Abstract: A processed fruit product, for example a citrus fruit product, including a packing liquid, containing little or no sugar, and optionally containing one or more artificial sweeteners, further comprising an amount of a sugar alcohol effective to maintain integrity and/or texture of the fruit.

Abstract: A method of producing a sugar free chocolate composition comprising the steps of: thoroughly mixing at least the following ingredients: 1 to 60% by weight agave syrup; and 25 to 99% by weight cacao liquor; so as to produce an aqueous solution; conching the aqueous solution; evaporating water from the aqueous solution utilizing an additional water removal means during the conching step to provide a conched chocolate; tempering the conched chocolate to provide a chocolate product; and forming the chocolate product.

Abstract: This disclosure is about making low calorie food with the use of a zero calories, zero glycemic, cellulosic dietary fiber gel called Z-Trim which is ordinarily used as a powder by itself to reduce fat in cooking but has been used in this disclosure, when combined with zero calories erythritol or very low calories fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), to be used with the Combination of Z-Trim and water. Thus one or the other serves to be used by itself or in the case of using them both serves to expand the use of reducing fat or eliminating flour and sugar or both, when used in cooking.

Abstract: Taste of a non-nutritive steviol glycoside sweetener is improved by using anisic acid in an amount sufficient to mask the metallic aftertaste of the non-nutritive steviol glycoside sweetener when the sweetener is contained in a beverage, beverage concentrate or syrup, or reduced calorie sweetener.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for producing pieces of sweetened, dried fruit. Methods as described in the present disclosure generally include supercooling sweetened, dried fruit having a moisture content between 8% and 18%, and then breaking the supercooled fruit into pieces having an appropriate size distribution. Supercooling the fruit may be accomplished by immersing or otherwise exposing the fruit to a supercooling substance such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, or solid carbon dioxide. Breaking the fruit may be accomplished, for example, by rapidly vibrating the supercooled fruit on a screen, or by passing the supercooled fruit through a cutting device such as a centrifugal slicer, among others. A system for producing pieces of sweetened, dried fruit may include apparatus for drying the fruit, infusing it with sugar or otherwise sweetening it, immersing or otherwise exposing the fruit to a supercooled substance, and/or breaking the fruit through vibration, cutting, or the like.

Abstract: The invention typically includes value-added fruit products and processes for making value-added fruit products by providing brined cherries, optionally freezing the cherries in water for about 12 to about 72 hours, rinsing the cherries to remove sulfur to less than 50 ppm, and infusing the brined cherries. Typically, the processed products comprise less than 10 ppm sulfur.

Abstract: Disclosed are ready-to-eat puffed dried food products that are high both in protein and in fiber. The cereals contain sufficient amounts of at least one protein ingredient to provide a total protein content about 50% to 75% (dry weight) of the cooked food product; sufficient amounts of at least one dietary fiber ingredient to provide a total fiber content of about 1-45% (dry weight); and sufficient amounts of a starch containing ingredient to provide a starch content of about 5-45%. The food products have a crush strength raging from about 0.25 to 3.5 kg/cm3.

Abstract: A method for making a granola or snack-food product comprises (a) mixing ingredients for said granola or snack-food product with liquid binder to obtain a formable mixture, wherein the mixing is carried out at elevated temperature and the binder is liquid at elevated temperature and the binder sets when cooled to room temperature; (b) forming the mixture into product precursor, wherein the forming is carried out at elevated temperature and whilst the binder is still liquid; and (c) cooling the precursor to set the binder, thereby obtaining the snack-food product. Apparatus for making the product is also described as is the product obtained thereby.

Abstract: The present method is related to a molecular press dehydration method of vegetative tissues using water-soluble polymers in solid-phase as dehydrating agents. The molecular press dehydration method of the present invention is characterized by that dehydration is done by induction of cytorrhysis to vegetative tissues mixed with water-soluble polymers such as PEG, gum arabic, arabinogalactan, egg albumin, milk protein, soybean protein, etc. in its solid-phase. Compared to the conventional dehydration methods, the present method enables to obtain much greater dehydration effects in the amount and the rate, even though a very small amount of polymer substance is used; and the method enables to obtain excellent quality of dehydrated tissues as well as dehydrated exudates; and is environmentally friendly under favor of reduced energy consumption.

