Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon black in which combustion gas is introduced into a precombustion or combustion zone of a carbon black reactor in a manner to produce a vortex of combustion gases traveling axially through said reactor and a flow of fluid which contains feedstock is introduced into the reactor in a manner to produce another axially moving vortex internal to the combustion gas vortex with both of these vortices passed through a combustion zone to produce carbon black. In embodiments of the invention, method and apparatus for producing a vortex of feedstock, a vortex of cooling air interfaced with axially flowing feedstock, or combined vortices of feedstock and cooling air.

Abstract: An improved carbon black process is disclosed which finds its preferred use in reactors for forming carbon black by the thermal decomposition of liquid hydrocarbons. The carbon black process utilizes a burner which combusts a pre-mixed blend of fluid fuel and oxidant gas and is characterized by a flame holder having a plurality of elongated parallel orifices which produces improved combustion by inducing optimum recirculation between spaced parallel fluid jets of premixed fuel and oxidant gas issuing through the orifices. This abstract is not to be construed in any way to define or limit the invention set forth below.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a process comprising prequenching with hollow cone prequench having an included angle effective to produce high tint residual carbon black. Iodine number and tint strength number are changed by changing the included angle of the prequench.

Abstract: In a carbon black process with tangential hot combustion gas introduction the pressure drop across the reactor is reduced by introducing a gas stream radially outwardly in close proximity with the upstream confining reactor wall.

Abstract: Stoichiometric combustion conditions are provided at a location remote from reactor walls in a carbon black process and apparatus by injecting radially inwardly hot combustion gases of a complementary composition with respect to the hot combustion gases introduced tangentially into the reactor.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor capable of producing carbon black of varying properties is disclosed comprising a longitudinally extending reactor tunnel having combustion, reaction, and quench zones in contiguous axial alignment. First and second venturi flow constrictions are provided in spaced relationship in the reaction zone of the reactor tunnel to create a pressure profile in the reaction zone. The pressure profile produces carbon blacks having certain physical properties. The second venturi constriction may be provided with means for varying the effective area of the second constriction for altering the pressure profile in the reactor tunnel to vary the properties of the produced carbon black. Further, carbon blacks of varying properties are produced for a given pressure profile by varying the point and direction of feedstock oil injection into the reaction zone.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for producing carbon blacks by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock wherein the resultant blacks have higher surface areas than the carbon blacks normally prepared from the feedstocks, as a result of which the blacks are particularly suitable for use in imparting conductivity properites to plastic materials and the like. This disclosure also relates to the production of a novel class of furnace blacks having excellent conductivity properites and which are characterized by high surface areas and low pH values.

Abstract: In an aspiration chamber of a carbon black reactor, the discharge end of a hydrocarbon inlet and the aspiration inlet of a hydrocarbon reaction section are arranged in such a proximate relationship that the hydrocarbon feed entering from said inlet into said reaction section aspirates surrounding hot combustion gases. The aspiration chamber has a wall converging from the end to which the reaction section is attached towards the end to which the hydrocarbon inlet is attached. Inlets for the combustion gases comprising coal are provided for the tangential feed of the combustion gases into the annulus formed between the reaction section and the converging wall of the aspiration chamber. At least one ash outlet for discharging the ash from the chamber is arranged upstream of the discharge end of the hydrocarbon feed means.

Abstract: A carbon black with a tint residual below -6 in a rubber composition causes the hysteresis or heat buildup of such a rubber composition to be significantly lower than that of a rubber composition incorporating a carbon black with a higher tint residual, while the abrasion resistance of such rubber compositions incorporating these different blacks remains essentially unchanged. Tint residual is the difference between the measured tint and the tint calculated from the structure, nitrogen surface area, and CTAB surface area in accordance with a specific formula disclosed.

