Abstract: A furnace is provided generally including an upper heating chamber and a lower work base or firing platform. The upper chamber provides the main source of heat to the materials to be heat-treated. The upper chamber contains a muffle within which is located a heater ring assembly. The heater ring assembly is located in the middle to upper half of the muffle and includes an annular heating element that is located between an outer insulation ring and an inner quartz sleeve. A cavity or channel extends through the muffle into which insulation materials and the heater ring assembly is located. The channel area in the muffle below the heater ring assembly allows for the placement of the firing platform therein. The firing platform includes insulation material and a heating element located in the upper portion thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for enhancing the cure of photocurable dental restorative composite(s) containing unreactive monomer(s) and filler upon exposure to light radiation comprising the steps of preheating the photocurable dental restorative composite(s) to an elevated temperature above ambient prior to said exposure to light radiation during clinical usage. The heating assembly of the present invention may be used to preheat any dental material(s) stored in one or more compules to an elevated temperature above ambient prior to clinical usage.

Abstract: A dental water sterilization unit having a heat treater which raises the temperature of domestic water supply to the sterilization unit sufficiently to sterilize and deoxygenate the water and then cools the water to a suitable temperature for comfort of the dental patient. The unit may have a water chiller or heat exchanger to lower the temperature. The unit may also have a porous packing in the heat treater to enter mixed steam and water to facilitate the sterilization and deoxygenation process.

Abstract: The present invention is a thermoelectric device and method designed to create a martensitic state in a shape memory alloy. The invention allows for prolonged use without overheating, and is more less expensive and easier to use than current art. The device is comprised of a cooling tip that is made of a thermally conductive material in contact with the thermoelectric module powered by an external DC converter. A heat sink is in thermal contact with the heating face of the module with cooling fins to draw heat away from the module. A continuous supply of cooling gas or liquid flows over the cooling fins or liquid channels to further cool the module. The DC power supply is controlled by a pneumatic device that will only operate under positive gas pressure, thus ensuring proper cooling of the heat sink of the invention. The cooling tip extends from the front end of an insulating body, the body having a threaded chucking hold for easy removal and changeout of the cooling tip.

Abstract: A muffle furnace for producing dental prosthesis has a muffle into which dental material is placed and a drive to which a piston is connected. The piston is moveable by the drive into the muffle to apply pressure onto the dental material. A pressure sensing device for measuring pressure applied to the dental material is provided. The pressure sensing device has a pressure sensor and a deformation member having a first side and a second side. The first side of the deformation member is subjected to a counter force of the piston and the second side of the deformation member is fixedly attached to the muffle furnace.

Abstract: An apparatus for obturating a root canal including a first member having a frame and a heatable probe mounted to the frame to project outward from the frame and adapted for insertion into proximity of the root canal, and a second member for covering the heating probe. The second member is attachable to the first member in a position in which the second member covers the heating probe and is also movable from the position to expose the heating probe. A heating element may be arranged in connection with the frame for heating the heating probe and also, a battery may be arranged in the first member for providing power to the heating element. Preferably, a manual switch is provided to control the heating element and enable regulation of the temperature of the heating probe.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel device for providing heat to dental and periodontal structures and a novel process for brightening teeth, together with a novel use of old known processes for brightening teeth. The novel device comprises a splint/stint or vacumformed dental tray, containing a heating element to be placed around the tooth or teeth to be brightened. The novel process for brightening/whitening teeth entails using the splint containing the heating element in conjunction with standard tooth whiteners with a brightening agent. The heating element is attached to a power source, preferably mobile and transportable, so that the process may be accelerated by the heating of the brightening agent, in accordance with the Q10 rule.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for bleaching teeth. The method involves heating a dental bleaching solution capable of yielding a bleaching vapor having a concentrated peroxide molecule content when heated until the bleaching vapor is obtained, and thereafter applying the bleaching vapor to a surface of at least one tooth in order to bleach the tooth. The apparatus includes a housing defining a chamber to be partially filled with a bleaching solution, the bleaching solution being capable of yielding a bleaching vapor having a concentrated peroxide content when heated.

