Abstract: Carbon black low in coke and grit is produced at a higher hourly rate and higher yield per unit of oil employed in a furnace black reactor using a burner-injector combination for the production of heat energy and for the injection of very fine drops of carbon forming material (feed/stock) by a process which uses a reactor with a restriction mixing the liquid carbon black forming material supplied through an inner tube of the burner-injector combination with a gaseous atomizing medium supplied from a jacket tube surrounding this inner tube, the jacket tube being conically tapered before an exit nozzle, said mixing occurring just before the exit nozzle, the outermost fuel gas jacket being so provided with relatively few gas openings that the fuel gas pressure at the burner amounts to over 1.5 atmospheres absolute and the fuel gas exit speed is over 320 meters per second.

Abstract: Furnace black is produced by a thermal splitting of a carbon black forming oil by oxidation of a fuel in a combustion chamber with production of a stream of hot combustion gases, introduction of this stream in a constricted mixing chamber narrower than the fuel chamber, inserting the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber and conveying the mixture into an enlarged reaction chamber compared to the mixing chamber as well as quenching the carbon black containing reaction mixture, the stream of hot combustion gases being introduced into the mixing chamber via an annular channel or introducing the stream into an annular channel shaped mixing chamber and spraying in the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber or ring conduit from within outwardly.

Abstract: A method for the production of carbon black which comprises the steps of pyrolyzing at a temperature range of from 250.degree. C. to 950.degree. C., a composition consisting of 0 to 100% scrap vulcanized rubber, 0 to 70% particulate and yarn polymeric resin wastes, and 0 to 50% coke-production, petroleum-refining and petrochemical-derived hydrocarbons to form a mixture of volatile products; recovering and condensing from the products a fraction of cyclic hydrocarbons having a correlation index in excess of 90; and injecting said cyclic hydrocarbon fraction as the feedstock to a carbon-black generating burner to form carbon black.

Abstract: High quality carbon black forming material convertible with high yield into furnace black having a high abrasion resistance in rubber is prepared by dissolving pitch with conventional thinly liquid carbon black feed stock and mechanically separating suspended matter from the mixture obtained.

Abstract: A solution of an alkali metal inorganic salt in water, oil, and an emulsifier are agitated to form an emulsion. The water is removed from the emulsion which is then filtered. The filtrate is useful as an additive for controlling the structure of carbon black produced in the furnace process.

Abstract: In the usual elongated carbon black furnace which is provided at one end with a combustion gas entry section, usually of diameter larger than the remainder of the reactor, in lieu of the usual entry port or ports providing hot combustion gases with which to decompose the make oil or gas to carbon black, there are provided independent, double-entry port or pipes. At each double entry there is an outer port and an inner port or pipe. Usually, the pipe approaches the enlarged section or precombustion chamber somewhat tangentially and at a substantial right angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated reactor or furnace. Thus, viewing the furnace end-on, the outer port or entry will spew its fluid near and onto the walls of the precombustion chamber while the inner port or entry will deliver its gases to a point nearer the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing a carbon black with a tint residual below -6. The apparatus entail introducing feedstock axially and generating a hot combustion gas vortex in a cylindrical precombustion section of a tubular carbon black reactor, producing a first mixture of feedstock and combustion gases, passing this mixture through an abruptly restricted passage axially connected to the precombustion section, abruptly expanding the first mixture into a frustoconical venturi converging section of the reactor with mixing of this first mixture with an additional flow of combustion gas at the exit of the converging section with the combustion gas entering the converging section in opposite, radial flow thereby forming a second mixture which is admitted into a reaction section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: The hydrocarbon material to be decomposed and the combustion-supporting gas, such as air, are conditioned before admission to the reaction chamber to provide formation of carbon black under conditions highly controllable as to output product properties, particularly with reference to the hydrocarbon-air ratio. The air is conditioned by pre-heating in a heat exchanger, liquid hydrocarbon raw material is conditioned by pre-heating, pressurizing, pressure regulation, flow rate regulation and, finally, spray atomizing in ante-chambers distributed across the cross section of the combustion chamber and housed in a removable header on the intake side of the reaction chamber, whereas gaseous hydrocarbon raw material is conditioned for the process by control-mixing, pre-heating and diffusion in the aforesaid ante-chambers. A gas-fueled heater is provided for preliminary warming up of the reaction chamber to a temperature sufficiently high for partial combustion of the reagents.