Abstract: Furnace black is produced by a thermal splitting of a carbon black forming oil by oxidation of a fuel in a combustion chamber with production of a stream of hot combustion gases, introduction of this stream in a constricted mixing chamber narrower than the fuel chamber, inserting the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber and conveying the mixture into an enlarged reaction chamber compared to the mixing chamber as well as quenching the carbon black containing reaction mixture, the stream of hot combustion gases being introduced into the mixing chamber via an annular channel or introducing the stream into an annular channel shaped mixing chamber and spraying in the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber or ring conduit from within outwardly.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a reactor by introducing a carbonaceous feed material into one end of the reactor. One or more streams of hot gases are introduced in a direction generally tangential to the side wall of the precombustion zone of the reactor and in a plane generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the reactor to supply heat to decompose the feed material to produce carbon black. This operation is continued until the pressure drop across the reactor reaches a preselected higher value. Thereafter, the stream or streams of hot gases are introduced tangentially to the side wall of the precombustion zone but with each stream being in a respective plane at an angle less than 90.degree. to the longitudinal axis of the reactor and in a downstream direction with respect to the longitudinal axis of the reactor so as to reduce the pressure drop to a lower value.

Abstract: A carbon black process is disclosed wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced into a longitudinal reactor, a portion of the hot combustion gases is introduced tangentially into said reactor so that it forms a vortex of hot combustion gases around the hydrocarbon feed and a gas is introduced into the reactor in a mainly radial direction. A reactor for carrying out this process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a carbon black with a tint residual below -6. The method entails introducing feedstock axially and generating a hot combustion gas vortex in a cylindrical precombustion section of a tubular carbon black reactor, producing a first mixture of feedstock and combustion gases, passing the mixture through an abruptly restricted passage axially connected to the precombustion section, abruptly expanding the first mixture into a frustoconical venturi converging section of the reactor with mixing of this first mixture with an additional flow of combustion gas at the exit of the converging section with the combustion gas entering the converging section in opposite, radial flow thereby forming a second mixture which is admitted into a reaction section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: In an aspiration chamber of a carbon black reactor, the discharge end of a hydrocarbon inlet and the aspiration inlet of a hydrocarbon reaction section are arranged in such a proximate relationship that the hydrocarbon feed entering from said inlet into said reaction section aspirates surrounding hot combustion gases. The aspiration chamber has a wall converging from the end to which the reaction section is attached towards the end to which the hydrocarbon inlet is attached. Inlets for the combustion gases comprising coal are provided for the tangential feed of the combustion gases into the annulus formed between the reaction section and the converging wall of the aspiration chamber. At least one ash outlet for discharging the ash from the chamber is arranged upstream of the discharge end of the hydrocarbon feed means.

Abstract: A burner apparatus comprising in axial alignment a cylindrical first section connected through a restrictive opening to a frustoconical second section having its largest diameter at the downstream end and an axial outlet opening at the downstream end. Tangential combustion supporting gas inlets aligned in the same rotational direction are located in the cylindrical section and at the downstream end of the frustoconical section. The outlet opening in the frustoconical second section is of greater diameter than the restrictive opening between the sections and is of lesser diameter than the upstream end of the frustoconical second section so that a stable flame is produced in the second section, there is an inflow of external gas through the outlet opening, and a flow of combustion supporting gas in an upstream direction along the wall of the second section. A method for burning fuel in combustion supporting gas, particularly adapted to produce carbon black, is also provided.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing oil furnace carbon black in which all or a portion of the combustion air is swirled just prior to contacting the fuel. The portion of total air which is swirled is adjustable so as to provide a predetermined, controlled Swirl Ratio in order to control the structure of the resulting carbon black.

Abstract: Furnace black is produced by a thermal splitting of a carbon black forming oil by oxidation of a fuel in a combustion chamber with production of a stream of hot combustion gases, introduction of this stream in a constricted mixing chamber narrower than the fuel chamber, inserting the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber and conveying the mixture into an enlarged reaction chamber compared to the mixing chamber as well as quenching the carbon black containing reaction mixture, the stream of hot combustion gases being introduced into the mixing chamber via an annular channel or introducing the stream into an annular channel shaped mixing chamber and spraying in the carbon black forming material into the mixing chamber or ring conduit from within outwardly.

