Abstract: A hydrogen separator exhibits excellent hydrogen separation performance and durability and prevents scattering of an iron-containing substance that causes defects of a selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane in a first passage by covering an iron-containing metal surface that is exposed in the first passage and forms at least part of the first passage and a member disposed in the first passage with an iron component scattering prevention film at least in an area positioned on an upstream side with respect to a downstream end of a permeable section of the selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane in a flow direction of a fluid that flows through the first passage.

Abstract: Disclosed are a multi water-gas shift membrane reactor for producing high-concentration hydrogen and a method for producing hydrogen using the same. More specifically, disclosed are a multi water-gas shift membrane reactor wherein high-concentration carbon monoxide, obtained by dry-gasification performed by reacting dry bituminous coal with water and oxygen, reacts with water gas in the presence of catalysts in a single reactor, to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide and separate highly pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide through a separation membrane arranged in a low region, and a method for producing hydrogen.

Abstract: A multi-fluidized bed water-gas shift reactor wherein a specific syngas containing a high concentration of carbon monoxide produced by gasification of a heavy carbon source such as coal, vacuum residue, glycerin, etc., is in contact with water under a catalyst so as to produce hydrogen and, in addition, a method for production of hydrogen using the foregoing reactor are disclosed. In other words, the disclosure describes a multi-fluidized bed water-gas shift reactor containing low and high temperature catalysts as well as steam and a method for production of hydrogen using the same, wherein 30 to 70% carbon monoxide in the syngas as a gas mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen monoxide, and the like, which are generated through partial oxidation and vapor gasification at 900 to 1,600° C., may be favorably converted into hydrogen without mixing both of the catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of hydrogen starting from liquid hydrocarbons, gaseous hydrocarbons, and/or oxygenated compounds, also deriving from biomasses, and mixtures thereof. Said process is characterized in that it comprises a preheating section (200) of the reagents, a short contact time—catalytic partial oxidation section (101) to give synthesis gas, a thermal recovery section (201), a conversion section (102) of the carbon monoxide present in the synthesis gas to carbon dioxide by means of a Water Gas Shift reaction, a removal section of the carbon dioxide produced (104), a cooling and removal section of the condensate. Said process can possibly comprise a purification section of the hydrogen produced by means of Pressure Swing Adsorption (105) and generation of purge gas having a medium heat power. Said process also possibly comprises a hydrodesulphuration section of the reagents.

Abstract: The water gas shift reactor includes a gas reaction tank including a reaction chamber formed in the shape of a hollow body provided with a porous plate installed therein to divide the inside of the reaction chamber into an upper reaction space and a lower collection space and a catalyst stacked on the upper surface of the porous plate to convert carbon monoxide into hydrogen, and an insulating layer provided at the outer surface of the reaction chamber, a syngas storage tank to store the syngas, a syngas supply pipe to supply the syngas to the gas reaction tank, after the syngas is heated by a preheater, a steam supply pipe to supply steam generated from a steam generator to the gas reaction tank such that the steam reacts with the syngas, after the steam is heated by a preheater, and a reaction gas discharge pipe.

Abstract: A steam reformer is use in a fuel processor system to create a water gas shift reaction between a hydrocarbon fuel and water. A hydrocarbon fuel and water are provided. The water is heated to superheated steam. The hydrocarbon fuel is mixed with the superheated steam to produce a vaporized fuel/steam mixture. The vaporized fuel/steam mixture is directed into a gap space between concentric tubes. The gap space between the separate surfaces is very small. Within this confined gap space, the outer concentric tube is heated to maintain a reaction temperature range that induces the water gas shift reaction. The water gas shift reaction produces reactant gases that include hydrogen gas and contaminant gases. At least some of the contaminant gases are burned to heat the gap space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to various processes for recovering high purity gaseous hydrogen and high purity gaseous carbon dioxide from the gas stream produced using steam hydrocarbon reforming, especially steam methane reforming, utilizing a H2 pressure swing adsorption unit followed by either a CO2 vacuum swing adsorption unit or a CO2 vacuum swing adsorption unit in combination with an additional CO2 pressure swing adsorption unit. By using an uncoupled H2 PSA and CO2 VSA unit it is possible to produce high purity H2 and high purity CO2. The present invention further relates to a process for optimizing the recovery of CO2 from waste gas streams produced during the hydrogen purification step of a steam hydrocarbon reforming/H2 pressure swing adsorption unit utilizing either a CO2 vacuum swing adsorption unit or a CO2 vacuum swing adsorption unit in combination with a CO2 pressure swing adsorption unit.