Abstract: A high crystalline coke can be prepared by heat-soaking a petroleum feedstock in the presence of added dissolved sulfur, heating to effect controlled thermal cracking thereof, separating non-crystalline substances as pitch, recovering a heavy cokable residue from the pitch free feed, and subjecting the residue to delayed coking.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for preparing carbon blacks, especially semi-reinforcing furnace blacks, by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks wherein the structure characteristics of the resultant blacks are lowered without significantly increasing the particle size of the blacks.

Abstract: Water vapor is injected into a gaseous heat carrier passing into a reaction chamber as a plasma stream, contacting a hydrocarbon feed stock there is injected water vapor, and introduced presaturated with water vapor. Under the effect of the heat carrier temperature, the feedstock is decomposed to carbon black which, after being quenched, is collected, for example, by cyclones.The proposed process makes it possible to decrease the degree of polydispersion of the carbon black obtained and also to produce carbon black with a specific geometrical surface within the range of from 50 m.sup.2 /g to 250 m.sup.2 /g, without altering the construction of the reaction chamber.The proposed process avoids the formation of laminated structures, pyrolytic carbon and graphite in the carbon black, which improves the quality of rubber based on these carbon blacks insofar as their abrasive resistance and tensile strength are concerned. Besides, the proces makes it possible to conduct the carbon black-forming reaction within 10.

Abstract: Antistatic properties are imparted to rubber by admixing it with conductive carbon black, vulcanizing the resulting blend and forming the rubber. More specifically, the rubber is admixed with about 5 to 40 weight % of conductive carbon black which has an AS-number of 15 to 35, a specific electric resistance of 10.sup.-1 up to 10.sup.-3 ohms .times. cm under a moulding pressure of 100 to 180 atmospheres absolute, a bulk density of 100 to 180 g/liter, a BET-surface area of 100 to 1000 m.sup.2 /g. The carbon black is made by a process wherein an aqueous suspension of carbon black with an AS-number higher than 15 and prepared by subjecting hydrocarbons, which are liquid at room temperature, to thermal conversion at 1200.degree. to 2000.degree. C, under pressures within the range 1 and 80 atmospheres absolute, and in the presence of oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, and water scrubbing the resulting carbon-black-containing reaction gas, is intimately blended at 5.degree. to 120.degree.

Abstract: Antistatic properties are imparted to plastics by blending a pulverulent plastics material and, if desired further addends, with conductive carbon black and making the resulting blend into a moulding composition. The plastics are more particularly blended with 4 to 12 weight % of conductive carbon black having a water absorption stiffness (AS-number) of 15 to 35, a specific electric resistance of 10.sup.-1 up to 10.sup.-3 ohms . cm under a moulding pressure of 100 to 180 atmospheres absolute, a bulk density of 100 to 180 g/liter, a BET-surface area of 100 to 1000 m.sup.2 /g. The carbon black is made by a process wherein an aqueous suspension of carbon black having an AS-number higher than 15 is intimately blended at temperatures within the range 5.degree. and 120.degree.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor with axial hydrocarbon feed and having an axial zone with triangular cross-section, a wider vortex section for generation of a combustion gas vortex, a reaction section and having essentially tubular shape is useful for the production of high tint and high structure carbon black. In a process for the production of carbon black, hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced into the reactor and contacted with a vortex of hot combustion gases.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced by heating a carbonaceous feed material to an elevated temperature to decompose the feed material to produce carbon black. A sample of the effluent from the reactor is passed as a suspension of carbon black particles in a gas into an optical cell. A beam of light is directed into the cell, and scattered light is measured at two different locations. A signal representative of the ratio of the two measured scattered light intensities is employed to control the introduction into the reactor of an alkali metal which controls the structure of the carbon black produced.

Abstract: An injection assembly for introducing a plurality of laterally spaced sprays of a normally liquid hydrocarbon feedstock into the cracking zone of a carbon black furnace.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed to produce carbon black by diluting the concentration of reactive species by the addition of substantially inert gases to the reactive gas stream prior to the termination of particle growth.

Abstract: A carbon black process is disclosed wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is axially introduced into a tubular reactor at one end, carbon black-bearing smoke is withdrawn at the other end, a first vortex of hot combustion gases is created around the hydrocarbon feedstream, and wherein a second vortex is created upstream with respect to the first vortex, said second vortex being created under such conditions as to exert an aspirating effect on the gases of the first vortex so that an axial prolongation of the zone of hot combustion gases of the first vortex moving around the hydrocarbon feedstream is created upstream of the first vortex. A reactor shaped to carry out said process is also disclosed.

