Abstract: A lead-acid battery construction includes gridless reactively limited positive and negative electrode means combined with separator material and an electrolyte. Reactive limitation of the negative electrode means may be realized by providing the negative electrode means with inner portions comprising non-reactive (i.e. solid) lead and outer portions of reactive (i.e. porous) lead. Reactive limitation of the positive electrode means may be provided by the said negative electrode means. The positive electrode means comprises PbO.sub.2 which occurs in outer reacting portions and inner non-reacting portions. The battery having such reactively limited electrode means may only be discharged to the extent that the inner reactive lead portions of the negative electrode means become completely transformed into PbSO.sub.4, whereupon all electrochemical reaction in the battery will cease. That portion of the PbO.sub.2 of the positive electrode means which has not been transformed into PbSO.sub.

Abstract: A high surface area lead oxide composite is prepared by providing a mixture of starting matter containing lead oxide and a hydrogen bonding solvent and by then subjecting the mixture to a gaseous stream inclusive of ozone. The resulting reaction product is a solid composite of lead oxide and lead dioxide, found to exhibit greatly increased surface area and electrical conductivity over the starting material for efficient use of the solid composite as active material in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a granular material consisting of microporous, substantially hollow granules of lead powder, which is a powdered mixture of lead and lead oxide; a method for the production of this granular material; and the use thereof as an active substance in an electrode plate in a lead accumulator. The present invention provides a granular material lead powder that fulfills the requirements of resistance, size and quality, and which, when being used as an active substance in the lead accumulator, does not deteriorate in its capacity or lifetime. The qualities are achieved by means of the microporous, substantially hollow granules containing 0.5-2.0% by weight of a binder, with a particle diameter of 40-500 m and with the bulk density of 2.4-3.4 g/cm.sup.3.

Abstract: Improvements in a dry charged lead-acid storage battery and in a method for producing such a battery are disclosed. The improvements in the battery involve negative plates having an initial polarization, when on charge, not greater than zero; preferably, the positive plates have an initial polarization, when on charge, of at least 100 millivolts, and most desirably, from 150 to 180 millivolts. The improvements in the method involve, for example, reducing the initial polarization of the negative plates by partial discharge thereof after formation or by air or chemical oxidation. The battery of the invention is protected from catastrophic positive grid corrosion upon activation and consequent premature failure in service without the necessity for conventional (high voltage) boost-charging at the time of installation into a conventional float charging system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preparing battery paste for battery plate grids which includes the steps of feeding measured quantities of lead powder, water and dilute sulfuric acid to a power driven mixer, measuring the power input to the power mixer drive and adding water to the mixture until the power input is at a predetermined value. The apparatus includes a stationary mixer, an agitator in the mixer, a power drive for the agitator and power measuring means for measuring the power input to the power drive for moving the agitator through the paste mixture.

Abstract: A coated electrode having excellent electric conductivity and resistance against corrosion is obtained by electrodepositing lead dioxide on the surface of an alloy which consists of lead and silver.Prior to electrodepositing lead dioxide, the alloy is anodically oxidized beforehand in a solution of sulfate such that the surface of the alloy is oxidized. This enables the lead dioxide to be electrodeposited even in an acidic electrolyte.

Abstract: A lead oxide for use in making an active material for pasted lead-acid battery plates comprises a doped lead oxide, the dopant preferably being copper in an amount of about 0.01 to about 0.07 percent based upon the total weight of the lead oxide. The use of such a doped oxide imparts to the resulting battery improvement in various of the electrical performance characteristics such as, for example, internal resistance, capacity, cycle life and the like.

Abstract: A positive electrode for use in a lead-sulfuric acid electrolyte battery comprised of a grid supporting a layer of PbO.sub.2, said grid being comprised of an electrically conducting substrate having an adherent, contacting, at least substantially pinhole-free coating of semiconducting metal oxide, the sulfuric acid electrolyte having no significant deleterious effect on the coating and forming a non-corroding oxide with the substrate at sites of pinholes.

