Abstract: A process is described for decaffeinating caffeine-containing aqueous extracts with which the caffeine is extracted selectively with activated carbon fibers.

Abstract: An amorphous silica has a pore volume in the range of from about 1.6 to about 2.5 cc g.sup.-1, a mean pore diameter in the range of from about 8.0 to about 20 nm, a surface area in the range from about 450 to about 1100 m.sup.2 g.sup.-1 and an oil absorption in the range of from about 250 to about 350 cc/100g.

Abstract: Amide-containing polymers characterized by the presence of piperazine amide and/or substituted piperazine amide in the polymer chain are used as adsorbents to remove polyphenolic compounds from liquids. The compositions are especially useful in combination with protein removal agents such as silica gel or tannin. The amide-containing polymer compositions (alone or in combination with protein removal agents) are especially useful in the stabilization and/or chillproofing of plant derived liquids or beverages such as beer, wine, fruit juice and vegetable juice.

Abstract: A stabilizing agent for beer comprising a particular amorphous silica exhibiting a large negative zeta-potential in the pH region of the beer. The amorphous silica is of the xerogel type and has a specific surface area of from 100 to 600 m.sup.2 /g, a porous volume of 1 to 2 cc/g, and OH groups in a number of not larger than 7/nm.sup.2 on the silica surface, and an aqueous suspension thereof exhibits a pH of from 4 to 6.2 and a zeta-potential of negative polarity, the absolute value thereof being not smaller than 20 mV. When used as a stabilizing agent for beer, the amorphous particulate silica effectively removes the haze since the aqueous suspension thereof exhibits a weakly acidic pH which is close to that of the beer and a large negative zeta-potential, and helps improve froth-holding property and fragrance-retaining property of the beer.

Abstract: A process for treating cooking oil or fat which comprises contacting cooking oil or fat with magnesium silicate and at least one alkali material, such as, for example, calcium hydroxide. The magnesium silicate and at least one alkali material are present in amounts effective to reduce the content of free fatty acids in the oil or fat and permit reuse of the oil or fat for cooking. Such method provides for improved extension of the life of the cooking oil employed in restaurant-type and industrial frying operations.

Abstract: With the method of processing liquids, fine to very fine organic and/or inorganic granular particles are used, whereby pursuant to the invention the particles are mixed and compressed together in a first step to form an agglomerate that is heated at least to a temperature that is near the melting point thereof. The particles are thereby fixed in place by being subjected to a process similar to sintering for a suitable length of time, whereupon the resulting agglomerate is screened, or reduced in size in a grinder, to a granular size that is suitable for an intended use. This enables stabilizing and filtering aids to be produced with predetermined or predictable physical or chemical properties that are suitable for specific processes.

Abstract: The treatment of cooking oil with a combination of alumina and amorphous silica is disclosed. This combination, preferably with a silica hydrogel and a hydrated alumina, reduces all contaminants known to degrade the oil without introducing metals or increasing undesirable soaps.

Abstract: A method and adsorbent for increasing the life of edible oils are disclosed. The present method comprises substantially continuous treatment of edible oil with activated carbon during processes carried out at elevated temperature. The treatment may be by filtration through a filter means containing activated carbon or by immersion within the oil of an oil porous enclosure containing activated carbon. An adsorbent for substantially continuous use at elevated temperature is also disclosed. The adsorbent includes antioxidant impregnated activated carbons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the removal of cholesterol from a processed or un processed dairy product, which process comprises: (a) obtaining a processed or unprocessed dairy product containing cholesterol (b) contacting the dairy product at a temperature of between about 35.degree. and 80.degree. C. with an amount of saponin effective to bind up to about 90% of the cholesterol present in the dairy product; (c) contacting a temperature of between about 35.degree. and 80.degree. C. the cholesterol:saponin with an effective amount of diatomaceous earth; (d) separating the insoluble cholesterol: saponin/diatomaceous earth by filtration or centrifugation; and (e) recovering the dairy product having a reduced content of cholesterol. The process particularly useful wherein the dairy product is selected form raw milk, pasteurized milk, raw cream, pasteurized cream, butteroil or anhydrous fat.

Abstract: Polyol polyesters are purified by a process comprising bleaching with a specific silica gel and/or heat treatment and removal of volatile products by steam deodorization. Any steam deodorization is at reduced temperatures or in admixture with triglycerides to minimize thermal degradation of the polyol polyesters.

Abstract: The process comprises bringing into contact a naturally alcoholic beer with a hydrophobic zeolite, separating the aqueous eluent phase from the adsorbent, thermally desorbing the adsorbed products, recovering the desorbed phase and separating it by distillation into an alcoholate and an aromatized phase, then reconstituting an alcohol-free beer by mixing the dealcoholized aqueous phase and the aromatized phase with, secondarily, saturation of the reconstituted beer with gaseous carbon dioxide. The reconstituted beer preserves the organoleptic properties of the initial beer.