Abstract: Dried foods infused with inulin are provided, especially whole fruit pieces. Such products are characterized as food pieces having a water activity ranging from about 0.15 to 0.5. The foods can comprise about 1% to 30% inulin. The inulin has a D.P ranging from about 2–9. The products are shelf stable and provide high levels of fiber. The inulin bearing dried products can be added to other foods such as Ready-to-eat cereals base to provide high fiber blended products without need to altering the characteristics of the cereal base or its method of manufacture.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing processed foods, which effectively exert the inherent flavor and taste of food materials, provide superior preservative stability, and keep the original form and color of the food materials; and to provide processed foods produced by the process. The object is solved by establishing the process for producing processed foods which is characterized in that it comprises the steps of contacting raw food materials with a saccharide to accrete and/or penitrate the saccharide to and/or into an intact food material without blanching and then heating the resulting mixture by one or more heating methods selected from the group consisting of steaming, baking, frying, and microwaving to effectively exert the inherent flavor and taste of the food material, and to provide superior preservative stability; and processed foods produced by the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to non-brittle dried fruits and vegetables, especially non-brittle freeze-dried fruits and vegetables, and methods for preparing such fruits and vegetables. More specifically, this invention relates to non-brittle dried fruits and vegetables prepared by applying a surface coating of an aqueous solution of a polyhydric alcohol (preferably glycerol) prior to drying. Application of the aqueous solution of the polyhydric alcohol prior to drying appears to allow sufficient migration of polyhydric alcohol into the cellular structures, thereby plasticizing the cellular structures and minimizing damage to the cellular structures of the fruits and vegetables during and after drying and post-drying activities. The resulting plasticized product is rendered non-brittle as indicated by a drastic reduction of fines and/or broken pieces after drying and/or packaging, shipping, and storage as compared to conventionally dried fruits and vegetables.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved sweetened nut butter spread having a desirable flavor and smooth texture. The sweetened nut butter spread is prepared by grinding nuts and/or oil seeds in the presence of an edible oil to form a nut paste containing ground nuts and/or oil seeds and edible oil. A sweetening composition comprising sugar is added to the nut paste to form a sweetened nut paste, and the sweetened nut paste is comminuted to form a ground sweetened nut paste. A liquid flavoring agent, such as honey or molasses, is added to the ground sweetened nut paste to form a sweetened nut butter spread. Crunchy particles can be further added to make crunchy nut butter spread.

Abstract: A method of preserving the natural color and appearance of fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables, especially for inhibiting desiccation and/or discoloration of freshly processed vegetables such as carrots, resides in coating the fruit or vegetable with an aqueous solution of trehalose or of trehalose combined with one or more other sugars.

Abstract: An uncooked oat groat or corn endosperm product comprising added ingredients is provided, wherein the selected ingredients are incorporated inside or adsorbed on the oat groats or corn endosperm and are resistant to chipping or flaking off. Methods are provided for making the foregoing products. The methods may be used with cut or whole oats and involve adding the selected ingredients in an aqueous medium to the oat groats to increase the moisture content of the groats and to allow the selected ingredients to become adsorbed onto or absorbed within the oat groats. The methods described above may be used to treat uncooked corn endosperm as a means of adding ingredients either within the corn endosperm or onto the surface of the corn endosperm.

Abstract: A reduced-calorie fruit and/or vegetable spread product, optionally fortified with additional nutrients, including whole, natural fruit(s) and/or vegetable(s), or combinations thereof, having improved flavor, texture (e.g., mouth feel), color, and nutritional value as compared to fruit and/or vegetable spread products made with conventional processes. More particularly, the present invention includes a fruit and/or vegetable spread product having reduced caloric and carbohydrate content and having increased soluble dietary fiber content, optionally fortified with vitamins, minerals and other nutrients, and processes for making, or preparing, the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a corn syrup composition that can be used in many applications in place of butter, margarine or other spreadable products. The corn syrup composition is lower in fat than conventional spreads, provides a pleasing flavor and is compatible with many flavoring and coloring options. The formulation combines a corn syrup component, such as high fructose corn syrup, with a fat/oil component, such as butter or other fats. The formulation may also include other flavorings, preservatives, emulsifiers and anti-oxidant ingredients. The formulation may be utilized in any food application but is preferably utilized as a coating, spread or as a cooking or baking ingredient.