Abstract: A dental scaling system includes a scaling instrument with a handpiece and a scaling tip at the end of the handpiece. An ultrasonic transducer is connected to the scaling tip, and there is an irrigant outlet in the scaling tip. A cable is attachable to the handpiece and includes an irrigant passage and two lead wires for supplying irrigant and electrical energy to the handpiece. An irrigant supply bottle is releasably attachable on a housing, and the cable is attachable on the housing. The housing includes an air pump to pressurize and transfer irrigant liquid from the irrigant supply bottle through the cable to the handpiece. The housing also includes electronics to power and control the ultrasonic transducer. Each irrigant supply bottle includes a mounting member with a pair of wings, received in a forked docking assembly on the housing, with the mounting member lockable in the docking assembly.

Abstract: A medical or dental probe having a resistive, integrally heated tip including a superelastic material such as nickel-titanium alloy. The probe tip provides a nearly continuous, controllable heat, and it may have a narrow, pointed shape. The tip may be heated rapidly, and it provides rapid heating of the instrument, continuous supply of heat for the purpose desired, and concentration of maximum heat at the end of the tip. The added flexibility allows the tip to follow the curvature of a canal of a tooth without the need to pre-bend the tip which increases the working life of the tip and provides for improved packing of the material used to fill the root canal.

Abstract: Dental parts which are permanently installed in the mouth such as acrylic teeth or jackets, bridges, crown veneers, acrylic crowns, crowns with an acrylic face or coating, and other permanent dental restorations containing acrylic are produced quickly and without substantial distortion or breakage without the use of a dental flask. Rock plaster is formed into a nest-shaped piece. The nest may be a vertical nest or horizontal nest which has a generally centrally located hollow portion or cavity having an open top. A dental part, made of wax, may then be inserted into the cavity and pressed by hand into the surface of the rock plaster to make or form an impression of the wax part within the inside surface of the nest. After the rock plaster dries or cures, the wax may be melted and removed from the nest. Heat-curable acrylic may then be dripped or poured into the hollow portion of the nest where it covers and fills the impression left by the wax dental part.

Abstract: An endodontic system of shaping instruments, irrigation cannulas, filling instruments and materials designed to safely create specific tapers of root canal preparations and to clean, dry, seal, and restore them. The shaping instruments are a series of reamers, files, and handpiece burs, made of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, or other alloys, which impart several different specifically-tapered apertures in root canals. The instruments have one or more safety features to eliminate perforating curved roots, including shorter flute length as the angle of taper increases and variable sharpness along the length of the flute portion, as well as variable flute pitch along the length of the flute portion to maximize cutting efficiency and resistance to breakage, and a rounded tip to eliminate ledging. The hand instruments have a handle designed to optimize use of the instruments in apically directed, rotary cutting motions.

Abstract: A casing seals to the edge of a mirror blank to form an autoclavable unit. An electrically energizable heater element is enclosed within the unit. The element is connected to a plug which extends from the casing and is adapted to engage a socket when the unit nests in a recess in a rack. A transformer is connected to the socket such that the heater is energized to preheat the unit while in the rack. Removal of the unit from the rack disconnects the electric supply, permitting the preheated unit to used without danger of shock. Several units may be preheated simultaneously on a single rack.

Abstract: Dental or endodontic instruments such as drills, files, rasps, broaches, reamers, and the like are arranged to allow radiation of electromagnetic energy into a man-made or natural cavity in the tooth under treatment. The energy may be in the form of microwave or radio-frequency (RF) radiation. The energy raises the temperature of the surrounding tooth material, which tends to disinfect the material as a direct consequence of the temperature. Also, if a disinfectant material is additionally introduced into the tooth cavity, the temperature of the disinfectant material itself may be raised, which enhances its activity. In the particular application to the removal of degenerated pulp, the instrument may be introduced, and electrical or electromagnetic power applied to coagulate the pulp about the instrument, allowing more complete removal of the pulp. The dental instrument may be used with an RF energy delivery system for application of particular amounts of energy per unit time (power).

Abstract: An electro-surgical instrument and method is described for exposing gingival areas in preparation for a dental implant. The instrument includes an elongated handle, a leg extending perpendicular to the handle adjoined therewith, and a circular cutting loop. The loop is defined by a plane perpendicular to the leg and tangentially attached thereto along a circumference of the loop. The loop is formed of a unitary electrically conductive wire such as tungsten, and extends into the leg and at least partially into the handle. A high frequency current is passed through the wire into the loop to best activate the latter for cutting the gingival areas.