Abstract: The present application thus provides an integrated gasification combined cycle system. The integrated gasification combined cycle system may include a water gas shift reactor system and a heat recovery steam generator. The water gas shift reactor system may include a recirculation system with a recirculation heat exchanger to heat a flow of syngas. The heat recovery steam generator may include a diverted water flow in communication with the recirculation heat exchanger.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator according to the invention comprises: a combustion gas passage (5) configured to flow combustion gas coming from a combustor; a preheat-evaporator (6) which is supplied with a material gas and water and configured to evaporate the water and heat the material gas by heat transmitted from the combustion gas passage and a carbon monoxide reducer (10) through partition a wall; a reformer (7) configured to generate reformed gas from the material gas and steam fed from the preheat-evaporator by using a reforming catalyst (8) and heat transmitted from the combustion gas passage through the partition wall; the carbon monoxide reducer (10) configured to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas fed from the reformer by a carbon monoxide removing catalyst (9); a cylindrical body (3) closed at both ends thereof having an internal space is divided by the partition walls (1), (2), (30), (47) to form the combustion gas passage, preheat-evaporator, reformer and carbon monoxide reducer within the cyli

Abstract: Process to prepare a diluted hydrogen gas mixture starting from a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide by (i) converting part of the carbon monoxide in said gas mixture to hydrogen and carbon dioxide by means of a catalysed water gas shift reaction to obtain a shifted gas and (ii) separating hydrogen from said shifted gas by means of a membrane to obtain the hydrogen comprising gas at the permeate side of the membrane and a carbon dioxide comprising gas at the retentate side of the membrane, wherein at the permeate side of the membrane a sweep gas is provided; (iii) cooling the carbon dioxide comprising gas to obtain liquid carbon dioxide and a gas mixture of non-condensable gasses and (iv) separating the liquid carbon dioxide from the non-condensable gasses; wherein the non-condensable gasses are fed into the hydrogen comprising gas.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed that relate to increasing radiative heat transfer in a steam reformer from an exterior shell which includes a diffusion burner to an interior reactor via angled fins coupled to the exterior shell. For example, one disclosed embodiment provides a steam reformer, comprising an exterior shell which includes a diffusion burner and angled fins, the angled fins extending away from an inner surface of the exterior shell and downward toward the diffusion burner. The steam reformer further comprises an interior reactor positioned at least partly within the exterior shell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing thermally-integrated hydrogen by reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock, in a reforming reactor, comprising a stage for maintaining the temperature of the effluent that is obtained from the reforming reactor by co-current heat exchange, in a co-current heat exchanger, between the effluent that is obtained from the reforming reactor and the hydrocarbon feedstock that it is desired to reform. The temperature of the synthetic gas exiting the feedstock-effluent exchanger is between 250° C. and 400° C.

Abstract: Processes for the catalytic conversion of a carbonaceous composition into a gas stream comprising methane are provided, where a sour shift reaction is used to remove carbon monoxide gas stream produced by the gasification process. The incorporation of the sour shift reaction provides an efficient and cost-effective means of eliminating carbon monoxide from the gas stream. In addition, the sour shift reaction also generates additional hydrogen, thus increasing the amount of hydrogen produced from the gasification process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare a hydrogen rich gas mixture from a solid sulphur- and halogen-containing carbonaceous feedstock. The process involves the following steps. Step (a): gasification of the solid carbonaceous feedstock with an oxygen-containing gas to obtain a gas mixture comprising halogen compounds, sulphur compounds, hydrogen and at least 50 vol. % carbon monoxide, on a dry basis. Step (b): contacting the gas mixture with a quench gas or quench liquid to reduce the temperature of the gas mixture to below 900° C. Step (c) contacting the gas mixture with water having a temperature of between 150 and 250° C. to obtain a gas mixture comprising between 50 and 1000 ppm halogen and having a steam to carbon monoxide molar ratio of between 0.2:1 and 0.9:1.