Abstract: A positive electrode for use in a lead-sulfuric acid electrolyte battery comprised of a grid supporting a layer of PbO.sub.2, said grid being comprised of an electrically conducting substrate having an adherent protective at least substantially pinhole-free shield of electrically conducting material, said shield being composed of a coating of semiconducting metal oxide, or a composite of at least a substantially pinhole-free external coating of semiconducting metal oxide and at least a substantially pinhole-free coating of metal intermediate to the substrate and semiconducting oxide coating, said sulfuric acid electrolyte having a substantially deleterious effect on said substrate but having no significant deleterious effect on the shield.

Abstract: A lead-acid storage battery paste containing an inorganic glass fiber extender or bulking agent up to 6.5% by weight of leady oxide. The extended negative active mass helps to reduce its lead content by about 14 weight % without affecting the lead-acid battery performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for a lead accumulator. It includes an electronically conductive core coated with an active material which contains grains of lead monoxide, lead sulphate and a binding agent which is suitable for forming a three-dimensional thread-like network, characterized in that said electrode further includes a material which is insoluble in sulphuric acid and permeable to conductivity ions, the material being chosen from the group which includes polyacrylic acid and hydroxyethylmethacrylate and being used in a proportion by weight of 0.25 to 2% with respect to said lead monoxide.

Abstract: A manganese or chromium doped positive plate for a lead acid battery, and a method of manufacturing the same is disclosed. Also disclosed is a lead acid battery containing manganese or chromium in the electrolyte. The doped positive plate has increased cycle life, hardness, and resistance to shedding of the active material.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery having a positive electrode with an electrically conducting current collector bus plate, a honeycomb matrix structure extending from at least one side of the bus plate forming multiple positive active material compartments and an acid ion porous retainer means adjacent the open ends of the material compartments, the compartments containing positive active material having lead oxide reactive material and an electronic conductive additive within an acid ion porous structure. The electronic conductive additive increases the electronic flow from the reaction site in the positive active material to the current collector bus plate. This invention provides an improved positive active material with an electronic conductive additive. The positive active material, positive electrodes and lead-acid batteries of this invention provide high energy densities and high cycle lives suitable for use in electric vehicles.

Abstract: A battery having a lithium anode, an electrolyte solution in which the solvent is an aprotic composition, and cathode in which the positive active material is formed from particles of a lead oxide having the formula PbO.sub.x, where x has values from 1.5 to 1.87. The PbO.sub.x positive active material produces a battery with a high specific energy and a single discharge level.

Abstract: An improvement in the production of tube electrodes for lead storage batteries comprising mixing a small amount (0.1 to 3 weight percent) of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with lead powder, the mixture is heated and shear stresses are applied thereto sufficient to convert substantially all of the PTFE in the mixture to fibrous form and to form a non-powdery dough. The dough is then granulated and the doughy granules about 100.mu. to 500.mu. in major dimension are used for filling tube elctrodes of a lead-acid storage battery.

Abstract: A manganese or chromium doped positive plate for a lead acid battery, and a method of manufacturing the same is disclosed. Also disclosed is a lead acid battery containing manganese or chromium in the electrolyte. The doped positive plate has increased cycle life, hardness, and resistance to shedding of the active material.

Abstract: A lead dioxide electrode structure for an electrochemical battery is formed using a mixture of lead dioxide particles, carbon black particles, and a latex. The materials are mixed to form a compact and homogeneous electrode mixture. The mixture is then coated upon a conductive layer which is binded to a shim. This structure is useful as a cathode in an electrochemical primary battery of the reserve type.

Abstract: A rechargeable electrochemical cell (10 in FIG. 1) has a negative electrode (11) with an active surface (11') of copper; a positive electrode (12) with an active surface (12') of lead dioxide, spaced therefrom; in an aqueous acid electrolyte (13) of fluoboric, fluosilicic, sulfamic, or perchloric acid, in which both divalent copper and divalent lead ions are soluble during discharging, and from which smooth and adherent deposits may be obtained during charging; and a container (14) with an electrically nonconductive inner surface (14') that is chemically resistant to the electrolyte (13).A similar cell (30 in FIG. 5) comprises also bipolar electrodes (32,31) similar in shape to the negative electrode (31) and the positive electrode (32), positioned between them and substantially parallel to them. As in FIG. 2, the container may comprise a fluid-tight enclosure (24,25) with an optional pressure relief valve (28).