Abstract: Amorphous silica can be prepared in a stable and pumpable suspension, suitable for use in alcoholic beverage stabilisation, by adding a polysaccharide or inorganic gelling agent. Examples of polysaccharides are carboxy methyl celluloses, guar gum and Xanthan gum. Preferably the suspension contains sorbic acid, benzoic acid or a benzoate to give synergistic action with the polysaccharide.

Abstract: In a process for deacidifying and improving the flavor of so called secondary extracts obtained in the production of instant coffees, the secondary extracts are pumped over alkaline molecular sieves and are therewith completely or partially liberated from acids and flavor-impeding organic compounds.

Abstract: Caffeine is extracted from the raw coffee by means of an aqueous liquid and adsorbed from the latter on an adsorption agent such as activated charcoal. In order for the adsorption agent to absorb as little as possible of other substances that are extractable from the coffee, the agent is previously loaded with such other extractable substances or with substitute substances having a molecular structure and size similar to the latter, more particularly with carbohydrates as exemplified by cane sugar. The aqueous extractant is preferably a caffeine-free coffee extract solution which substantially extracts only caffeine from the coffee. Other aqueous liquids may be employed, but generally require recombination with the coffee after the adsorption step.

Abstract: An aqueous medium in which glucoamylase is dissolved, is contacted with nitrogen-functionalized amorphous precipitated silica having a pore diameter at the maximum of the volume pore size distribution function of from about 7 to about 100 nanometers, whereby at least a portion of the glucoamylase is adsorbed by the nitrogen-functionalized amorphous precipitated silica. The process is particularly suitable for removing glucoamylase from draught beer.

Abstract: A composition that provides improved chillproofing of beer and other beverages is disclosed. The composition comprises a silica gel reacted with a metal, said metal having the capability of being sorbed and desorbed from the silica gel in response to pH and concentration changes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparation of plasma powder characterized by catalytic treatment of plasma with colloidal silica and subsequent powdering of the plasma. The plasma powder thus obtained by the present invention is substantially free of malodorous substances.

Abstract: Polyphenolic substances such as food dyes, tannins, fruit juices and wine colorings are removed from a solution by adsorption onto a regeneratable adsorbent polyamide of extended surface and controlled porosity. The surface chemistry of the polyamide may be modified by a glutaraldehyde/resorcinol treatment. The polyphenolic substances are recovered by elution with water or other protonic solvent.

Abstract: Amorphous silica can be prepared in a stable and pumpable suspension, suitable for use in alcoholic beverage stabilisation, by adding a polysaccharide or inorganic gelling agent. Examples of polysaccharides are carboxy methyl celluloses, guar gum and Xanthan gum. Preferably the suspension contains sorbic acid, benzoic acid or a benzoate to give synergistic action with the polysaccharide.

Abstract: A substantially dry filtering media for rejuvenating glyceride oils is formed by admixing a calcined metallic oxide and an expanded silicate in a tumbler having grounded, electrically conducting walls for a period of time to electrostatically produce an agglomerate. Specific examples of metallic oxides are calcined magnesium oxide, calcined aluminum oxide, calcined potassium oxide, calcined calcium oxide, calcined zinc oxide and calcined ferric oxide. Examples of the silicate are expanded perlite and expanded pumice. The agglomerate so formed is of sufficient size to facilitate filtering of the oil, and subsequent removal of the media from the rejuvenated oil.

Abstract: Terpenes are removed from essential oils by(a) contacting terpene-containing essential oils with a polar solid (adsorbent);(b) separating the loaded adsorbent from the liquid phase enriched with terpenes; and(c) subjecting the adsorbent loaded with essential oils to an extraction with compressed carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are filtered after being stabilized, e.g. with silica hydrogel. Silica hydrogel is usable as a filter aid when blended with 25% to 75% by weight of cellulose. The hydrogel cellulose and blend satisfy requirements for permeability.

Abstract: A process for removing sterols and specifically cholesterol from fats or oils such as anhydrous milk fat by passing liquid fat or oil over an absorbent or adsorbent material, where the ratio of fat or oil to absorbent or adsorbent is from preferably about 0.8:1 to 0.3:1.

Abstract: Described is a method of reducing multivalent metal cations from beer, ale or malt liquors comprising the steps of:providing an alkali metal silicate-treated finely divided diatomaceous earth (DTE); andcontacting the beer, ale or malt liquor with the silicate-treated DTE by filtering the beer through the silicate-treated DTE thereby reducing the multivalent metal cation content of the beer, ale or malt liquor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the reduction in size of the pores of a filter medium for beverages, preferably beer. Silica sol is added to the beverage to be filtered. In order to be able to reduce the size of the pores of the filter medium in a simple manner and to adjust it to the requirements, upstream of the filter medium through which passes the beverage, silica sol is added continuously or in a batch-feed process using a tank, in such a quantity and controlled such that the silicic-acid precipitation, i.e. the transition from SiO.sub.2 primary particles to SiO.sub.2 secondary particles, has taken place before the beverage has left the filter medium. The resultant silicic-acid precipitation reduces the size of the pores without sealing them.