Abstract: In a carbon black production system having a reactor with a combustion zone and a reaction zone, substantial uniformity of the carbon black produced by the reactor is maintained by regulating the flow of fuel to the combustion zone in response to a signal representative of the temperature within the combustion zone. As an alternative to, or in conjunction with, control in response to a signal representative of the combustion zone temperature, the flow of fuel to the combustion zone can be regulated in response to a signal representative of the rate of combustion heat released by the fuel entering the combustion zone.

Abstract: A non-carcinogenic large particle carbon black both produced by severely aftertreating a carbon black-containing smoke to result in a carbon black with a photelometer of 100% and a pitting value (nitrogen surface area minus CTAB surface area) of about 0.2 m.sup.2 /g or more to 7 m.sup.2 /g or more for a carbon black of 30 m.sup.2 /g to 80 m.sup.2 /g CTAB surface area, oxidizing the black as well as by high temperature drying the wet pelleted carbon black at a temperature of about 500.degree. to 600.degree. F. The CTAB surface area of the carbon black is less than 80 m.sup.2 /g and preferably about 30 to 60 m.sup.2 /g.

Abstract: A non-carcinogenic carbon black is produced by severely aftertreatng a carbon black-containing smoke inside of the carbon black reactor to result in a carbon black with a photelometer of 100% and a pitting degree (nitrogen surface area minus CTAB surface area) of about 7 square meters per gram or more, oxidizing this carbon black and thereafter high temperature drying wet pellets made from this carbon black at a temperature between about 500.degree. and 600.degree. F.

Abstract: A non-carcinogenic normal cure carbon black is produced by severely aftertreating a carbon black-containing smoke to result in a carbon black with a photelometer of 100% and a pitting value of about 15 m.sup.2 /g or more in case of small particle carbon black (CTAB of 120 m.sup.2 /g) and of 0.2 m.sup.2 /g or more in case of large particle carbon black (CTAB of 30 m.sup.2 /g) by contacting the carbon black with an oxidizing agent, by high temperature drying the carbon black at a temperature of about 500 to about 600.degree. F and finally by aftertreating the dried carbon black at a high temperature of about 1,000 to 1,400.degree. F.

Abstract: A carbon black with a tint residual below -6 in a rubber composition causes the hysteresis or heat buildup of such a rubber composition to be significantly lower than that of a rubber composition incorporating a carbon black with a higher tint residual, while the abrasion resistance of such rubber compositions incorporating these different blacks remains essentially unchanged. Tint residual is the difference between the measured tint and the tint calculated from the structure, nitrogen surface area and CTAB surface area in accordance with a specific formula disclosed.

Abstract: A carbon black producing apparatus is provided in which a quench fluid is introduced into a reaction zone for cooling hot smoke which contains solid carbon black particles which are produced by the pyrolysis of a carbon black make hydrocarbon by the heating of same with a combusted air/fuel mixture. The quench fluid is introduced into the reaction zone in a generally tangential direction and in a direction counterrotational to the direction of the vortex flow of the hot smoke flowing along the length of the reaction zone. The cooled smoke is passed to a heat exchanger for further cooling of the smoke after which the smoke is separated into an off-gas phase and a carbon black particle phase by filtering means. The carbon black can then be pelleted and dried for use.

Abstract: An injection assembly for introducing a plurality of laterally spaced sprays of a normally liquid hydrocarbon feedstock into the cracking zone of a carbon black furnace.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are disclosed for manufacturing carbon blck. The apparatus includes in contiguous axial alignment, a turbofan engine, an afterburner downstream of the turbine and a furnace-type carbon black reactor having means for radial introduction of feedstock. In a preferred embodiment, the turbine provides a first stream of high temperature, high pressure oxygen-containing gas to the afterburner for further combustion and subsequent use as supply air for a first carbon black reactor, and also provides a second stream of lower temperature and pressure air for cooling the first reactor shell and for use as supply air to a second carbon black reactor. This abstract is not to be construed in any way to define or limit the invention set forth below.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which a first reactant mass is formed and thoroughly mixed and passed axially through the reactor, a second mass of hot combustion gases being passed helically to the axially flowing mass.