Abstract: In an electrochemical cell having a non-aqueous electrolyte which comprises a solute and at least one solvent, a lithium negative electrode, and a positive active material of said cell which is slightly soluble in said solvent, the surface of the negative electrode is alloyed with at least one metal chosen from the group consisting of lead, tin, antimony and silver, to prevent selective localized deposition onto the lithium electrode of metal reduced from the positive active material during storage. The improvement is particularly applicable to cells in which the positive active material is lead oxide and said solvent is dioxolane.

Abstract: An electric accumulator or storage cell whose positive and negative plates are composed of a multiplicity of thin lead plates or lead foils which are spaced apart from thin separators in a receptacle adapted to receive an electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid), the receptacle having dimensions closely conforming to those of the stacked plates. The thin lead plates or foils which form both the positive and negative electrodes are formed at juxtaposed regions with exactly coextensive electrically nonconducting and electrolyte impermeable masks of a material adhering strongly to the electrodes.

Abstract: A lead battery comprising as an active material a formation product of a novel lead monoxide or a heat treatment product thereof is disclosed. This novel lead monoxide has a true density of 8.3 to 9.2 g/cc, an average particle size not larger than 0.2.mu., an infrared absorption peak at a wave number of 1400 to 1410 cm.sup.-1 and a chromic anhydride reactivity of at least 94%.This lead battery is excellent over lead batterys comprising active materials formed from known starting substances with respect to the active material utilization ratio and it has a very long life and stable capacities. In this lead battery, the active material utilization ratio can be maintained at a very high level over a long period.

Abstract: A high specific energy electric cell having a lithium negative active material, an electrolyte solution of which the solvent is an aprotic liquid, and the positive active material is a derivative of divalent lead oxide, PbO. The lead oxide derivation is a compound of said PbO and an oxide selected from the group comprising the oxides of bismuth, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, antimony, Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, and tin, SnO.sub.2.

Abstract: A grid for a lead-acid battery is disclosed having a network of integrally interconnected strands of lead in which a portion of the strands are offset and project from one face of the grid while a second portion of the strands project and are offset to the other opposed face of the grid, to form upstanding projections and alternating depressions. The grids are useful as current collector substrates in Faure plates.

Abstract: A unique storage cell is provided in which the active mass on the positive electrode is a mixture of crystalline and polycrystalline lead superoxide (PbO.sub.2). These cells are characterized, inter alia, by their remarkably lower internal resistance, higher activity, better charging and discharging characteristics, lower sulphatization, higher storage capacity and greater ability to draw larger amounts of electric current in a considerably shorter period of time as compared with conventional lead-acid storage cells. Storage devices (e.g., a battery) made from such cells also exhibit superior performance characteristics as compared with storage devices made from the conventional lead-acid cells. Batteries made from such cells will be referred to as "lead-crystal" batteries.Also, several methods are described for making the polycrystalline and crystalline lead superoxide (active Mass).

Abstract: The positive electrode consisting of the chalcogenide of an at least bi-valent metal is connected to the positive current take-off solely through an electrically conductive connector having an exceptionally small contact area with the higher valent metal.

Abstract: Storage batteries having negative and positive electrodes in which oxidized lead and/or lead oxide paste for the positive electrodes is applied to a metal base selected from the group consisting of tungsten-rhenium alloys, tantalum and titanium-tantalum alloys and lead and/or oxidized lead paste for the negative electrodes is applied to a metal base selected from the group consisting of tantalum, titanium-tantalum alloys and an alloy of tungsten-rhenium provided with a thin coating of cadmium, silver or lead which avoid the defects of the known electrodes.

Abstract: An improvement in the production of plate type electrodes for use in lead storage batteries from a dry lead powder mixture is disclosed. The lead powder is mixed with a small amount (0.1 to 3 weight percent) of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder, the mixture is heated and treated to convert substantially all of the PTFE into fibrous form. The mixture is applied to an electrode grid under conditions whereby a coherent, unitary structure is formed. A hot liquid (e.g., water) may be added to the mixture to form a paste.

Abstract: To obtain the active material of lead batteries one of the initial components, that is, acid-resistant fibres are settled in an electric field on a horizontal continuously moving band, the fibres being oriented square to the band and subsequently the band is covered with lead powder which fills the gaps between the fibres, the thickness of the layer corresponding to the length of the synthetic fibres. Introduced into the obtained mixture is sulphuric acid and water. The method according to the invention has made it possible to improve the strength characteristics of electrodes thereby extending the life of batteries by 25- 30 percent.

