Abstract: Apparatus to simulate driving a land vehicle comprising a fixed base platform, a mobile platform disposed above said base platform, a mobile driver's position, associated with the mobile platform and in which a driver has his seat during normal use, and movement means associated with the base platform and with the mobile platform to provide the movement of said mobile platform with respect to the base platform.

Abstract: A method for coaching an operator of a machine is disclosed. The method includes the controller collecting actual data related to an operation of the machine performed by the operator. The controller determines a type of operation being performed based on the actual data. The controller compares the actual data to expected data for the type of operation. The controller flags a coaching point based on the comparison of actual data to expected data, and the controller provides an image of the machine relating to the coaching point.

Abstract: A system for comparing energy usage of different vehicle platforms is provided. The system may include a processor to execute routines stored in a memory device. Further, in one embodiment the routines include routines configured to receive selection of a driving style by a user and to select a virtual test drive based on the received selection. Also, the routines may include routines configured to output the selected virtual test drive and to output a comparison of multiple vehicles having different characteristics based on the selected virtual test drive. Other systems, methods, and manufactures are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method, simulator and program for simulating vehicular movement based upon user input parameters related to simulation topology and simulation vehicles including, but not limited to linear vehicular density. The simulator generates the simulation topology having a simulation area using the user input parameters, places a plurality of simulation vehicles within the simulation area at an initial placement using at least two input parameters related to simulation vehicle and the generated simulation topology; and determines movement of the plurality of simulation vehicles starting with the initial placement using a plurality of movement models. Each of the plurality of simulation vehicles has mobility characteristics generated using the plurality of movement models. When vehicle moves outside the simulation area, the vehicle re-emerges at a location within the simulation area. The vehicle re-emerges with new movement characteristics.

Abstract: A G-cueing simulator for a ground vehicle which includes a plurality of actuators which are operable to provide GO cues to a user in a simulated environment.

Abstract: A system and method for computerized competition useful for rewarding a player. The system and method may be utilized in arcade games, personal computer games, dedicated video games, networked games, and simulators. The method may include selecting a target reward level or threshold such as by selecting a score from a list of past scores, and dynamically adjusting the reward level according to the ability of the players of the system. The method may further include adjusting the playback of a previous competition sequence according to the adjusted reward level. In one embodiment, a previous vehicle race sequence is stored and played back as a ghost or phantom vehicle simultaneously with a present vehicle of a player.

Abstract: A system for simulating the complete operation of a vehicle, particularly a military vehicle, and to provide a simultaneous, integrated vehicle training environment for all of the normal occupants of the vehicle includes a training vehicle with all of the hardware for the operation and support of the vehicle in its normal field operation. The system also has the capability to simulate various different exterior environments along with a broad range of common battlefield conditions.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus, system, and method serve to modify a driver's behavior, reduce accident costs, and generate more revenue from a company vehicle. Risky behavior that often leads to accidents, personal injury, property damage, and loss of a driver's livelihood is highlighted in the disclosed system. By focusing on a driver's unsafe actions, the disclosed system teaches a driver to correct unsafe driving behaviors. An employer or insurance company, for example, can access all data captured before, during, and after the accident or event to assist with finding fault. The disclosed vehicle activity information system is fully configurable at all times during installation of the system and during use thereof. A plurality of integrated cameras provides constant video surveillance of the interior and exterior of a vehicle, thus working simultaneously to capture a driver's actions in the vehicle information activity system.

Abstract: A system for preventing driving skill atrophy comprises a trainer module that determines the driver's current skill level, disables certain automated features based on the determined skill level, and forces the driver to use and hone her driving skills. The system collects data to determine through on-board vehicle sensors how a driver is driving the vehicle. The system then compares the driver's current driving skills with the driver's historical driving skills or the general population's driving skills. Based on the comparison, the system determines whether the driver's skill level is stagnant, improving or deteriorating. If the skill level is improving, for example, the system disables certain automated driving features to give driver more control of the vehicle.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for communicating tactile messages to a user, such as a racecar driver, yacht crewmember, or other athlete. The system can include a tactile vest having tactile activators for conveying tactile messages to the user, including real time messages for helping the user assess and improve physical performance. The messages may be generated based on various types of sensor data, including, for example, data collected by vehicle sensors of a racecar or yacht.