Abstract: A process for preparing an oat-based functional syrup. The process includes milling an oat material to produce a base formulation. Material having a granulation of more than U.S. #100 mesh is separated from the base formulation. The base formulation is then blended with water to form a slurry. Effective amounts of alpha-amylase enzyme and glucoamylase enzyme are mixed into the slurry. The slurry is then cooked to convert the slurry into a syrup. The syrup is substantially flavorless.

Abstract: A process for treating and storing freshly cut pineapple greatly enhances flavor and increases shelf life. The freshly cut pineapple is first surface-disinfected. Its Brix and acid, and thus Brix/acid ratio, are measured or estimated. Then selection is made from batches of previously stored juice or other liquid medium, which may be pineapple juice from a different season or different part of the same season, or which may be white grape juice, acidified high fructose corn syrup, or blends. The juice or medium is selected to have a Brix/acid ratio which counterbalances that of the fresh fruit, so that the combined fruit/juice has a Brix/acid ratio of around 19. The cut pinapple, preferably chilled to just above freezing, is immersed in the selected juice and is stored and shipped, preferably close to freezing.

Abstract: A process for preserving fruit is disclosed which comprises covering the fruit with a mixture of apple cider, water, white sugar, brown sugar, and cornstarch, with optional flavoring or coloring agents such as vanilla extract or cinnamon.

Abstract: A process of improving the appearance of a dried fruit, the process comprises subjecting the dried fruit to underpressure at a value and a time period sufficient for, and effective in, improving the appearance of a dried fruit.

Abstract: A process for making, or preparing, a reduced-calorie fruit and/or vegetable spread product including whole, natural fruit(s) and/or vegetable(s), or combinations thereof, having improved flavor, texture (e.g., mouth feel), color, and nutritional value as compared to fruit and/or vegetable spread products made with conventional processes. More particularly, the process of the present invention includes a pasteurization step, using a swept-surface heat exchanger, for making fruit and/or vegetable spread products having reduced caloric and sugar content and having increased soluble dietary fiber content. The minimal processing of the present process enables the produced fruit and/or vegetable spread products to retain flavor, texture, color, vitamins and other nutrients which are, typically, lost in traditionally-processed fruit and/or vegetable spread products.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for processing vegetable products comprising an aqueous fraction, for producing vegetable-based foods. The invention is characterized in that it consists in: arranging vegetable products and crystallized sugar in a chamber, the weight of sugar representing at least 20% of the vegetable product weight; allowing the sugar to flow by gravity inside the chamber around the vegetable products, while maintaining the chamber at a temperature not higher than room temperature; recirculating the sugar which has flowed to the base of the chamber, so as to ensure that it is constantly circulated around the vegetable products and that the sugar is absorbed by the vegetable products, and that part of the aqueous fraction of the vegetable products is eliminated.

Abstract: The method for making high solids containing vegetables comprises immersing vegetables in a liquid of predetermined Brix until the vegetables reach a level of about 28 Brix to about 40 Brix where the liquid contains corn syrup, glycerin, and salts, removing the vegetables from the immersion, optionally spraying with vegetable oil prior to drying, and drying the vegetables.

Abstract: A process for making, or preparing, a reduced-calorie fruit and/or vegetable spread product including whole, natural fruit(s) and/or vegetable(s), or combinations thereof, having improved flavor, texture (e.g., mouth feel), color, and nutritional value as compared to fruit and/or vegetable spread products made with conventional processes. More particularly, the process of the present invention includes a pasteurization step, using a swept-surface heat exchanger, for making fruit and/or vegetable spread products having reduced caloric and sugar content and having increased soluble dietary fiber content. The minimal processing of the present process enables the produced fruit and/or vegetable spread products to retain flavor, texture, color, vitamins and other nutrients which are, typically, lost in traditionally-processed fruit and/or vegetable spread products.