Abstract: A toothbrush (10) for applying an electrical stimulus to the gingival region has an electrode (40) on the handle and an electrode (22) having nibs (24) at the base of the bristles (20). Electronic circuitry (28) is housed in the handle (14) for applying a bipolar voltage waveform, which is preferably a square wave of about 50 Hz, across the electrodes (22,40). A device such as an LED or buzzer is provided for indicating when the toothbrush is switched on.

Abstract: A molten wax applicator for use in building up wax patterns and forms, particularly in dental applications. A hollow, heated stock provides a reservoir for holding molten wax. A nozzle having a wax-dispensing tip connects to the stock. A conduit through the nozzle interconnects the reservoir with the dispensing tip. A valve raceway intercepts the conduit. A valve incorporating resilient, polymeric conduit-sealing elements works in the raceway. A valve actuator with associated lock is connected to the valve for shifting it between open and closed positions permitting, in the open position, controlled dropwise or continuous flow of molten wax to the work.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing an inflammatory condition relating to periodontitis made up of a probe with sensors for measuring temperature within a periodontal pocket. The apparatus further comprises a graduated scale for measuring the depth of the periodontal pocket. Also provided is equipment for recording the temperature difference between the bottom and the mouth of the periodontal pocket.

Abstract: A device for heating flowing media in a handpiece, particularly air or water for use in dentistry procedures, includes a structural unit for controllably heating a flowing medium disposed in a housing in a sealed manner such that an annular flow passage is formed between an interior wall of the housing and the structural unit. The structural unit includes a PTC resistor having end faces disposed between and in thermal and electrical contact with a pair of porous sintered metal heat exchanger elements at a non-zero angle to the direction of medium flow. Connectors on the opposing ends of the unit contact the sintered heat exchanger elements to flow connect the structural unit in a medium flow line and to electrically connect the PTC resistor to a heating control circuit.

Abstract: A compact, in-line electric water heater is provided for heating water to a temperature suitable for dental operations. The heater includes a cylindrical inner tube containing an electrical heater element and a cylindrical outer tube concentrically spaced therefrom, through which water to be heated is circulated. An inlet and outlet for the water is located at one end of a chamber formed between the tubes. A control thermostat is operatively mounted on an area of the outer tube which is flattened so as to contact the inner tube and is responsive to the temperature of the outer tube. A thermal limiter is also mounted to the outer tube to function as a safety device should the control thermostat malfunction.

Abstract: A dental handpiece apparatus having a heating unit contains a liquid supply source, liquid flow passages for ejecting a liquid from the liquid supply source at an ejection passage provided at a distal end of a main body of a handpiece, a gas supply source, gas flow passages for ejecting a gas from the gas supply source at the ejection passage and a heating unit provided in at least one the liquid flow passages and the gas flow passages for heating at least one of the liquid and the gas.

Abstract: Irrigation system and method for delivering a selected one of multiple liquid solutions to a treatment site include a plurality of solution reservoirs, each including a quantity of a respective liquid solution, a handpiece, a selector valve for fluidly coupling the handpiece to a selected one of the liquid solutions and a pump for causing a selected one of the liquid solutions to flow to the handpiece for delivery to the treatment site. Each of the liquid solutions may have a color which is distinguishable from the color of the other liquid solutions and the tubing to the handpiece is transparent so that the color of a liquid solution flowing through the tube is visible during treatment thereby enabling the identity of the particular solution being used to be quickly verified during treatment. The irrigation system is preferably a closed system with the pump as well as a heater for heating the liquid solution being situated outside of the flow path of the liquid solution.

Abstract: A dental heating apparatus has a cylindrical housing and a heating element in a heating chamber. There is a first tube to transfer air from an air supply source and a second tube to transfer water from a water supply source to the dental tool. The first tube and the second tube enter a first end and exit a second end of the heating chamber. The first tube and the second tube are in a heat conducting contact with and coil around the heating element. There is a preheat temperature sensor in intimate contact with an inlet end of the first and second tube before the first and second tubes contact the heating element. The postheat temperature sensor is in intimate contact with an exit end of the first and second tubes after the first and second tubes break contact with the heating element. There is a heating element circuit connected to the heating element to supply power.

