements without any relative movement between surfaces which are in engagement. Such lack of relevant movement precludes generation of frictional forces which may have catastrophic results where materials being processed are volatile or unstable such as explosives.

Abstract: A system for mechanically and biologically decomposing a garbage discharged from a house, a restaurant or the like at high operational efficiency is disclosed. The system includes a disposer for disintegrating the garbage into a large number of pieces, a solid/liquid separator for separating water from the disintegrated garbage and a garbage decomposing vessel for biologically dissolving the solid disintegrated garbage from which water has been substantially separated in the solid/liquid separator. To promote biological decomposition of the solid disintegrated garbage in the garbage decomposing vessel, pulverized wood is normally used instead of soil as a raw material for forming a decomposing bacillus growing bed in the garbage decomposing vessel. Prior to practical use, the pulverized wood is thermally processed.

Abstract: A device for the thermal treatment of organic substances and of inorganic substances contaminated with organic substances which makes a high throughput possible. The reactor contains several bottoms provided with perforations with ceramic ball sections which can be moved separately.

Abstract: A stirring reactor for a viscous material. The reactor comprises a stirring vessel; a revolvable shaft provided in the vessel; a surface layer stirring vane provided on the revolvable shaft in the vicinity of interface of the gas and the liquid to be stirred; a stirring vane having at least a pair of radially directed multiple portion blades which extend radially towards the inner wall, a first of which blade portions is fastened on the revolving shaft below the upper layer stirring vane and the other of which blade portions extends outwardly radially from said first portion to terminate close to the inner wall of the vessel; and baffle plates provided on the inner side wall at positions substantially parallel to the surface layer stirring vane, and at a height between the heights of any stirring vanes having multiple blades.

Abstract: A device for mixing and dispensing pasty masses comprises a container 10 ing two parallel compartments 12, 13 for accommodating two components which react with each other and an opening 14 including two concentric spaces 15, 18 each communicating with a respective one of the compartments 12, 13. A static mixer 11 is screwed onto the container opening 14 and includes a sleeve-like separator 24 at its entrance end. In the assembled state, the separator 14 is sealingly contiguous with a cylindrical partition 16 which separates the two spaces 15, 18 of the container opening 14 from each other. The location where the two components are combined is thus axially spaced from the location where the component strings are interrupted upon removal of the mixer 11, so that clogging of the container 10 caused by mutual carry-over of the components is prevented.

Abstract: An improved static mixer for use in a plural component dispensing apparatus is disclosed having a spacer intermediate a plurality of mixing elements to enhance the mixing and blending of the plural components. The static mixer may employ an air assist to increase the mixing energy within static mixer.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the preparation of a polyester, wherein a thin film polymerization apparatus having at least one columnar or cylindrical roller-shaped stirring vane rotating along and in close proximity to a substantially cylindrical vertical tank wall is used, and the stirring vane is caused to make an epicyclic movement along the tank wall in the circumferential direction thereof so that the direction of rotation is the same as the direction of revolution and a polyester-forming monomer and/or an oligomer thereof is dropped on the surface of the tank wall in the form of a thin film.

Abstract: An apparatus for conducting sequential chemical reactions between two gaseous reactants and a liquid reaction medium wherein contact between the two gaseous reactants are to be avoided is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a first reaction zone provided with means for contacting a first gaseous reactant with a liquid reaction medium to provide an intermediate liquid mixture, a second reaction zone provided with means for contact between a second gaseous reactant and said intermediate liquid mixture to form a product, communication means providing communication for said liquid reaction medium and said intermediate liquid mixture between said first and second reaction zones and circulation means for continuously circulating said liquid reaction medium and said intermediate liquid mixture between said first and second reaction zones.

Abstract: An apparatus for reaction according to the present invention includes a horizontal-type reactor having first and second portions and a liquid circulator for circulatorily feeding a liquid from the first portion of the reactor, through the second portion of the reactor which is spaced apart from the first portion of the reactor in the direction of axis of the reactor. The reactor includes stirring blades on a stirring shaft whereby the liquid can be stirred in the rotational directions of the stirring blades of the horizontal-type reactor, while it is stirred in the axial direction thereof by the liquid circulator, thereby enabling the liquid to be stirred uniformly throughout the interior of the reacting apparatus without damaging surface renewal effects on a vapor-liquid interface.