Abstract: A method of treating a fruit-based or vegetable-based beverage to remove chill haze components therefrom which comprises contacting the beverage with an effective amount of an amorphous hydrous precipitated synthetic magnesium silicate which has been treated to reduce the pH thereof to less than about 9.0. Such a method is particularly applicable to the treatment of beer and related beverages and provides for improved removal of chill haze components from such beverages.

Abstract: An alcoholic beverage is confined in a containment vessel having an internal wall of inorganic material (glass, stone, ceramic, enamel, cement, metal) exposed to the beverage. The vessel contains additional interfacing elements of inorganic material so as to increase the surface area of the solid-beverage interface which has been found to irreversibly artificially accelerate the process of aging of the alcoholic beverage.

Abstract: A shellfish extract concentrate is prepared by subjecting an extract of a shellfish (exclusive of oyster) having a solid concentration not higher than 30% by weight to an adsorption purification treatment with an adsorbent composed mainly of a water-insoluble inorganic magnesium compound, which has a specific surface area of at least 50 m.sup.2 /g, and concentrating the refined liquid in a substantially non-oxidizing atmosphere. In this shellfish extract concentrate, black and blackish brown coloring components are not contained, and flavor components and nutrients are not substantially lost. Accordingly, this shellfish extract concentrate is excellent in taste, flavor and hue.

Abstract: A method of purifying hydrolysed protein compositions by contact with crystalline zeolite agglomerates is provided. A reduction in the concentration of chlorohydrins, measured as 1,3-dichloropropen-2-ol, in hydrolysed protein compositions can be obtained by contacting the hydrolysed protein composition with a crystallin zeolite agglomerate, e.g., as pellets, beads or granules of crystalline zeolite. The method allows removal of chlorohydrins without affecting the organoleptic qualities of the hydrolysed protein.

Abstract: The disclosed process provides for the treatment of edible cooking oils with a closed packet containing hydrated filtering material to absorb unwanted constituents.

Abstract: There is provided by this invention a finely divided hydrated silica gel which has a specific surface area of 530-720 m.sup.2 /g, preferably 550-650 m.sup.2 g, a pore volume of 0.9-1.5 ml/g, preferably 1.0-1.4 ml/g, a mean pore diameter of 50-120 .ANG., preferably 60-100 .ANG., a water content of 7-25% by weight, preferably 8-13% by weight (wet weight basis), and moreover the pH of which as a 5% aqueous suspension is 6.0-8.0, thereby producing a silica gel suitable for stabilization treatment of beer, and for reduction of the colloidal components in beer.

Abstract: Marine oils are deodorized by contact with an effective amount of crystalline siliceous molecular sieves having strongly organophilic properties and pore diameters of at least 5.5 Angstroms. The molecular sieves selectively adsorb odorous organic amines and other odor-producing molecular species, such as aldehydes and ketones, without alteration of the essential unsaturated fatty acid triglycerides.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for secondary purification and stabilization of liquids containing polyphenols and/or proteins. The liquid to be treated is first subjected to a centrifuge, or similar apparatus, which performs the primary purification of the liquid. The treated liquid is then mixed with stabilizing means that adsorb the polyphenols and proteins and filter means that retain the fine turbidities contained within the liquid. The liquid mixture is then transferred to an alluvial filter apparatus in laminar flow wherein the filter means and stabilization means along with the adsorbed polyphenols and proteins form a filter cake. The purified liquid is then transported to subsequent treatment while the filter cake is subsequently treated with a solution which dissolves the polyphenols and protein thereby regenerating the stabilization means and the filter means.

Abstract: Combinations of silica gel and magnesium silicate have been found to be effective agents to prevent the formation of haze in beer. Said haze, often called chill haze, is prevented by contacting the ruh beer with the combination to remove some or all of the components that react to form the haze. The spent combination is removed from the beer in the usual manner.

Abstract: A decolorized oyster extract concentrate is formed by an adsorption purification treatment using a specific inorganic lamellar magnesium phyllosilicate compound and a concentration treatment. Coloring components can be effectively removed without substantial reduction of the contents of taste components and nutrients. The decolorized oyster extract concentrate is very valuable as a seasoning or healthy food.

Abstract: The components of chill haze in beer can be removed by contacting said beer with a combination of silica hydrogel and partially hydrophobic adsorbent(s) for a time sufficient to complete adsorption of the components and removing said adsorbents from the beer.