Abstract: The evolution of hydrogen in rechargeable silver-zinc batteries is reduced by the incorporation into the zinc electrode of a minor proportion of a lead oxide, e.g. either lead oxide (PbO) or lead dioxide (PbO.sub.2). The invention further relates in general to electrodes for batteries, said electrodes consisting mainly of zinc oxide and having a small amount of lead oxide or lead dioxide distributed therethrough.

Abstract: Accumulators having solution electrodes containing manganese dioxide and lead dioxide as active material on the cathode side and containing acid electrolytes. The electrolyte has a content of onium salts soluble in aqueous medium.

Abstract: An accumulator battery, which may be called an alkaline lead battery, uses as negative material the typical electrode anode materials of the alkaline battery, e.g., iron, cadmium, etc., and as positive material lead dioxide or other difficultly soluble lead (IV) compounds which are formed thanks to the addition of anions like sulphate etc., to the alkaline electrolyte. During discharge the positive electrode material is reduced to lead (II) compounds containing the anion added to the electrolyte. The electrolyte has alkaline reaction during the whole cycle of charge and discharge.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved tubular battery plate comprising a porous envelope enclosing a current collector comprising an array of members extending perpendicularly from an end member which affords a current take off lug with active material disposed between the perpendicular current collector members and the inside face of the porous envelope the ratio of the length of the tubes in cms to the free cross sectional area in sq. cms being in the range 100.1 to 295.1 and the degree of stratification of the active material in the tubes being less than 5%.

Abstract: A non-aqueous lead oxide cell having a negative electrode, such as lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a positive lead oxide electrode, said lead oxide electrode comprising a substantially uniform mixture of lead dioxide particles and lead monoxide and/or lead particles.

Abstract: A non-aqueous lead oxide cell having a negative electrode, such as lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte, a positive electrode comprising lead dioxide housed in a positive terminal conductive container, and wherein a layer of lead and/or lead monoxide is interposed substantially between the positive lead dioxide electrode and the inner surface of the positive terminal conductive container so as to achieve a substantially unipotential discharge for the cell over its useful life.

Abstract: A non-aqueous lead oxide cell having a negative electrode, such as lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a positive lead oxide electrode, said lead oxide electrode comprising lead dioxide particles each having an outer layer of lead monoxide.

Abstract: A battery in which, to improve its discharging performance, the liquid electrolyte is maintained at a specific gravity that is optimum for electrical conductivity, and a magnetic flux is imposed upon the battery plates, and other such conditions which also favor electrical conductivity, saturation, storage and desaturation are maintained.

Abstract: Tubular battery electrodes are filled with a mix of lead oxide, sulfuric acid and water to which electrolyte-resistant fibers have been added. These fibers strengthen the mass and reduce its tendency to escape through the pores of the tube envelope fabric.Also the product resulting from this method.

Abstract: An anode comprising a substrate having a deposit of lead dioxide containing bismuth and process for preparing the anode.

Abstract: A bipolar, lead acid battery incorporating titanium and/or zirconium electrode supports and having a fibre filling to maintain a pressure on the active mass located on the supports.

Abstract: An electrode having a lead dioxide coat electrodeposited on a porous ceramic substrate is manufactured by soaking a porous ceramic substrate in an aqueous lead (II) salt solution and thereby allowing lead oxide to be deposited in the porous surface layer and on the surface of the substrate thereafter soaking said porous ceramic substrate in a persulfate solution to cause oxidation of the lead oxide so deposited therein and thereon and effecting electrolysis in an aqueous lead (II) salt solution by using said lead dioxide-coated substrate as the anode and the aqueous solution as the electrolyte and thereby causing lead dioxide to the additionally electrodeposited on said lead dioxide coat.The electrode manufactured as described above excels in corrosion-resisting property and therefore proves quite advantageous as an electrode for use in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

Abstract: Lead batteries which contain lead salt solutions and/or their corresponding acids and have a titanium base plate on the positive electrode and a graphite base plate on the negative electrode.