Abstract: A candy product intended to be extruded in a ribbon/belt format and capable of being extruded and rolled upon itself to create a candy roll product eliminating the need of an underlying support material, and of the type generally including as ingredients, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, binders, water, stabilizers, acidulants, fruit flavorants, and coloring agents, the improvement comprising the addition of between 0.25% and 5% by weight of gelatin thereby to provide an extrudable candy.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for infusing fruits (which may include vegetables) with sugar. The apparatus includes a series of interconnected tanks (10, 12, 14, and 16). A stratified column of infusing liquor is caused to flow from a tank (50) via variable output pump (52) through fruit which is placed within the tanks to cause the fruit to become saturated with sugar. In addition, at start-up, frozen fruit is placed in a warming liquid in the tanks prior to infusing, and the infusing liquor will drive the warming liquid in front of it. Fruit juice is removed from the downstream portion of the infusing liquid.

Abstract: A process for feeding an animal a diet which alters the function and morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), a large lymphoid organ in the animal and which improves glucose metabolism, satiety, and nutrient absorption. The process involves feeding a companion animal such as, for example, a dog or cat a diet of a pet food composition containing fermentable fibers which have an organic matter disappearance (OMD) of 15 to 60 percent when fermented by fecal bacteria for a 24 hour period, the fibers being present in amounts from about 1 to 11 weight percent of supplemental total dietary fiber. The animal is maintained on the diet for a sufficient period of time to allow the fermentable fibers to ferment in the GIT of the animal.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved, intermediate moisture sweetened gelled food compositions fortified with calcium supplied by calcium phosphate that is dispersed in an oil and/or fat. The gelled compositions comprise: A) about 55 to 85% by weight nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners; B) sufficient amounts of a gelling agent(s) to provide a gel strength of about 2-8 kg/cm2; C) about 50 to 1500 mg/oz total calcium; and D) about 9 to 20% moisture, and E) about to 0.1% to 5% of an edible fatty triglyceride. Also disclosed are methods for the preparation of such fruit products involving forming a concentrated slurry of calcium phosphate having a particle size such that at least 90% are less than 150 &mgr;m dispersed in at least a portion of the oil and/or fat, forming a gellable blend and admixing the gellable composition with the slurry to form a gellable calcium fortified composition and forming into desired shaped and sized pieces.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for processing vegetable products comprising an aqueous fraction, for producing vegetable-based foods. The invention is characterized in that it consists in: arranging vegetable products and crystallized sugar in a chamber, the weight of sugar representing at least 20% of the vegetable product weight; allowing the sugar to flow by gravity inside the chamber around the vegetable products, while maintaining the chamber at a temperature not higher than room temperature; recirculating the sugar which has flowed to the base of the chamber, so as to ensure that it is constantly circulated around the vegetable products and that the sugar is absorbed by the vegetable products, and that part of the aqueous fraction of the vegetable products is eliminated.

Abstract: A product and method for producing a fruit product from a fruit, the fruit including soluble fruit components. The method for producing a fruit product, the fruit product including soluble fruit components, extracts a desired amount of the soluble fruit components from the fruit and infuses the extracted fruit with an infusion liquid having an amount of sugar and an amount of soluble fruit components, the amount of soluble fruit components formulated to diffuse a predetermined amount of the soluble fruit components remaining in the extracted fruit into the infusion liquid.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method of enhancing milk production by a ruminant that includes providing a feed that contains sorbitol and at least one additional feed component, and orally feeding the feed to the ruminant, the ruminant ingesting about 100 grams, or less, of sorbitol per day.

Abstract: Premium quality intermediate moisture vegetables and methods for preparing such vegetables are provided. The premium quality intermediate moisture vegetables are prepared by (a) infusing vegetables with an antimicrobial infusion cocktail at a temperature of greater than about 50° F. for about 15 to about 180 minutes, wherein the antimicrobial infusion cocktail comprises an aqueous solution of (1) a water-soluble, predominantly lower molecular weight, low sweetness carbohydrate, (2) a polyhydric alcohol, (3) salt, (4) a non-inorganic sweetness depressant agent, and (5) nisin-containing whey derived from a nisin-producing culture; (b) collecting the vegetables and removing excess antimicrobial infusion cocktail; (c) drying the collected vegetables to a water activity of about 0.5 to about 0.9 to form the intermediate moisture vegetables; and (d) packaging the intermediate moisture vegetables. After drying to a water activity of about 0.5 to about 0.