Abstract: A carbon black process is disclosed wherein a reactor is employed having in open axial alignment and operatively connected with each other an axial zone, an enlarged precombustion zone and a smaller Venturi-shaped reaction zone. Into this reactor hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced, from 90 to 30 volume percent of the gases forming the hot combustion gases are introduced tangentially into the precombustion zone, and from 10 to about 70 volume percent of these gases are introduced into the axial zone. In a preferred embodiment the carbon black reactor has an axial zone with an internal diameter of about 1.5 to about 3 times the diameter of the throat of the Venturi-shaped reaction section.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel burner for a carbon black reactor comprising a hollow annular metallic ring having a plurality of holes for discharge of fuel radially into a stream of combustion air immediately downstream (or upstream) of a turbulence-creating orifice. The air and fuel pass through and are intimately mixed in a cylindrical refractory mixing chamber adjacent the ring. The ring is affixed to a metallic mounting plate so that the burner and plate are cooled by incoming air supplied to a chamber located between said plate and the upstream end of the reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black is comprised of an elongate outer housing having mounted therein a tubular member having a flow passage therethrough which forms a reaction zone of the apparatus. At the upstream end of the reaction zone, a perforate cage is provided which has a plurality of perforations through which air enters the interior of the cage to form a vortex flow path. The side wall of the cage is spaced from the interior surface of the housing providing an air flow path therebetween. The upstream end of the cage is a wall and has a centrally located opening therethrough which has an annular ring projecting therefrom to form a seal with another annular ridge which is in sliding and sealing engagement therewith. The seal prevents entry of air through the opening from the annular flow path to the interior of the cage. Coaxial tubes extend through the opening and into the cage and are operable to introduce fuel and make oil thereinto.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which an outer housing has mounted therein a tube which defines a converging/diverging venturi through which hot combustion gases and oil flow for decomposition of the oil to carbon black. The tube has an upstream open end at which position there is a baffle having a through opening which has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the open end of the tube, thereby forming a choke at the upstream end of the tube. The apparatus is also provided with means for introducing fuel or fuel gas, air or oxygen-containing gas and feed oil at the proper positions for the manufacture of carbon black.

Abstract: The oil furnace process for the production of tread grade rubber reinforcing carbon black is modified in respect of the manner in which a carbon black producing feedstock oil is introduced into the cracking zone so as to facilitate the formation of carbon black of requisite structure characteristics having improved particle size distribution.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing graphite whiskers which comprises: mixing one or more of gasified compounds having a condensed polycyclic structure of two to five benzene rings with a large amount of inert gas containing a small amount of CO, CO.sub.2 or H.sub.2 O; heating said gas mixture at 700.degree. to 1200.degree. C and a substantially atmospheric pressure to generate precursory carbon whiskers comprised of numerous carbon crystals orientated in a form of single sheet which is rolled up like a scroll or a plurality of separate sheets rolled in concentric relationships; and graphitizing said carbon whiskers at temperatures of 2700.degree. to 3000.degree. C in an atmosphere of inert gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an extended structure SRF carbon black having good rubber reinforcing properties is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a unique burner which supplies combustion fuel gases in two separate areas of the burner and permits selective regulation of the respective amounts of fuel gas in the air and additional fuel gas. The burner can be used to make an extended structure SRF carbon black or other grades of carbon black in the same furnace merely by changing the amounts of fuel gas and additional fuel gas.

Abstract: The process comprises the incomplete combustion of at least one hydrocarbon having at least one ethylenical bond, preheated to a temperature clearly higher than its critical temperature, the black-formation temperature being at least 1700.degree. C and the recovering of the so formed black, which may be used in the manufacture of dry cells.

Abstract: Normally solid polymers can be fed into a carbon black furnace or carbon black reactor together with the fuel and/or the oxidant forming the hot combustion gases; the polymers are at least partially combusted in the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstream is introduced into a frustoconically shaped diffuser and therein mixed with hot combustion gases forming a first mixture and this first mixture leaving the diffuser is mixed with a second stream of hot combustion gases forming a second mixture in which the hydrocarbon feed is decomposed to form carbon black.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a generally cylindrical reactor in which a hydrocarbon feed oil is introduced at one end generally along the axis of the reactor. A gaseous fuel and oxygen are introduced in directions generally parallel to the axis of the reactor to surround the feed oil. Inert gases are introduced into the reactor to surround the central core. Properties of the carbon black can be regulated by introducing the oxygen at a relatively high velocity and adjusting the rate at which the inert gases are introduced.