Abstract: An improved burner for combusting gaseous fuel and oxidant gas is provided in which the fuel and oxidant gas are premixed prior to combustion by the turbulence generated by flowing the gases through a mixing zone containing a centrally disposed flow disrupting bluff body positioned in the oxidant gas stream upstream from the point of fuel injection, and a peripheral flow disrupting bluff body disposed at the periphery of the mixing zone. The burner finds particular utility in combination with other elements of a furnace-type carbon black reactor. This abstract is not to be construed in any way to define or limit the invention set forth below.

Abstract: In the usual elongated carbon black furnace which is provided at one end with a combustion gas entry section, usually of diameter larger than the remainder of the reactor, in lieu of the usual entry port or ports providing hot combustion gases with which to decompose the make oil or gas to carbon black, there are provided independent, double-entry port or pipes. At each double entry there is an outer port and an inner port or pipe. Usually, the pipe approaches the enlarged section or precombustion chamber somewhat tangentially and at a substantial right angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated reactor or furnace. Thus, viewing the furnace end-on, the outer port or entry will spew its fluid near and onto the walls of the precombustion chamber while the inner port or entry will deliver its gases to a point nearer the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing a carbon black with a tint residual below -6. The apparatus entail introducing feedstock axially and generating a hot combustion gas vortex in a cylindrical precombustion section of a tubular carbon black reactor, producing a first mixture of feedstock and combustion gases, passing this mixture through an abruptly restricted passage axially connected to the precombustion section, abruptly expanding the first mixture into a frustoconical venturi converging section of the reactor with mixing of this first mixture with an additional flow of combustion gas at the exit of the converging section with the combustion gas entering the converging section in opposite, radial flow thereby forming a second mixture which is admitted into a reaction section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A reaction chamber equipped with external heat exchanging coils for limiting the range of the reaction temperature, which must not go over 1200.degree. C nor below 900.degree. C, is supplied with hydrocarbon reagent and combustion-supporting reagent (air) in a way designed to enable a partial combustion reaction by which carbon black is formed to provide the main source of heat for maintaining the reaction temperature. At the entry end of the reaction chamber is a header providing a multiplicity of ante-chambers through which the reagents flow in a direction parallel to the axis of the reaction chamber while being heated up by heat from the reaction chamber. When a liquid reagent is used, it is atomized in the ante-chambers and vaporized and mixed with air in its passage through the ante-chambers. The air is preheated by a heat exchanger that cools the reaction products after a preliminary cooling by another heat exchanger.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for preparing carbon blacks, especially semi-reinforcing furnace blacks, by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks wherein the structure characteristics of the resultant blacks are lowered without significantly increasing the particle size of the blacks.

Abstract: Water vapor is injected into a gaseous heat carrier passing into a reaction chamber as a plasma stream, contacting a hydrocarbon feed stock there is injected water vapor, and introduced presaturated with water vapor. Under the effect of the heat carrier temperature, the feedstock is decomposed to carbon black which, after being quenched, is collected, for example, by cyclones.The proposed process makes it possible to decrease the degree of polydispersion of the carbon black obtained and also to produce carbon black with a specific geometrical surface within the range of from 50 m.sup.2 /g to 250 m.sup.2 /g, without altering the construction of the reaction chamber.The proposed process avoids the formation of laminated structures, pyrolytic carbon and graphite in the carbon black, which improves the quality of rubber based on these carbon blacks insofar as their abrasive resistance and tensile strength are concerned. Besides, the proces makes it possible to conduct the carbon black-forming reaction within 10.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor with axial hydrocarbon feed and having an axial zone with triangular cross-section, a wider vortex section for generation of a combustion gas vortex, a reaction section and having essentially tubular shape is useful for the production of high tint and high structure carbon black. In a process for the production of carbon black, hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced into the reactor and contacted with a vortex of hot combustion gases.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed to produce carbon black by diluting the concentration of reactive species by the addition of substantially inert gases to the reactive gas stream prior to the termination of particle growth.