Abstract: A grain product is provided that contains flaked grains stabilized in a solid foam matrix that contains no added fat and cohesively binds together the flaked grains. The solid foam matrix has an expanded volume formed by introduction of a gas, which may be formed in situ by evolution of a gas upon reaction of at least one gas-releasing compound with at least one material selected from the group consisting of an acid or an acidic salt when the foam matrix materials are in a fluid state. Preferably, the gas-releasing compound is a leavening agent or virtually any chemical compound that, by reaction with another compound, results in the evolution of a gas in a sufficient amount to form the desired liquid foam that can be dried or cured to form a solid foam matrix. The flaked grain product typically having a density in the range of from about 22 lb/ft3 to about 31 lb/ft3.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a novel processed cranberry product which maintains the spherical form of the cranberry, and a process suitable for producing such a novel processed food. The processed cranberry product according to the present invention comprises the spherical skin of the cranberry filled with a softened and sweetened sarcocarp, and can be advantageously produced in a process in which a plurality of holes are provided through the skin of frozen cranberries by puncturing treatment, then the cranberries are immersed in a sugar solution having a sugar content of 45 to 65 degrees and heated until the sarcocarp is softened.

Abstract: Nutrient rich, low fat, high fiber, carrot product containing 20-50% by weight of fiber of which 15-40% by weight is insoluble and 5-10% by weight is soluble, 0.1-1.0% by weight of fat, 10-55% by weight of carbohydrates, 0.02-1% by weight of carotenoids and vitamins and 5-10% by weight of minerals and trace elements. A process for the preparation of the carrot product requires the step of stabilizing carrot juice with carbohydrate in amounts ranging from 1-10% by weight of the juice. A formulation of the carrot product mixed with excipients.

Abstract: A method of conditioning fruits for subsequent drying for the production of an instant product, with a conditioning solution system used in the method comprising multiple conditioning agents which are permissible under the laws relating to food and drugs, the fruits, as whole and cut fruits in a fresh or frozen condition, being subjected in one or more sequential process steps to a conditioning with calcium ions, pectin esterase, and an oil-in-water emulsion to which an emulsifier in a proportion of more than 1% by weight is added.

Abstract: A process for treating and storing freshly cut pineapple greatly enhances flavor and increases shelf life of the refrigerated cut pineapple, maintaining the enhanced flavor. The freshly cut pineapple is first surface-disinfected. Its Brix and acid, and thus Brix/acid ratio, are measured or estimated. Then selection is made from batches of previously stored juice or other liquid medium, which may be pineapple juice from a different season or different part of the same season, or which may be white grape juice, acidified high fructose corn syrup, or blends. The juice or medium is selected to have a Brix/acid ratio which counterbalances that of the fresh fruit, so that the combined fruit/juice has a Brix/acid ratio of around 19, or preferably in the range of about 16 to 23. The freshly cut fruit, preferably chilled to just above freezing, is immersed in the selected juice and is stored and shipped preferably close to freezing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fully edible feed body for domestic animals, comprising a central core having an elongated shape and a substantially circular or square section, to which at least one layer of a seed-based mixture is glued, and in which the central core is obtained by extrusion cooking from a mixture based on water, flour, seeds and optionally sugar.

Abstract: A method of infusing an edible fresh or freshly-cut fruit or vegetable is provided. First, the fruit or vegetable is allowed to reach a state of relative metabolic stasis or inactivity. Next, an infusion comprising an agent to be infused is provided, and the fruit or vegetable is submerged therein. Finally, the infusion is pressurized to a pressure for a time period. The agent to be infused is preferably a quality enhancing agent, a nutritionally beneficial agent, a pharmaceutical agent, or combinations of these. Most preferably, the quality enhancing agent may be an aroma enhancing agent, a flavoring enhancing agent, a sweetening agent, a color enhancing agent, or combinations of these, the nutritionally beneficial agent may be a vitamin, a mineral, an anti-oxidant, a phytochemical, or combinations of these, and the pharmaceutical agent may be a prescription drug, an over-the-counter drug, or combinations of these.