Abstract: In the invention, reaction raw-materials composed of a plurality of liquids are sequentially scraped with spiral grooves of one line or more provided in the peripheral face of the rotation shaft rotating within the cylinder wall with the discharge openings being formed therein. The reaction raw-materials are uniformly mixed within the grooves by shearing force or twist force through the rotation of the shaft. The reaction raw-material, if small amount, may be precisely mixed uniformly and is sequentially discharged after the mixing operation. This is suitable for reaction raw-materials which are short in the gelatin condition time from the mixing from the hardening. Some mixtures which are discarded without being used after the mixing may be reduced.

Abstract: A reactor for accelerating heterogeneous reactions and affording an increased yield rate per unit of time and space comprises a cylindrical reactor tube containing in its interior a piston having relatively flat profiling in its skirt in the form of annular ribs and grooves therebetween, inlet conduits leading into the interior of the reaction tube through the bottom clousre thereof, which may also be introduced from above and extend axially through the piston, an outlet tube is provided in the region of the top closure of the reaction tube, the piston is being connected via a piston rod with a vibrator imparting axial oscillatory movement of the piston, these oscillations generating turbulences in the annular piston grooves which effect a thorough mixing of the reaction participants without causing any noteworthy re-mixing of the resulting reaction products with the starting components.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for the elimination of the gaseous pollutants sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide from the emissions of furnaces and smelters, and for the production of two commercial products, liquid sulfur and nitric acid. Two precipitators are operated in series, each containing an annular reaction chamber and a cylindrical separation chamber surrounded by the reaction chamber. The first precipitator combines the furnace or smelter emissions with methane in its reaction chamber in order to reduce the sulfur dioxide in the emissions to sulfur. The emissions are then passed through a tangential duct to the first precipitator's separation chamber where the fine sulfur praticles are converted to liquid sulfur by sending the mixed gases through an involuted spiral baffle and allowing the sulfur particles to coalesce on a trip wire grid. The sulfur particles then melt and fall by gravity to the bottom of the separation chamber, from which point the liquid sulfur is withdrawn.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of long-chain polymers, especially polyesters, is designed with several shafts arranged vertically in ring fashion inside a common housing, with parallel axes and driven in equal direction, each of which carries a number of disk-shaped processing elements arranged axially in a row and in parallel planes, with which adjacent shafts mesh, leaving narrow gaps of predetermined width. These processing elements together with the shafts enclose at least one cavity that is under negative pressure and in whose area the processing elements are arranged in such a way that their circumferential surfaces are exposed.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous production of high molecular polymers in which a plurality of parallel screw shafts coupled together for rotary movement in the same direction within a casing are partially disposed in trough-like recesses in the casing wall and enclose a devolatilization chamber having an opening for connection to a vacuum and forming an extrusion unit with the casing and in which the shafts carry spaced noncircular kneading disks oriented in staggered relationship on the shaft axes with the disks of adjacent shafts meshing to scrape the substance to be treated from each other.

Abstract: A cement kiln dust treating apparatus including a reaction chamber for receiving kiln dust, nozzles in an upper region of the reaction chamber for atomizing and discharging spray to the kiln dust, mixing blades for mixing the dust in contact with the spray, and a pelletizer for pelletizing the mixed and contacted kiln dust product.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction process by co-current contact between an extraction liquid and a liquid from which impurities are to be extracted includes a mixing compartment in the form of a vertical column having an open lower end and equipped in its interior and substantially throughout its length with a rotary element having surfaces extending perpendicularly or obliquely to the axis of the element. The open lower end of the column extends into a settling compartment in the form of a leak-proof container provided with means for determining the level of the extraction liquid in the container. The extraction liquid is recycled from the container by being converted to a gas and then reintroduced into the column. Compressed air is controlled electronically to supply make-up extraction liquid and any necessary reagents into the settling container to ensure that the level of the extraction liquid is maintained constant.