Abstract: In a carbon black production system having a reactor with a combustion zone and a reaction zone, substantial uniformity of the carbon black produced by the reactor is maintained by regulating the flow of fuel to the combustion zone in response to a signal representative of the temperature within the combustion zone. As an alternative to, or in conjunction with, control in response to a signal representative of the combustion zone temperature, the flow of fuel to the combustion zone can be regulated in response to a signal representative of the rate of combustion heat released by the fuel entering the combustion zone.

Abstract: A concentric burner and feedstock injection assembly, for a carbon black reactor, designed for the atomizing and burning of liquid fuels to provide the heat required for the reaction. The atomizing tip consists of two annular rings machined to form a throat having a generally converging annulus through which part of the combustion air, brought first into strong swirling motion, is accelerated and passes as an air stream having a hollow, frusto-conical, divergent pattern. Fuel oil is injected, through a plurality of holes drilled through the inner annular ring, into said air stream and is atomized by said stream. The balance of the combustion air is supplied to the combustion chamber which surrounds the burner and is in communication with the reaction zone of the reactor. Feedstock oil is injected into the reaction chamber through a tubular subassembly inserted through a central opening in the assembly.

Abstract: Oil containing carbonaceous solids is subjected to a separation step to concentrate these solids in a stream which is used as the fuel oil for a carbon black reactor. Another stream from this separation step, thus lowered in carbonaceous solids content, is used as feed oil.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon black in which a first reactant mass is formed and thoroughly mixed and passed axially through the reactor, a second mass of hot combustion gases being passed helically to the axially flowing mass.

Abstract: A carbon black apparatus is disclosed wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is axially introduced into a tubular reactor at one end, carbon black-bearing smoke is withdrawn at the other end, a first vortex of hot combustion gases is created around the hydrocarbon feedstream, and wherein a second vortex is created upstream with respect to the first vortex, said second vortex being created under such conditions as to exert an aspirating effect on the gases of the first vortex so that an axial prolongation of the zone of hot combustion gases of the first vortex moving around the hydrocarbon feedstream is created upstream of the first vortex.

Abstract: Various carbon black reactors having triangular cross-sections generate a highly turbulent flow of the reactants therein to produce high-tint carbon black.

Abstract: Deeply colored carbon black having a low content of extractable matter and a primary particle size of about 8-25 nanometers is made by the gas black process using as the carrier gas for the vapors of the carbon black forming oil a hydrogen rich mixture containing over about 50 volume % hydrogen and then collecting the separated carbon black deposited on a cooling roll.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon black by pyrolytic decomposition of coal with hot combustion gases. In a cylindrically shaped vertical reactor coal is tangentially introduced, thus establishing a helically flowing mass of pulverized coal. This mass is contacted with hot combustion gases. Fine ashes are withdrawn from the upper portion of the reactor at the periphery and coarse ashes are withdrawn from the lower portion of the reactor from the periphery. Carbon black-containing gases are withdrawn from the area of the vertical axis of the reactor overhead.

Abstract: A method of producing carbon black wherein a reaction mixture consisting essentially of hydrocarbon feed and gases introduced into a first zone are passed into a second zone having a diameter greater than the diameter of the first zone at a temperature proximate the pyrolytic decomposition temperature of the hydrocarbon feed.

Abstract: Deposits in a carbon black reactor are reduced by passing feed oil, quench water and/or liquid fuel to the reactor through a magnetic field prior to introduction into the reactor.

Abstract: A tubular carbon black reactor having means for axial introduction of hydrocarbon feed or oxidant on both ends, means for fuel introduction at approximately the center of the reactor, a plurality of means for tangential introduction of oxidant equally distributed over the entire length of the reactor and carbon black withdrawal means located proximate to the locus of introduction of the hydrocarbon feed at both ends.

Abstract: A process is provided for making high-quality carbon blacks at unusually good yields in a highly compact reaction space. The key steps of the process are the generation of a very hot combustion gas stream moving at very high speed in essentially plug flow by burning a hydrocarbon gas in oxygen in a compact combustion zone under conditions of very high heat release assuring the attainment of temperatures of over 3,000.degree. F., and the transverse injection into said highspeed combustion stream from the periphery thereof of a plurality of individual streams of liquid hydrocarbon make, each of which is injected under sufficient pressure to cause same to enter said high-speed combustion stream at a linear velocity of more than about 100 fett per second. Preferably, a highly oxygen-enriched oxidant is used to burn the hydrocarbon gas.