Abstract: A water gas shift catalyst for use at temperatures above about 450° C. up to about 900° C. or so comprising rhenium deposited on a support, preferably without a precious metal, wherein the support is prepared from a high surface area material, such as a mixed metal oxide, particularly a mixture of zirconia and ceria, to which may be added one or more of a high surface area transitional alumina, an alkali or alkaline earth metal dopant and/or an additional dopant selected from Ga, Nd, Pr, W, Ge, Fe, oxides thereof and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reaction device that includes a reaction device main body that includes a first reaction unit and a second reaction unit, a container to house the reaction device main body and a first region that corresponds to at least the first reaction unit and a second region that corresponds to the second reaction unit, the first and second regions being provided to the container or internal side of the container. The first reaction unit is set to a temperature higher than that of the second reaction unit, and the first region has a higher reflectivity than that of the second region, with respect to a heat ray that is radiated from the reaction device main body.

Abstract: Using the process described in the present invention, a gas is produced that is rich in methane and hydrogen and has a content of olefins below 1% v/v, which fully meets the necessary requirements for raw materials used for large-scale production of hydrogen or synthesis gas, in steam reforming units that already exist in a great many oil refineries and petrochemical units. Starting from ethanol, steam, nickel-based catalysts and the use of appropriate conditions of temperature, and H2O/ethanol and H2/ethanol molar ratios, the invention teaches the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas from biomass, stably for long periods without loss of catalyst performance over time, permitting its industrial application in new units or in existing units. As a solution for the production of ethanol, the present invention claims the replacement of the ZnO-based and hydrofining catalysts of the feed pre-treatment section, with nickel-based catalysts and process conditions in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrogen-containing product gas with reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to conventional hydrogen production processes. A hydrocarbon and steam are reformed in a reformer and the resulting reformate stream is shifted in one or more shift reactors. The shifted mixture is scrubbed to remove carbon dioxide to form a carbon dioxide-depleted stream. The carbon dioxide-depleted stream is separated to form a hydrogen-containing product gas and a by-product gas. A portion of the hydrogen containing product gas is used as a fuel in the reformer and a portion of the by-product gas is recycled back into the process. The process may optionally include reforming in a prereformer and/or an oxygen secondary reformer.

Abstract: A method for the synthesis of anhydrous hydrogen halide fluids from organic halide fluids, such as perfluorocarbon fluids and refrigerant fluids, and anhydrous carbon dioxide for the environmentally safe disposition thereof.

Abstract: Catalyst for use in the high temperature shift reaction comprising in its active form a mixture of zinc alumina spinel and zinc oxide in combination with an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Cs and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The method in accordance with the present invention has steps of: preparing a hydrogen producing device with a high gravitational rotating packed bed, initiating the device, adjusting the temperature of the device, inputting a reagent gas and a liquid vaporized for mixing with the reagent gas into a reagent mixture, and passing the reagent mixture through the device to obtain hydrogen.

Abstract: A reaction device 10 is used for producing water gas from polyhydric alcohol and water. The reaction device 10 includes a reactor 13 which has a reaction field 14 where a catalyst is provided inside and a reaction fluid flows. The catalyst 17 has a surface extending in a direction of flow of the reaction fluid.