Abstract: A filtering media for use with edible liquids consisting of 80 percent synthetic amorphous silica, 10 percent synthetic amorphous magnesium silicate, 9 percent diatomaceous earth, and 1 percent synthetic amorphous silica-alumina. The process of rejuvenating spent cooking oil by admixing the filtering media in the spent cooking oil, maintaining the mixture at a temperature of 275.degree. F. for a period of about five minutes, and filtering the mixture to remove particulate matter including the filtering media.

Abstract: An improved process for chillproofing a malt beverage with silica, the improvement being in the nature of the silica used and the improved results obtained thereby. The silica is aged with ammonia for a prolonged period of time. Better stability with smaller amounts of silica are obtained.

Abstract: Used frying oils are regenerated and made suitable for reuse by treating the used oils with a composition consisting of a mixture of activated clay or magnesium silicate with a gel-derived alumina. The treating composition contains from about 15% by weight to about 75% by weight gel-derived alumina, balance activated clay or magnesium silicate. Treatment with the composition significantly reduces the free fatty acid content of the used oil with simultaneous improvement in color and other important properties thus resulting in a purified oil of substantially extended service life.

Abstract: Used frying oils are regenerated and made suitable for reuse by treating the used oils with a composition consisting of a mixture of activated clay or magnesium silicate with a gel-derived alumina. The treating composition contains from about 15% by weight to about 75% by weight gel-derived alumina, balance activated clay or magnesium silicate. Treatment with the composition significantly reduces the free fatty acid content of the used oil with simultaneous improvement in color and other important properties thus resulting in a purified oil of substantially extended service life.

Abstract: Protein may be removed from fluids by adsorption onto inorganic oxide-silica cogels. Preferred cogels are silica alumina and silica magnesia activated so that the cogel surface is in acid form, with H.sub.0 values less than the pH of the protein-containing fluid which, in turn, is less than the isoelectric point of the protein. The method is particularly effective for removing haze-forming proteins from wine.

Abstract: Cooking oil is treated with synthetic amorphous magnesium silicate having a surface area of at least 300 square meters per gram to permit reuse of the oil for cooking.

Abstract: An irreversible gel composition which comprises silica gel and a lipid. A non-waxy, no melt chocolate may be prepared using the silica gel-lipid composition of the present invention by combining silica gel with cocoa butter wherein the cocoa butter serves as the lipid source.

Abstract: Precise control of hop aromatic flavors and hop bitter acids in beer is achieved by adsorbing these hop flavors on fumed silicon dioxide and dosing the fumed silicon dioxide containing adsorbed hop flavor into beer, preferably after suspending the fumed silicon dioxide containing the adsorbed flavors in an aqueous medium. The hop flavors are desorbed in the beer and fumed silicon dioxide solids become available as a clarifying agent and are subsquently filtered from the beer.

Abstract: A combination of two distinct amorphous silicas, one having a moisture content of 30% or greater and one having a moisture content of below 30%, and each further characterized by particular properties of surface area, pore volume, pore size and particle size, is used to chillproof beer (as well as other fermented or unfermented beverages) by removing chill haze precursors therefrom.

Abstract: The components of chill haze in beer can be removed by contacting said beer with a combination of silica hydrogel and gelatin for a time sufficient to complete adsorption of the components and removing said adsorbents from the beer.

Abstract: A synergistic effect on the viscosity behavior of oils is obtained by the addition of a combination of from 0.1% to 10% by weight of a high-melting glyceride of saturated fatty acids (C.sub.14 -C.sub.24) melting above 50.degree. C. (A) and from 0.2% to 10% by weight of a highly dispersed, pyrogenic silica (B), the weight ratio of (A) to (B) amounting to between 20:80 and 80:20. A distinct increase in viscosity may be obtained with relatively small additions of from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of (A) and from 0.2% to 2% by weight of (B); additions of 1% by weight of (A) and 2% by weight of (B) in a ratio by weight of (A) to (B) of from 25:75 to 50:50 are required to obtain a pasty consistency.

Abstract: Calcined silica gels have been prepared and found to have improved properties for clarification of beers to prevent or reduce haze formation. The calcined silica gels are defined in terms of their physical properties and also in respect of the surface silanol groupings in terms of the infra-red spectrum peaks.

Abstract: Inorganic chill-proofing and other agents that are used to process stable beer often contain metals such as iron and copper that are soluble in beer or other beverages. A small addition of magnesium silicate added to said chill-proofing agents, particularly silica hydrogel, substantially averts metal contamination in the beer.

Abstract: A process for removing turbidity from apple juices is disclosed; said process comprising treatment of said juices with silica hydrogel and filtering through a diatomaceous earth filtering medium.