Abstract: There is disclosed a device for detecting the position of an apical foramen of a tooth's root by measuring a change in the impedance between a measuring needle inserted into a tooth's root canal and an electrode abutting on oral mucosa. This device includes a circuit for generating two kinds of different frequency signals, detection circuits for detecting a change in the impedance in response to the respective frequencies and a "difference" detection circuit for successively comparing outputs of the detection circuits and for producing a "difference" signal, and a feed back circuit for feeding an output of the "difference" detection circuit to one of the input terminals of the "difference" detection circuit so as to equalize its two inputs by addition or by subtraction and thereby to make its output equal to zero.

Abstract: Irrigation system and method for delivering a selected one of multiple liquid solutions to a treatment site include a plurality of solution reservoirs, each including a quantity of a respective liquid solution, a handpiece, a selector valve for fluidly coupling the handpiece to a selected one of the liquid solutions and a pump for causing a selected one of the liquid solutions to flow to the handpiece for delivery to treatment site. Each of the liquid solutions may have a color which is distinguishable from the color of the other liquid solutions and the tubing to the handpiece is transparent so that the color of a liquid solution flowing through the tube is visible during treatment thereby enabling the identity of the particular solution being used to be quickly verified during treatment. The irrigation system is preferably a closed system with the pump as well as a heater for heating the liquid solution being situated outside of the flow path of the liquid solution.

Abstract: A wax shaping tool of the present invention is a tool which is used in manufacturing an artificial denture model by a dental technician.

Abstract: An improved method is proposed for releasing brackets from bonded joints whereby also ceramic brackets can be removed. Herein, the layer of bonding agent is subjected to pulse-shaped heat input by transfer of heat from an instrument to the bracket, with a safety device allowing only a suitable amount of heat for the respective type of bracket to be transferred.

Abstract: A debonding tip for electrothermal debonding device is disclosed. This debonding tip fits around the mesio distal sides and into the saddle slot of a dental bracket. The debonding tip causes rapid heating of the dental bracket and weakens the adhesive bond used to bond brackets to teeth. With the increased viscosity, the bracket is able to be rotated around and pulled off the tooth.

Abstract: A dental probe assembly includes a tool having a handle portion at one end thereof and a portion detachably connected to the handle. A probe tip is mounted to the neck portion. The probe tip is a disposable light conducting and emitting member. Light is transmitted to the probe tip. The tool also transmits the amount of light emitted by the probe tip. In use, the probe tip would be inserted into a gum pocket and the amount of light would be sensed which would correspond to the length of the probe tip outside of the pocket. This value would be compared with a standard value which corresponds to the full length of the probe tip and the comparison would indicate the depth of the pocket.

Abstract: A heater for dental impression compound includes an insulative holder made of two hinged Teflon leaves which hold a metal container against an electrically heated plate to elevate the temperature of the compound to a working temperature. The holder enables manual handling of the heated container.

Abstract: A thermal tooth tester includes a handpiece which carries circulating water from a heated reservoir through an applicator tip located at the end of the handpiece. The reservoir includes a circulation pump and a temperature control with sensing means to accurately control the temperature of the circulating fluid and, hence, the temperature of the applicator tip. The handpiece further includes a replaceable disposable tip sheath to provide a clean antiseptic surface for each use.

Abstract: The connection piece (2), which can be fitted in a sealed manner on an opening in the pulp chamber of a tooth, comprises a liquid injector (24) and a discharge duct (25) which lead into the pulp chamber. A vacuum pump (5) is connected to the discharge duct (25) so as to produce bubbles in the liquid inside the tooth. A pressure pump (3) connected to a liquid reservoir conveys the said liquid to the injector (24) so as to produce, by means of impulsion of the said bubbles, a cavitation in the liquid inside the tooth, owing to the action of the pressure.

Abstract: A heated dental mirror is disclosed which includes in combination a handle portion and separable reflecting portion. The handle portion includes a hollow, cylindrical body within which are positioned a two cell electrically rechargeable battery. The body includes a first phone jack to facilitate recharging of the battery by employing a battery recharging stand. An electrical circuit is provided in the handle portion which includes an LED and a second phone jack wherein electrical energy from the battery will simultaneously energize both the LED and the second phone jack. The separable reflecting portion is removably connectable at the second phone jack to facilitate sterilization of the reflecting portion when desired. The reflecting portion includes a pair of first and second reflecting surfaces, one of which surfaces is positioned to receive and reflect illumination from the LED.