Abstract: A steam reformer is use in a fuel processor system to create a water gas shift reaction between a hydrocarbon fuel and water. A hydrocarbon fuel and water are provided. The water is heated to superheated steam. The hydrocarbon fuel is mixed with the superheated steam to produce a vaporized fuel/steam mixture. The vaporized fuel/steam mixture is directed into a gap space between separate surfaces. The gap space between the separate surfaces is very small. Within this confined gap space, at least one of the separate surfaces is heated to maintain a reaction temperature range that induces the water gas shift reaction. The water gas shift reaction produces reactant gases that include hydrogen gas and contaminant gases. At least some of the contaminant gases are burned to heat the gap space.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for producing hydrogen from methanol, comprising providing at least one flow of methanol and (1) catalytically converting part of the methanol or a fuel gas with air oxygen to carbon dioxide and water, while generating heat and (2) catalytically converting the methanol or the remaining part of the methanol at elevated temperature to hydrogen and carbon monoxide, followed by conversion of the carbon monoxide with water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, wherein the heat generated in step (1) is sufficient to produce the elevated temperature required in step (2), wherein both steps (1) and (2) are carried out in a bed of sintered metal particles, the bed of sintered metal in step (2) having a surface that is catalytically active for the conversion of methanol to hydrogen, and wherein the beds of sintered metal particles are in heat exchanging relationship.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are described for converting a feed that is substantially comprised of halogenated materials, and especially byproduct and waste chlorinated hydrocarbons as are produced from a variety of chemical manufacturing processes, to one or more higher value products via a partial oxidation reforming reaction step. These products can be in the form of a useful or salable acid product and/or a product synthesis gas comprised of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, or the reaction product including the same hydrogen halide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen components can be employed as a feed in the synthesis of a different useful or salable product.

Abstract: A method of hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons for syngas production is presented. A hydrogenation feed reactor stream is introduced into a hydrogenation reactor, thereby producing a reformer feed stream. The reformer feed stream is introduced into a reformer, thereby producing a crude syngas stream. The crude syngas stream is introduced into a water gas shift converter, thereby producing a hydrogen-rich stream. The hydrogen-rich stream is separated in a separation means, thereby producing a carbon dioxide-rich stream and a hydrogen product stream. At least a portion of the hydrogen product stream is combined with a refinery fuel gas stream, and a natural gas stream, to form the hydrogenation reactor feed stream.

Abstract: This invention describes a process for producing hydrogen comprising: introducing a feedstream comprising a bio-based feedstock and water into a reformer and supplying heat to the reformer; contacting the feedstream with a steam reforming catalyst disposed within the reformer to form a reformate comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide; recovering the reformate from the reformer; contacting the reformate with steam in the presence of a water-gas shift catalyst disposed within a water-gas shift reaction zone to form a water-gas shift product stream comprising hydrogen, and the water-gas shift product stream comprises hydrogen in a greater quantity than in the reformate; heating the feedstream by heat exchange contact of the feedstream with a product stream selected from the reformate, the water-gas shift product stream or combinations thereof to transfer heat from the product stream to the feedstream prior to introducing the feedstream into the reformer.

Abstract: The invention provides a water gas shift process comprising a reaction stage. The reaction stage comprises (a) providing a gas mixture comprising CO, H2O and an acid gas component to a reactor containing an adsorbent, and (b) subjecting the gas mixture to water gas shift reaction conditions to perform the water gas shift reaction. The adsorbent comprises an alkali promoted alumina based material. The acid gas component comprises H2S.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a method for processing carbon dioxide gas (“CO2”). The method includes introducing a solution which includes a cation and a hydroxide and/or oxide to the CO2 to form a cation-containing carbonate salt; reacting the cation-containing carbonate salt with an acidic solution including a rare earth element to form a substantially solid, ionic rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material, the rare earth, cation-containing carbonate being substantially stable in the acidic solution such as to resist substantial formation of compounds selected from the group consisting of oxide, hydroxide and mixtures thereof; separating the rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material from the acidic solution; and reducing the rare earth element-containing carbonate salt material to a carbon-containing compound selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide gas, elemental carbon and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of making a chemical compound comprising nickel, aluminum, oxygen and sulfur having a general formula Ni2xAl2O2x+3?zSz, wherein 0.5?x?3 and 0?z?2x. The material is effective for the removal of S-compounds from gaseous streams, effective for catalyzing a water gas shift reaction and suppresses the formation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen under conditions where a water gas shift reaction is catalyzed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing hydrogen sulphide and other acidic gas components from pressurized technical gases by means of a physical detergent and for obtaining sulphur from hydrogen sulphide by using a Claus system. The hydrogen sulphide and the other acidic gas components are removed in an absorbent manner from the physical detergent, the physical detergent undergoes multi-step regeneration, said multi-step regeneration comprising at least one device for CO enrichment, a device for H2S enrichment, a device for CO2 stripping and a device for thermal regeneration. The various regeneration steps consist of various pressure steps and have a lower pressure than that of the absorption. A hydrogen sulphide rich Claus gas is withdrawn from one of the regeneration steps and is guided to a Claus system where sulphur is produced. The residual gas exiting from the Claus system is hydrated and is condensed under pressure, corresponding to one of the regeneration steps.