Abstract: A process for neutralizing an organic sulfuric or sulfonic detergent acid, e.g., lauryl sulfuric acid or mixture of such acids, in liquid state, with a liquid solution or slurry of neutralizing agent of a low moisture content is conducted in a wiped film neutralizing reactor wherein a film of the organic acid(s) and neutralizing agent(s) is formed on an internal wall of the reactor, which wall (with the film) is continuously wiped during the neutralization reaction by a wall scraper or a plurality of scrapers which also agitate the reactants, whereby there is produced a pumpable aqueous slurry, having a high concentration of the detergent salt solids which is above a gel region which prevents the concentration of such detergents made by other processes that produce lower detergent concentrations. During the reaction, which is usually preferably conducted under vacuum, the heat generated is removed, usually by evaporation of water, so as to maintain a desirable temperature for the neutralization.

Abstract: A feed pipe is provided for introducing highly reactive monomers into a continuous reactor to effect polymerization of such reactive monomers. The feed pipe has concentric tubes forming a central flow channel and an annular flow channel which are sized to insure laminar flow within said tubes. The feed pipe is particularly useful for feeding melts of organic dianhydride and organic diamine into an extrusion reactor for polyetherimide preparation.

Abstract: The bioconverter includes a collecting vessel having a plurality of stirring shafts rotatably mounted therein, each of which is driven by a separate electric motor. Adjacent shafts operate in opposite directions and stirring arms are oriented relative to each shaft moving the carrier mixture within the vessel which is in close proximity to a shaft in opposite directions along adjacent shafts. A moisture sensing device is adapted to be located below the level of the carrier mixture within the vessel for sensing the percentage moisture content of the mixture and waste material added thereto. A first fan is provided for exhausting the air from the vessel and a second fan is provided for moving the air over the surface of the mixture within the vessel. A first heating coil is located on the bottom of the vessel for heating the mixture within the vessel, and a second heating coil is provided adjacent the second fan for heating the air which is blown over the upper surface of the mixture within the vessel.

Abstract: A mixing apparatus includes a dwell chamber located between two mixing heads. An elongate, reverse-twist auger is provided within the dwell chamber. Valves are provided to permit washing the mixing apparatus and a dispensing valve includes the capability of directing product to a discard container.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for producing an alkali metal salt of a mineral acid, characterized by the provision of a specific agitating means, said agitating means having a pair of shafts adapted to contra-rotate and a plurality of columnar agitating elements securely attached to each of said pair of shafts and being so constructed that it forcibly causes the migration of the reaction mixture at least in the region where the liquid phase of the reaction mixture is substantially continuous and forcibly causes the kneading of the reaction mixture at least in the region where the solid phase of the reaction mixture is substantially continuous.

Abstract: An agitated bed operation in production of trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride from metallic silicon or metallic-silicon-containing solid materials and hydrogen chloride is disclosed. In the new agitated bed operation in a tower type reactor, defects and disadvantages of the conventional fixed bed operation and conventional fluidized bed operation are eliminated.

Abstract: Glucose-containing products can be manufactured in apparatus comprising a continuous screw conveyor member rotatable in a continuous press cylinder having three regions in cascade arrangement between an intake opening and an output opening. The regions comprise an intake region for the rapid and economical intake of different kinds of products, a compression region for building up a very high pressure of from about 20 to 300 bars for disintegrating the products and for heating the product by intensive shearing thereof to a temperature of up to 250.degree. C., and a catalyst injection region for intensive action on and mixing or hydrolysis of the cellulosic substances with trifluoroacetic acid or the like injected through nozzles.