Abstract: The apparatus described is computer controlled and includes a visual display system with a triple screen arrangement in front of and on the sides of a driver of a vehicle positioned on a chassis dynamometer. Three projectors project virtual scenic imagery onto the triple screen arrangement which spans at least 180° relative to the driver. The virtual scenic imagery has a progression which is dependent upon the speed of at least one of the drive wheels of the motor vehicle, as controlled by the driver, when the motor vehicle is positioned on rollers of the dynamometer. The apparatus may include a steering sensing arrangement for providing signals of steering actions by the driver, which signals are used to deflect the virtual scenic imagery in synchronism with the steering actions of the driver.

Abstract: A method for training vehicle drivers to detect hazards, the method having step that include: visually presenting to a driver a continuous drive through a driving environment comprised of at least two hazard modules, wherein each hazard module presents at least one driving scenario that comprises at least one hazard; recording where within the visual presentation the driver looks to detect hazards during the visual presentation of the continuous drive; and determining the driver's hazard detection proficiency by evaluating whether the driver looked at hazards during the visual presentation of the continuous drive.

Abstract: A system for testing and evaluating driving competency of a subject is disclosed. The system includes a first test unit for providing a simple driving reaction test sequence, a complex driving reaction test sequence and a depth perception test sequence, a second test unit for providing a low illumination vision test sequence and a glare recovery test sequence, a third test unit for providing a side vision test sequence, a first switching module for enabling the subject to undergo the simple driving reaction test sequence and the complex driving reaction test sequence, a second switching module for enabling the subject to undergo the depth perception test sequence, the low illumination vision test sequence, and the glare recovery test sequence, a master control unit for interacting and controlling the first test unit, the second test unit, the third test unit, the first switching module, and the second switching module.

Abstract: A system automatically generates a training lesson from a plurality of frames located within the storage. Each frame has a component of training. After operator-related data is collected from one or more vehicles, details of the operator-related data are saved. In some examples, the operator-related data correlates to a single operator (e.g. the driver, pilot, etc. that operated a known vehicle) while in other examples, the operator-related data correlates to several operators. Software selects at least one frame from the plurality of frames based upon the operator-related data and creates a lesson. The lesson, which includes the selected frame(s) from the plurality of frames, is provided to the operator or operators.

Abstract: Systems, method, and programs evaluate a driving condition of a vehicle in accordance with road characteristic information that is included in map data, acquire evaluation information that includes an evaluation result based on the evaluation, and store the evaluation information. The systems, methods, and programs acquire update data to change the road characteristic information included in the map data, update the map data, and analyze the evaluation result for the evaluation information acquired during the period between the time when a road characteristic is modified and the time when the map data is updated, based on the changed road characteristic information included in the updated map data.

Abstract: A device and a method for route guidance assistance in a vehicle that is connected to a navigation system. In order to make it easier for the driver to follow a route calculated by a navigation system, an assisting device is provided for route guidance. The assisting device includes a control unit for generating a control signal for haptic feedback to the driver of the vehicle. As haptic feedback, the control unit can output an additional moment on the steering system of the vehicle, for example, the additional moment being negative when the vehicle departs from the travel route while being positive when the vehicle follows the calculated direction of the navigation route.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for providing instructions to a user of a vehicle wherein the vehicle includes a plurality of sensors and a display screen. Instructions related to a vehicle operation are provided to the user by using the method comprising the steps of sensing by a sensor of a signal containing information regarding a condition indicative of confusion or human trigger of confusion, transmitting the signal containing the information regarding the confusion from the sensor to a processor, and then displaying instructions to the user on the display screen within the vehicle regarding how to remedy the confusion regarding the vehicle operation. The human trigger is sensed by a sensor or a plurality of sensors and includes detection of confusion when the vehicle user is pressing multiple buttons, incorrect buttons, pressing the same button multiple times, or a lack of pressing any buttons or triggers.