Abstract: A method of generating hydrogen, the method including: reducing carbon dioxide to generate carbon monoxide and oxygen; separating the oxygen from the carbon monoxide; generating carbon dioxide and hydrogen by a water-gas shift reaction between water and the carbon monoxide remaining after the separating the oxygen from the carbon monoxide; and separating the generated carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen comprising the steps of: (i) gasifying a fuel into a raw synthesis gas comprising CO, hydrogen, steam, sulfur and halide contaminants in the form of H2S, COS, and HX, wherein X is a halide; (ii) passing the raw synthesis gas through a water gas shift reactor (WGSR) into which CaO and steam are injected, the CaO reacting with the shifted gas to remove CO2, sulfur and halides in a solid-phase calcium-containing product comprising CaCO3, CaS and CaX2; (iii) separating the solid-phase calcium-containing product from an enriched gaseous hydrogen product; and (iv) regenerating the CaO by calcining the solid-phase calcium-containing product at a condition selected from the group consisting of: in the presence of steam, in the presence of CO2, in the presence of synthesis gas, in the presence of H2 and O2, under partial vacuum, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: In operating the carbon monoxide removal reactor or the fuel reforming system, there is provided a technique for removing carbon monoxide in a stable manner for an extended period of time. In a method of removing carbon monoxide including an introducing step of introducing a reactant gas including mixture gas and an oxidizer added thereto to a carbon monoxide removal reactor forming in its casing a catalyst layer comprising a carbon monoxide removal catalyst for removing carbon monoxide contained in the mixture gas and a removing step of removing the carbon monoxide by causing the oxidizer to react with the mixture gas on the carbon monoxide removal catalyst, in said introducing step, the reactant gas of 100° C. or lower is introduced to the carbon monoxide removal reactor.

Abstract: The system contained within this application for patent protection provides the ability to produce clean syngas, natural gas, synthetic fuels, electricity, hydrogen fuels, and oil substitutes using a variety of materials. These materials include, but are not limited to: coal, biomass (including but not limited to municipal solid wastes), and agricultural byproducts. The fuels and electricity generated by this system can immediately be utilized by existing power and transportation grids, and as such, allow for rapid integration into the nation's energy needs. The system also removes and sequesters carbon dioxide, creating a clean, environmentally responsible supply of multiple types of power. The overall process provides an alternative to current oil and power solutions, allowing for domestic production of various energy requirements, creating the possibility for the reduced dependence on foreign imports for energy needs.

Abstract: Fe—Al—Cu catalysts have numerous industrial applications, for example, as catalysts in a water gas shift reactor. A method of producing a Fe—Al—Cu catalyst comprises the steps of providing an organic iron precursor, dissolving the organic iron precursor in a solvent solution, adding an aqueous solution comprising aluminum nitrate and copper nitrate to the organic iron pre-cursor-solvent solution, precipitating a gel comprising Fe—Al—Cu by adding a base, and drying the gel to form the Fe—Al—Cu catalyst.