Abstract: The invention is a controlled system for composting sludge to a useable state. The method of the system eliminates the usual objectionable odors. The system consists of a thorough mixing of the sludge with carbonaceous material, layering the mixture in a silo and moving it through the silo on a timed interval basis, forcing air through the mixture in the silo to promote the composting action by an aerobic bacteria process, periodically withdrawing the treated material in a manner compatible with the timed interval basis, further layering the composted material in a second silo having a forced air means to complete the treatment process, and withdrawing the final treated material for packaged or for bulk distribution to users.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for the vaporization of aluminum trichloride which consists of a U-shaped trough having flat front surfaces in which(a) there is rotatably disposed at the midpoint of the curve of the front surfaces a shaft aligned parallel to the horizontal longitudinal axis of the trough on which shaft there is disposed a helical stirrer having equal but oppositely directed pitches, in which(b) there are disposed on the curve parallel to the horizontal longitudinal axis of the trough outside or in the wall at least two heating rods along the entire length of the trough and in which(c) there is disposed at one end at the lowest point of the curve a device for the discharge of the melted material. The aluminum trichloride vaporized by means of the apparatus of the invention can be used for the pyrogenic production of aluminum oxide.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously producing water-soluble hydroxyalkyl cellulose and related ethers comprising, in combination, the following elements connected in series: a stirred kettle for alkalizing cellulose at atmospheric pressure, at least one stirred autoclave for partially etherifying the alkalized cellulose, individual homogenizing pumps at the outlet of the stirred kettle and at the outlet of each stirred autoclave, individual bypass lines leading from the bottom of the stirred kettle to the upper end thereof and from the bottom of each stirred autoclave to the upper end of the same autoclave for circulating slurry from each vessel in a loop, a tubular reactor comprising a plurality of serially-connected, horizontal tubes for completing the etherification of the cellulose slurry, the first tube of the tubular reactor being provided with a non-conveying, homogenizing agitator, and each subsequent tube being provided with a conveying agitator such as an impeller, means such as a jacket for each section of

Abstract: A rotary tube reactor, having at least one treatment line composed of tubes whose individual sections have gas chambers which are sealed from each other and wherein each section has a gas outlet and adjacent sections are joined together by material passages, is used for thermal treatment. In accordance with the invention, the reactor is used for the thermal treatment of carbon containing materials, the production of activated carbon, the activation of zeolite granules, the production of pyrophorous metals in the form of powder to lumpy solid materials and substances in liquid form with the evolution of gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for converting, i.e. hydrogenating, dry particles of coal with hydrogen to give hydrocarbons such as engine or heating fuels. The invention combines together several steps in the hydrogenation process, such as compressing the dry coal, heating, plasticized and hydrogenating, in one apparatus. The apparatus comprises a housing, preferably a cylinder containing a feed and preparation portion of a chamber with a rotatable friction element therein and an immediately adjoining hydrogenation portion of the chamber with a rotating rotor therein and with static mixing nozzles projecting thereinto, through which nozzles heated hydrogen can be injected into the coal which has been brought, by the friction element into a heated, plastic state. The friction element and rotor can be driven by a single drive means, the feed and preparation portion of the chamber can be fed with coal from a hopper through a wheel lock and the hydrocarbon products can be ejected through a valve into a separator.