Abstract: A carbon black process is disclosed wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is axially introduced into a tubular reactor at one end, carbon black-bearing smoke is withdrawn at the other end, a first vortex of hot combustion gases is created around the hydrocarbon feedstream, and wherein a second vortex is created upstream with respect to the first vortex, said second vortex being created under such conditions as to exert an aspirating effect on the gases of the first vortex so that an axial prolongation of the zone of hot combustion gases of the first vortex moving around the hydrocarbon feedstream is created upstream of the first vortex. A reactor shaped to carry out said process is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black by pyrolytic decomposition of coal with hot combustion gases. In a cylindrically shaped vertical reactor coal is tangentially introduced, thus establishing a helically flowing mass of pulverized coal. This mass is contacted with hot combustion gases. Fine ashes are withdrawn from the upper portion of the reactor at the periphery and coarse ashes are withdrawn from the lower portion of the reactor from the periphery. Carbon black-containing gases are withdrawn from the area of the vertical axis of the reactor overhead.

Abstract: A carbon black producing apparatus is provided in which a quench fluid is introduced into a reaction zone for cooling hot smoke which contains solid carbon black particles which are produced by the pyrolysis of a carbon black make hydrocarbon by the heating of same with a combusted air/fuel mixture. The quench fluid is introduced into the reaction zone in a generally tangential direction and in a direction counterrotational to the direction of the vortex flow of the hot smoke flowing along the length of the reaction zone. The cooled smoke is passed to a heat exchanger for further cooling of the smoke after which the smoke is separated into an off-gas phase and a carbon black particle phase by filtering means. The carbon black can then be pelleted and dried for use.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which a first reactant mass is formed and thoroughly mixed and passed axially through the reactor, a second mass of hot combustion gases being passed helically to the axially flowing mass.

Abstract: A carbon black process is disclosed wherein a reactor is employed having in open axial alignment and operatively connected with each other an axial zone, an enlarged precombustion zone and a smaller Venturi-shaped reaction zone. Into this reactor hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced, from 90 to 30 volume percent of the gases forming the hot combustion gases are introduced tangentially into the precombustion zone, and from 10 to about 70 volume percent of these gases are introduced into the axial zone. In a preferred embodiment the carbon black reactor has an axial zone with an internal diameter of about 1.5 to about 3 times the diameter of the throat of the Venturi-shaped reaction section.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel burner for a carbon black reactor comprising a hollow annular metallic ring having a plurality of holes for discharge of fuel radially into a stream of combustion air immediately downstream (or upstream) of a turbulence-creating orifice. The air and fuel pass through and are intimately mixed in a cylindrical refractory mixing chamber adjacent the ring. The ring is affixed to a metallic mounting plate so that the burner and plate are cooled by incoming air supplied to a chamber located between said plate and the upstream end of the reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for introducing combustion gases into a carbon black furnace, the method involving the introduction of the combustion gases at variable velocities to affect the structure of the black by affecting the extent of the contact between the hydrocarbon feed and the combustion gases. The apparatus includes means for varying the introduction velocity of the combustion gases.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a certain class of carbon black products having high surface area and very low degree of porosity and the use thereof as reinforcing additives in the preparation of rubber compositions having improved properties.

Abstract: The flame length in axial direction of a tubular carbon black reactor is made adjustable by providing a means to adjust the pivot angle between the direction of the longitudinal axis and the axis of a fuel gas or fuel oil discharge nozzle of a burner.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which an outer housing has mounted therein a tube which defines a converging/diverging venturi through which hot combustion gases and oil flow for decomposition of the oil to carbon black. The tube has an upstream open end at which position there is a baffle having a through opening which has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the open end of the tube, thereby forming a choke at the upstream end of the tube. The apparatus is also provided with means for introducing fuel or fuel gas, air or oxygen-containing gas and feed oil at the proper positions for the manufacture of carbon black.