Abstract: A method for separating a hydrogen-rich product stream from a feed stream comprising hydrogen and at least one carbon-containing gas, comprising feeding the feed stream, at an inlet pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and a temperature greater than 200° C., to a hydrogen separation membrane system comprising a membrane that is selectively permeable to hydrogen, and producing a hydrogen-rich permeate product stream on the permeate side of the membrane and a carbon dioxide-rich product raffinate stream on the raffinate side of the membrane. A method for separating a hydrogen-rich product stream from a feed stream comprising hydrogen and at least one carbon-containing gas, comprising feeding the feed stream, at an inlet pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and a temperature greater than 200° C.

Abstract: This invention describes a new hydrogen purification process that employs a combination of at least three membrane separation units. This process allows non-stationary operations and is particularly suitable for the production of hydrogen for the purpose of its use in a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of converting a raw material stream into a product stream by passing said raw material stream through a bed of fluidized solid particles and allowing heat exchange to occur between the bed of fluidized solid particles and the raw material stream, said method being characterized in that it alternately employs a production mode and a restoration mode to control the temperature of the bed of fluidized solid particles: -said production mode comprising passing the raw material stream through the bed of fluidized solid particles and allowing the temperature of the fluidized solid particles in the bed to decrease or to increase as a result of the production energy associated with the conversion of the raw materials stream into the product stream; and -said restoration mode comprising restoring the temperature of the bed of fluidized solid particles by passing a restoration stream through the bed of fluidized solid particles to decrease the temperature of the fluidized solid

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrogen product stream in which a steam stream is reacted with a hydrocarbon containing stream within a steam methane reformer. The resulting product stream is subjected to a water gas shift reaction and then to pressure swing adsorption to produce the hydrogen product stream. The hydrocarbon stream is alternatively formed from a first type of feed stream made up of natural gas, refinery off-gas, naphtha or synthetic natural gas or combinations thereof and a second type that is additionally made up of a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing gas. During use of both of the types of feed streams, the flow rate of the steam stream is not substantially changed and reformer exit temperatures of both the reactant and the flue gas side are held essentially constant.

Abstract: Nanostructured catalysts and related methods are described. The nanostructured catalysts have a hierarchical structure that facilitates modification of the catalysts for use in particular reactions. Methods for generating hydrogen from a hydrogen-containing molecular species using a nanostructured catalyst are described. The hydrogen gas may be collected and stored, or the hydrogen gas may be collected and consumed for the generation of energy. Thus, the methods may be used as part of the operation of an energy-consuming device or system, e.g., an engine or a fuel cell. Methods for storing hydrogen by using a nanostructured catalyst to react a dehydrogenated molecular species with hydrogen gas to form a hydrogen-containing molecular species are also described.

Abstract: A fuel reforming apparatus is provided such that an assembled unit of a reformer 1 with its associated instruments (a water vaporizer 2, primary fuel gasifier 3, desulfurizer 4, low-temperature shift converter 5 and selective oxidation CO remover 6) is covered with and enclosed by a vacuum heat insulating vessel 15 with inner and outer cylinders 15a and 15b and a vacuum heat insulating layer 15c between them. No heat insulating material such as ceramic fiber is required to be charged between the instruments and thus the heat insulating layer may be reduced in volume.

Abstract: A syngas cleanup section includes a water-gas shift reactor, a first operation unit and a second operation unit. The first operation unit includes a high permeance membrane with H2/CO2 selectivity in flow communication with the water-gas shift reactor to provide a H2-rich permeate stream and an H2-poor retentate stream. The second operation unit recovers H2 and CO from the retentate stream to produce a single, CO2-rich product stream, the entire content of which has a minimum pressure of at least about 10.0 bar. In one embodiment, the second operation unit includes a membrane with Knudsen selectivity for permeating H2, CO and CO2. In this embodiment, the permeate streams are combined to produce a H2 and CO-rich fuel stream used by a combined cycle power generation unit to produce electricity, and the retentate stream is sent to a catalytic oxidation unit to produce the CO2-rich product stream. In another embodiment, the second operation unit is the catalytic oxidation unit.