Abstract: A self contained heated root canal dental instrument which combines the operations of a root canal spreader, a root canal condenser and a root canal filling material heater is provided. The instrument has batteries in its handle for use as a power source for heating root canal filling material and employs a non-corrosive dental tool that has a resistive element in its tip to provide the heating when electricity from the batteries is conducted through the tip. A method for making the dental tool is provided which comprises threading a resistive element through a cannula which is used as a dental tool.

Abstract: A dental apparatus is provided which includes a handle having a hollow interior and an end portion which is slightly curved to facilitate insertion in the oral cavity of a dental patient. Within the hollow interior, an air heater system is provided consisting of an air vortex tube. Air is delivered to one end of the vortex tube in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube causing the air to rapidly spin within the tube. The spinning air impinges upon an air flow control member at the opposite end of the tube which causes a portion of the air to deflect rearward toward its point of entry. This air is cool in temperature, and expelled from the rear of the tube. The non-deflected air is warm and directed out of the curved end portion of the handle. The invention further includes an adjustment system to control the temperature of air leaving the vortex tube.

Abstract: A periodontal probe has a probe finger extending from a handle to an L-shaped distal end which includes a tip adapted for insertion into a periodontal pocket and formed of a thermally insulative material. A temperature sensing element is mounted at the extreme end of the tip. Conductive leads extend from the sensing element, through the probe tip to the handle. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature sensor is a thermocouple or thermistor, and the tip is sealed within an epoxy outer skin. The tip tapers so that the thermal mass of the probe in the vicinity of the sensing element quickly attains the temperature of surrounding tissue while minimally perturbing that temperature. The handle may contain signal processing or temperature display units, and the probe tip preferably includes graduations for indicating probe depth. Interchangeable sensor matching circuit elements adapt sensor elements having different characteristics to a common display driver.

Abstract: A dental bleaching instrument with a source for generating heat. A temperature sensor can be distanced from the heat generator for determining the heat proximal to the teeth. That more accurately reflects the temperature of the heat actually reaching the tooth surface. The light used for bleaching the teeth provides, originally, IR, optically visible light and UV wavelengths. All UV and optically visible light is filtered except for a narrow band of optically visible light to facilitate aiming. Also, the heat source of the device is physically separable from the power and control mechanism yet electrically connected thereto, to facilitate alignment and location of the light with respect to the patient.

Abstract: A dental spray handpiece, consisting of a gripping sleeve having a media inlet connection at one end thereof and a media discharge outlet at its other end, the gripping sleeve having media conduits arranged therein which extend from the media inlet connection to the media discharge outlet and discharge media outwardly therefrom. The media conduit has an electrical heating installation associated therewith for heating the medium, as well as a shutoff valve which is adapted to be brought into an open position through finger-actuation.

Abstract: An equipment stand, in particular for dental implements, which consists of a carrier possessing holders for the dental implements or instruments. A stand which extends in a vertical direction, concurrently forms the carrier possessing the implement holders, so as to thereby eliminate a separate component as a carrier in the form of a cross-bar, and consequently avoids a complex construction. Furthermore, through a superimposed arrangement of the implement holders there is afforded a good overview of the implements which are located in the holders.

Abstract: A dental spray handpiece consisting of a gripping sleeve having a detachable media inlet connecting piece at one end thereof and a media discharge arrangement at its other end, media conduits extending from the media inlet connecting piece to the media discharge arrangement and discharging outwardly therefrom, thereby the media connecting piece possesses connectors for media constituted of air and water. The gripping sleeve which in its dimensions and its configuration forms a uniform basic member, is equippable as a spray handpiece with an electrical current circuit and an electrical power consumer, as well as a spray handpiece without a power consumer.

Abstract: A dental spray handpiece, consisting of a gripping sleeve having a media inlet connection at one end thereof and a media discharge at the other end. In the sleeve there are arranged two media conduits extending from the media inlet connection to the media discharge and discharging outwardly therefrom, of which one conduit is connected to a source of air and the other to a source of water, each of the two media conduits having associated therewith a respective electrical heating device with an associated heating current circuit for the heating of the medium.