Abstract: An O-type carbon black reactor is disclosed comprising a precombustion chamber, at least one of the upstream and downstream confining walls thereof being provided with protrusions being arranged and shaped such as to destroy the inwardly spiraling boundary layer flow of the hot combustion gases and to convert this flow into turbulent flow.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstream is introduced into a frustoconically shaped diffuser and therein mixed with hot combustion gases forming a first mixture and this first mixture leaving the diffuser is mixed with a second stream of hot combustion gases forming a second mixture in which the hydrocarbon feed is decomposed to form carbon black.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a generally cylindrical reactor in which a hydrocarbon feed oil is introduced at one end generally along the axis of the reactor. A gaseous fuel and oxygen are introduced in directions generally parallel to the axis of the reactor to surround the feed oil. Inert gases are introduced into the reactor to surround the central core. Properties of the carbon black can be regulated by introducing the oxygen at a relatively high velocity and adjusting the rate at which the inert gases are introduced.

Abstract: Oil containing carbonaceous solids is subjected to a separation step to concentrate these solids in a stream which is used as the fuel oil for a carbon black reactor. Another stream from this separation step, thus lowered in carbonaceous solids content, is used as feed oil.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon black in which a first reactant mass is formed and thoroughly mixed and passed axially through the reactor, a second mass of hot combustion gases being passed helically to the axially flowing mass.

Abstract: A carbon black apparatus is disclosed wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is axially introduced into a tubular reactor at one end, carbon black-bearing smoke is withdrawn at the other end, a first vortex of hot combustion gases is created around the hydrocarbon feedstream, and wherein a second vortex is created upstream with respect to the first vortex, said second vortex being created under such conditions as to exert an aspirating effect on the gases of the first vortex so that an axial prolongation of the zone of hot combustion gases of the first vortex moving around the hydrocarbon feedstream is created upstream of the first vortex.

Abstract: Various carbon black reactors having triangular cross-sections generate a highly turbulent flow of the reactants therein to produce high-tint carbon black.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing carbon black by pyrolytic decomposition of coal with hot combustion gases. In a cylindrically shaped vertical reactor coal is tangentially introduced, thus establishing a helically flowing mass of pulverized coal. This mass is contacted with hot combustion gases. Fine ashes are withdrawn from the upper portion of the reactor at the periphery and coarse ashes are withdrawn from the lower portion of the reactor from the periphery. Carbon black-containing gases are withdrawn from the area of the vertical axis of the reactor overhead.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a certain class of carbon black products having high surface area and very low degree of porosity and the use thereof as reinforcing additives in the preparation of rubber compositions having improved properties.

Abstract: A method of producing carbon black wherein a reaction mixture consisting essentially of hydrocarbon feed and gases introduced into a first zone are passed into a second zone having a diameter greater than the diameter of the first zone at a temperature proximate the pyrolytic decomposition temperature of the hydrocarbon feed.

Abstract: Deposits in a carbon black reactor are reduced by passing feed oil, quench water and/or liquid fuel to the reactor through a magnetic field prior to introduction into the reactor.

Abstract: A tubular carbon black reactor having means for axial introduction of hydrocarbon feed or oxidant on both ends, means for fuel introduction at approximately the center of the reactor, a plurality of means for tangential introduction of oxidant equally distributed over the entire length of the reactor and carbon black withdrawal means located proximate to the locus of introduction of the hydrocarbon feed at both ends.

Abstract: Carbon black is produced in a generally vertically extending reactor in which a feed oil is introduced at the top. Combustion gases are introduced into an upper region of the reactor to supply sufficient heat to decompose the oil to form carbon black. Grit is removed from the carbon black by passing a stream of air upwardly through the carbon black, either in the reactor or in a separate chamber. The reactor can be of such configuration as to cause a reversal in the direction of flow of the carbon black to facilitate grit removal.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which an outer housing has mounted therein a tube which defines a converging/diverging venturi through which hot combustion gases and oil flow for decomposition of the oil to carbon black. The tube has an upstream open end at which position there is a baffle having a through opening which has a diameter smaller than the diameter of the open end of the tube, thereby forming a choke at the upstream end of the tube. The apparatus is also provided with means for introducing fuel or fuel gas, air or oxygen-containing gas and feed oil at the proper positions for the manufacture of carbon black.