Abstract: A system automatically generates a remedial training lesson from a plurality of frames located within the storage. Each frame has a component of training. After an incident occurs (e.g. accident, violation, citation, etc.), details of the incident are saved. The incident is associated with a person (e.g. the driver, pilot, etc. that had the incident). Software runs on a computer system and selects at least one remedial frame from the plurality of frames based upon data within the details of the incident and creates a remedial lesson. The remedial lesson, which includes the selected frame(s) from the plurality of frames, is provided to the person.

Abstract: A simulation system for a machine is disclosed. The simulation system has a user interface configured to display a simulated environment, and a controller in communication with the user interface. The controller is configured to receive historical information related to performance of a machine, and recreate a past operation of the machine from the received historical information. The controller is also configured to provide to the user interface the recreated past operation for display in the simulated environment.

Abstract: A method for training an operator to control a powered system is disclosed including operating the powered system with an autonomous controller, and informing an operator of a change in operation of the powered system as the change in operation occurs. A system and a computer software code are also disclosed for training the operator to control the powered system.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for teaching fuel economy in a vehicle. The method includes activating an in-vehicle training mode and sending an instruction set for an initial vehicle maneuver. By calculating the fuel economy during the initial vehicle maneuver, an optimized speed/acceleration profile is computed. Subsequent vehicle maneuvers are initiated, and the speed/acceleration profiles computed during subsequent vehicle maneuvers are compared to the optimized speed/acceleration profile. Corrective feedback is generated during subsequent vehicular maneuvers upon deviations from the optimized speed/acceleration profile.

Abstract: An actuated support frame for transmitting motion to a seat with respect to a ground as a function of motion signals associated with video output, comprises a frame. The frame is expandable/retractable along translational degrees of freedom. Support surfaces are provided on the frame. The support surfaces are displaceable with respect to one another by expansion/retraction of the frame so as to be sized to support a seat. Actuators are provided between the frame and the ground. The actuators receive signals and selectively displace the frame with respect to the ground in synchronization with a video output, whereby a seat supported on the frame is displaceable within the frame. A method for installing a seating system of a motion simulator system is also provided.

Abstract: In a video game or simulator, suggested speed indicators are computed along a suggested driving line on a path (e.g., a race track) and displayed in a simple, progressive, and user-friendly format. The displayed speed indicators are based on a racer's current speed and target speeds attributed to individual locations along the suggested driving line on the path. The speed indicators provide a dynamic indication of where and how the player should slow down or speed up relative to their current speed as their racer travels along the path. The speed indicators are displayed (e.g., using color to represent different magnitudes of suggested acceleration and deceleration) along the suggested driving line in front of the racer so that the player can anticipate braking and acceleration actions as the path and the racer's speed change.

Abstract: A vehicle simulation system equipped to display information on the rear side of a driver (rider). The simulation system includes a dummy bicycle operated by the rider, a monitor on the front side for displaying a scene based on the operations of the dummy bicycle, and a lamp unit connected to the dummy bicycle and provided on the rear side relative to the seated position of the rider. The lamp unit has a red lamp, a yellow lamp and a green lamp, and is controlledly turned ON under the action of a main control unit. An input device is provided on a steering handle of the dummy bicycle. The input device has a switch for red, a switch for yellow, and a switch for green. The rider checks behind, and operates the input device according to the ON/OFF conditions of the lamp unit.

Abstract: An activity device including an activity sensor for generating an activity interaction signal responsive to a sustained large-muscle physical activity of a user operating the activity device; a controller, coupled to the activity monitor, generating a virtual environment supporting a virtual user frame-of-reference in the virtual environment, the controller generating a set of virtual education elements in the environment and a goal for the set virtual representation with respect to the virtual education elements wherein the controller is responsive to the activity interaction signal to produce an affected interaction of the virtual representation with the virtual education elements with the controller measuring a conformation of the goal by the affected interaction; and a feedback system, coupled to the controller, for presenting the virtual environment with the frame-of-reference in relation to the virtual education elements for providing the user with feedback.