Abstract: The water gas shift reactor includes a gas reaction tank including a reaction chamber formed in the shape of a hollow body provided with a porous plate installed therein to divide the inside of the reaction chamber into an upper reaction space and a lower collection space and a catalyst stacked on the upper surface of the porous plate to convert carbon monoxide into hydrogen, and an insulating layer provided at the outer surface of the reaction chamber, a syngas storage tank to store the syngas, a syngas supply pipe to supply the syngas to the gas reaction tank, after the syngas is heated by a preheater, a steam supply pipe to supply steam generated from a steam generator to the gas reaction tank such that the steam reacts with the syngas, after the steam is heated by a preheater, and a reaction gas discharge pipe.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a corresponding apparatus for converting a biomass reactant into synthesis gas. The method includes the steps of (1) heating biomass in a first molten liquid bath at a first temperature, wherein the first temperature is at least about 100° C., but less than the decomposition temperature of the biomass, wherein gas comprising water is evaporated and air is pressed from the biomass, thereby yielding dried biomass with minimal air content. (2) Recapturing the moisture evaporated from the biomass in step 1 for use in the process gas. (3) Heating the dried biomass in a second molten liquid bath at a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is sufficiently high to cause flash pyrolysis of the dried biomass, thereby yielding product gases, tar, and char. (4) Inserting recaptured steam into the process gas, which may optionally include external natural gas or hydrogen gas or recycled syngas for mixing and reforming with tar and non-condensable gases.

Abstract: A process and a system are provided for producing and separating hydrogen and carbon dioxide from a hydrocarbon and steam. A hydrocarbon and steam are steam reformed and the reformed gas is shift reacted to produce a shift gas. Hydrogen is removed from the shift gas, and the hydrogen-depleted gas is reformed and shift reacted again to produce more hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The hydrogen and carbon dioxide are then separated.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen, comprising the steps of: (a) gasifying a fuel into a raw synthesis gas comprising CO, hydrogen, steam and sulfur and halide contaminants in the form of H2S, COS and HX, where X is a halide; (b) passing the raw synthesis gas through a water gas shift reactor (WGSR) into which CaO and steam are injected, the CaO reacting with the shifted gas to remove CO2, sulfur and halides in a solid-phase calcium-containing product comprising CaCO3, CaS and CaX2; (c) separating the solid-phase calcium-containing product from an enriched gaseous hydrogen product; and (d) regenerating the CaO by calcining the solid-phase calcium-containing product at a condition selected from the group consisting of: in the presence of steam, in the presence of CO2, in the presence of synthesis gas, in the presence of H2 and O2, under partial vacuum, and combinations thereof. The CaO may have a surface area of at least 12.0 m2/g and a pore volume of at least 0.

Abstract: A method of reducing the amount of carbon monoxide in process fuel gas in a feed stream for a fuel cell. The method includes introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a primary reactor and reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream in effective contact with a reforming catalyst forming primary reactor products containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane; placing a high activity water gas shift catalyst system into a water gas shift converter, introducing the primary reactor products into the water gas shift converter in effective contact with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system, and reacting the carbon monoxide and water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a water gas shift reaction forming the feed stream for the fuel cell; and introducing the feed stream into the fuel cell. The high water gas shift catalyst system includes a noble metal, a support comprising a mixed metal oxide of cerium oxide and at least one of zirconium oxide or lanthanum oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts for the production of hydrogen using the water gas shift reaction and the carbon dioxide reforming of hydrocarbon-containing fuels. The catalysts nickel and/or copper on a ceria/zirconia support, where the support is prepared using a surfactant templating method. The invention also includes processes for producing hydrogen, reactors and hydrogen production systems utilizing these catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention involves a process and materials for simultaneous desulfurization and water gas shift of a gaseous stream comprising contacting the gas stream with a nickel aluminate catalyst. The nickel aluminate catalyst is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ni2xAl2O2x+3, Ni(2?y)Ni0yAl2O(5?y), Ni(4?y)Ni0yAl2O(7?y), Ni(6?y)Ni0yAl2O(9?y), and intermediates thereof, wherein x?0.5 and 0.01?y?2. Preferably, x is between 1 and 3. More preferably, the nickel containing compound further comprises Ni2xAl2O2x+3?zSz wherein 0?z?2x.