Abstract: In a plant for hydrogenating coal to form hydrocarbons, wherein coal in powder or piece form is fed from a hopper into a preparation chamber, is compressed, conveyed and heated by a rotor comprising a rotating friction element and passed, through a feed aperture, into a hydrogenation chamber wherein hydrogen is injected into it by nozzles, monitoring and controlling means are provided whereby upon the pressure in the hydrogenation chamber rising above that in the end of the preparation chamber adjacent the hydrogenation chamber, as measured by sensors and gauges, the feed aperture is closed and the rotor is stopped. Preferably the feed aperture is closed by providing a conical portion on the rotor and a conical seat on the cylinder forming the chamber, the rotor normally being held in a position to keep the feed aperture open by an hydraulic cylinder but upon the pressure sensors sensing over pressure in the chamber, the cylinder is vented by control means to close the feed aperture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sealing the drive end of a chamber for the preparation and hydrogenation of coal with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons in which the chamber comprises a hollow cylinder with a rotatable element therein having a conveying web thereon and in a sealing region a pressurized sealing substance such as coal particles mixed with oil is fed from a storage container through a feed passage into an annular recess at a pressure higher than that in the chamber so that the sealing substance passes through a conical annular gap which tapers towards the chamber. A further narrower gap on the drive side of the recess leads to a further annular recess from which the sealing substance can be extracted through a return pipe. Pressure comparison means control the feed pressure in the feed passage. The recesses and the annular gap can be provided by machining the rotatable element rather than the hollow cylinder and forward feed screw forms may be provided on the rotatable element in the sealing region.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for the oxidation of alkyl aromatics, e.g. a mixture of p-xylene and methyl p-toluate in a liquid phase reaction mixture with oxygen-containing gases, e.g. air, under elevated pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidation catalyst is in the form of an elongated closed tank with a multiplicity of neighboring reaction chambers arranged successively from one end to the other end of the tank for containing the liquid reaction mixture at predetermined levels in each chamber. The reactor is provided with an oxidizing gas feed system for introducing an oxidizing gas into each chamber, feed means for introducing at least one alkyl aromatic reactant and an oxidation catalyst into at least one of the reaction chambers, a vapor-collecting conduit means in communication with each of said chambers for removing reaction gas from each of said chambers, and a discharge means for removing the oxidized product from the reactor tank.

Abstract: A regeneration equipment for spent activated carbon comprises a regeneration reactor provided vertically through a vertical heating furnace and an integrated body of a longitudinal series of numerous spiral elements fixedly provided almost throughout the length of said regeneration reactor. Steam ducts are provided so that they are inserted in said regeneration reactor at about the middle portion thereof. On the outside surface of the wall of said regeneration reactor, fixedly provided are exhaust chambers, each of which communicates at its bottom portion with the inside of said regeneration reactor through exhaust holes provided in the wall of said reactor, and is filled with heat-resisting balls piled up in three layers so that the balls in the top and bottom layers are larger in diameter than said exhaust holes and those in the middle layer are similar in diameter to activated carbon particles.

Abstract: The calciner is an elongated, insulated chamber, in which material is fed to counter-rotating screw conveyors. The material is calcined by heat radiating from a muffle plate interposed between the conveyors and gas-fired burners. This radiant heating, applied evenly to material having a constantly-exposed fresh surface, results in increased production, lower fuel cost per pound of product, and higher quality product.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out polymerizations from the gas phase comprising a sealable reactor with a spiral stirrer which is rotatable in the reactor about a vertical axis to generate circulatory streams of the materials employed, in which the stirrer rotating within the reactor is surmounted by a stirrer rod, which extends upward beyond the uppermost flight circle of the stirrer and is attached to the stirrer at a certain distance from the axis of the stirrer, the distance of the side face of the stirrer rod from the reactor wall is at least 10 mm, and the surface of revolution of the moving rod matches the contour of the reactor in this zone.

Abstract: A first thermally insulated hollow cylinder is mounted for rotation about its longitudinal axis and a second hollow cylinder is mounted within the first cylinder for conjoint rotation therewith. The ends of the cylinders are closed to define a first annular chamber therebetween and a second chamber within the second cylinder. Inlet means for waste is provided communicating with the annular chamber adjacent one axial end thereof and a portion of said second cylinder adjacent the other axial end of said annular chamber is formed as a sieve permitting transfer of material from said annular chamber to the second chamber. Discharge means are provided communicating with the chamber within said second cylinder at the same axial end as the inlet, for the discharge of composted material.

Abstract: The specification discloses an improved form of waste digester in which agitator screws are separately adjustable for speed and for angular position forward and to one side. Speed control and retraction of the probes from the digesting mass are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing methane by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen, the improvement comprising feeding a gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide into at least one tubular reactor containing a helical, nickel-containing catalyst (turbulator) are disclosed. The catalyst defines a spiral-shaped path for the gas. The exterior of the reaction tube is cooled to remove the heat of reaction. Preferably, additional heat of reaction is removed by passing a cooling medium through the center of the turbulator catalyst.