Abstract: A low density fructan having a loose density equal or less than 0.35 g/ml to a composition which comprises intimately associated with the fructan one or more of maltodextrins, polydextrose, sucrose, polyols and high intensity sweeteners. Also provided is a method for preparing the fructan and the composition, and a composition which presents instant dispersion properties in aqueous medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to boiled rice foods containing soybean polysaccharides and trehalose. The texture of the boiled rice foods does not deteriorate when returned to an edible state by de-chilling or thawing following distribution in a chilled or frozen state, and are free from hygiene problems associated with de-chilling or thawing at room temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of candied tomato pieces, in which tomatoes are peeled and cut into pieces, the pieces are sprinkled with a mixture based on sugar and salt, and then cooked. The invention also relates to candied tomato pieces prepared according to the process and food products containing the candied tomato pieces.

Abstract: A method for non-fry cooking, comprising a step of heating and dehydrating a food material using an aqueous trehalose solution with a relatively-high temperature and concentration; a non-fried food product having a satisfactory mouth feel, flavor, taste and being substantially free of an excessive intake of lipids; and an agent for non-fry cooking comprising trehalose as an effective ingredient.

Abstract: A moist, shelf-stable blueberry product is prepared in a form suitable for packaging separately with muffin mixes, breakfast cereal and the like. The preferred product has a moisture content of from about 30 to about 50% and an Aw of from about 0.80 to about 0.85. The process entails immersing blueberries in two baths, the first of sugar syrup and the second containing an aqueous food acid. Following removal from the baths, the blueberries are rinsed and then dried with hot air at a temperature effective for pasteurization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method of making a non-liquid fruit product (fruit chip) which has a natural fruit flavor and which can be formed in desired individual or discrete configurations and sizes.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a novel nutritional dietary composition that can be formulated for oral and enteral administration. The formulation derives substantially all of its protein from soy protein isolate or, in a second embodiment, from soy protein isolate and soy protein concentrate. If desirable, up to 10.0 wt. % of the soy protein component can be replaced with caseinates, free amino acids and mixtures thereof. A carbohydrate such as corn syrup, a gum such as carrageenan gum, a non-reactive magnesium source and optionally, dietary soy protein concentrate as well as various vitamins and other excipients may also make-up the rest of the formulation. The high soy composition provides an inexpensive and high nutritional quality source of protein.

Abstract: A technique for applying to raisins a fat-free coating which not only enhances their nutritional value but also renders the raisins more palatable. In this technique raisins to be coated are deposited in a spinnable panning pot containing the hot liquid and dry ingredients which compose the coating. The pot is then spun until the liquid cools and hardens and there is then formed on the surfaces of the raisins a thin and brittle candy coating which when the raisins are masticated is crunched into small particles, the particles being intermingled with the flesh of the raisins to impart a crunchy sensation to the eating experience.

Abstract: A process and system for making dehydrated potato products with reduced water usage, and reduced waste water production, are provided. In a first process embodiment potato flakes are fabricated by washing, peeling and slicing raw potatoes to form potato pieces. The potato pieces are then precooked using steam or microwave energy, and vacuum cooled in a process chamber. The vacuum cooled potato pieces are then cooked using steam or microwave energy, and riced to form a potato mash. Following ricing, effluents from the precooking step can be added back to the mash as a flavor enhancer. In addition, the potato mash is dried using a drying apparatus such as a drum drier, to form potato sheets. The potato sheets are then comminuted to form potato flakes having a moisture content of about 6% to 8%.

Abstract: A baked bean food product and method of making for a flavorful baked bean and smoked pork side dish. The baked bean food product and method of making includes ketchup, maple syrup, Worcestershire sauce, dark brown sugar, cayenne pepper, black pepper, pork and beans, smoked onions and smoked pork. The ketchup, maple flavored syrup, Worcestershire sauce, dark brown sugar, cayenne pepper and black pepper are mixed together. The additional ingredients are added individually to the mixture and mixed prior to the addition of the next ingredient. Upon obtaining the final mixture of ingredients, the final mixture is smoked for a period of time prior to serving.