Abstract: A dental probe assembly includes a tool having a handle portion at one end thereof with a probe mounted at the other end. The probe is made of a light conducting member associated with means for transmitting light to the probe. The tool also includes means for sensing the amount of light conducted by the probe. In use the probe would be inserted into a gum pocket and by sensing the amount of light on the probe would be sensed which would correspond to the length of the probe outside of the pocket. The depth of the pocket would be determined from this value.

Abstract: A dental articulator for mastering denture correcting technics, comprising an alveolar portion made of thermoplastic organic matter for supporting each of the root portions of an artificial denture and a heater disposed within the alveolar portion made of thermoplastic organic matter just beneath and apart from apexes of the root portions of said artificial denture and extended along apexes of root portions.

Abstract: A periodontal probe has a probe finger extending from a handle to an L-shaped distal end which includes a probe stem portion adapted for insertion into a periodontal pocket and formed of a thermally insulative material. A temperature sensing element is mounted at the extreme end of the stem portion. Conductive leads extend from the sensing element, through the probe tip to the handle. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature sensor is a thermistor which, together with the probe stem portion, is sealed within an epoxy outer skin. The tip tapers so that the thermal mass of the probe in the vicinity of the sensing element quickly attains the temperature of surrounding tissue while minimally perturbing that temperature. The handle contains signal processing and temperature display units, and the probe tip includes graduations for indicating probe depth. Interchangeable sensor matching circuit elements adapt sensor elements having different characteristics to a common display driver.

Abstract: A control of the adhesive layer is to be achieved with a process and a device for removal of brackets or other metallic dental objects serving for orthodontic treatment which have been glued onto dental enamel wherein the layer of glue between the bracket or the object and the dental enamel is to be reduced in its adhesiveness by heating, wherein the tooth of the patient is effectively protected in such a way that a heating of the tooth itself cannot even occur. This is achieved in that the heating is performed by direct electrical resistance heating.

Abstract: A hand held device for providing local irradiation with visible or invisible light to defined processing points of tooth fillings for hardening tooth fillings during dental treatment includes a housing containing a light source for emitting visible or invisible light, a light conductor optically coupled to the light source which transmits visible or invisible light to the processing points, a fan for cooling the light source and a rechargeable battery and means for counting the times the light source is activated.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for applying dental wax, simulating natural gingiva, to denture models uses controlled temperature and pressure to maintain the wax at constant viscosity and flow rate. Placement of the flow nozzle to fill recesses in the model where the simulated gum tissue should be, can be manual or microprocessor program controlled in combination with a micropositioner.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for effecting delivery of a chemical solution useful in the softening of tooth caries and/or plaque in a patient's mouth utilizes a reciprocating piston-type pump having flow and pressure regulation for injecting a pulsating jet stream of the solution at a controlled rate and pressure, in combination with a separate heater device adjacent an applicator maintaining the temperature of the solution at or near body temperature as it is delivered to the mouth.

Abstract: A wax shaping tool comprising a handle portion, a means for slidably supporting wax rod with a stopper at the front end thereof, a forming spatula portion in front of the handle portion for holding and flowing wax, a wax melter provided on the forming spatula portion, a heater, a wax feed controller for controlling the contact of wax rod with the wax melter by means of controlling the movement of the wax rod supporting means and/or wax rod and/or the stopper and/or the wax melter. The tool enables a wax shaping work to be carried out rapidly and efficiently without a fear of wax degradation, or wax rod deformation.

Abstract: A device for and method of determining the thermal sensitivity of teeth and other nerve sensitive tissue is disclosed. The device comprises a portable probe for emitting a stream of pressurized fluid and a temperature controller for controlling the temperature of the emitted fluid. The probe includes cooling means, preferably in the form of a vortex tube for cooling the pressurized fluid and heating means downstream of the cooling means for heating the cooled pressurized fluid. The probe is covered with a replaceable sleeve made of soft, resilient material and having soft, pliable end portion for engaging the surface of the tissue under test. A temperature sensor is disposed within the probe adjacent the end of the probe where the pressurized fluid is emitted for detecting the temperature of the emitted fluid. The temperature sensor and heating means are connected to the temperature controller.