Abstract: The invention relates to a simulation device (110) for training equipment (100) for a real ground vehicle, comprising —a vehicle model (115) comprising a predetermined number of function models (130b; 131b; 132b) for simulation of corresponding physical function elements (130a; 131a; 132a) of said vehicle; —arrangements (399) for engaging physical function elements (130a; 131a; 132a) to the simulation device (110). The simulation device (110) is arranged such that a function model (130b; 131 b; 132b) concerning a determined function element (130a; 131a, 132a) is intended to be deactivated at engagement of corresponding physical function elements (130a; 131a; 132a) and such that the deactivated function model (130a; 131b; 132b) is reactivated at disengagement of said engaged function element (130a; 131a; 132a). The invention also relates to a computer program and a computer program product comprising a program code (P) for a computer (110; 300).

Abstract: The invention relates to a simulation device (110) concerning a ground vehicle comprising a vehicle model (115) comprising a predetermined number of function models (130b; 131b; 132b) for simulation of corresponding physical function elements (130a; 131a; 132a) of said vehicle. Said function models (130a; 131b; 132b) are based on vehicle characteristics determined in connection to development and manufacturing of said vehicle and hereby on real characteristics of the physical vehicle. The invention also relates to a computer program and a computer program product comprising a program code (P) for a computer (110; 300).

Abstract: An assisted learning (AL) system for a vehicle including vehicle systems with input devices is provided. The AL system includes: memory that stores usage instructions for the input devices; an AL input device; an audio output device; and a control module that retrieves a respective one of the usage instructions associated with a selected one of the input devices when the selected one of the input devices is actuated after the AL input device is actuated and that outputs the usage instructions to the audio output device.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic manual display device which helps the user understand the positions of and how to operate various switches that the user uses when driving a vehicle. The electronic manual display device is a program-controlled display device for displaying an electronic manual for operating a vehicle. When a button for requiring the explanation of the switches is selected from the menu screen of the electronic manual, the display device reads out a screen for explaining how to operate the switches, which is linked to the selected button, from a storage device, and displays the screen on a display unit. On the screen for explaining how to operate the switches, an illustration for explaining the operation positions of the switches and an illustration for showing the operating state of the vehicle obtained at the said operation positions of the switches are displayed side by side.

Abstract: Navigation systems, methods, and programs acquire evaluation information for each unit interval having a predetermined distance, the evaluation information being an index for evaluating a driver's driving operation of a vehicle, and determine based on a first scale of a map displayed on a display unit, a first distance of an evaluation interval for evaluating the driver's driving operation. The systems, methods, and programs evaluate the driver's driving operation in the evaluation interval having the first distance based on the evaluation information for each unit interval included in the evaluation interval, and display the evaluation result at a position corresponding to the evaluation interval on the map displayed on the display unit.

Abstract: The “Vehicle Tracking System and Game” integrates a GPS navigation system with invention specific hardware and software. A user installs a mobile unit on his race vehicle which features software allowing a processor connected to the electronics of the user's vehicle to communicate with an inertial navigation system which collects racing information, with a remote database which features software for various interactive real-time or virtual GPS Racing Games and processing the racing information of all users, and with a GPS system in real time. The mobile unit collects, processes, saves and transmits user specific racing information continuously throughout the game. This racing information is data of racing performance parameters specific to the game subscribed for by the user. The database processes and evaluates the received racing information, offsets this information with the users' basic input data and compares the information of all users.

Abstract: The present invention provides a video-captured model vehicle simulator including at least one model vehicle, a track layout, at least one video imaging unit, at least one computer, at least one input device and/or control system and a customised software application whereby the simulator provides a user with a realistic simulation of the operation of a vehicle.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for automatic driver evaluation of a person's driving capabilities and render an outcome of pass or fail without the need for a trained observer to evaluate driver's performance. In one embodiment, the automatic driver evaluation system facilitates the display of a predetermined driving route designed for a predetermined demography, observe simulated driving performance of a user on the predetermined driving route, record errors made by the user while performing the simulated drive, and compare the performance errors to at least one threshold value and generate a score based on the comparison.

Abstract: A G-cueing simulator for a ground vehicle which includes a plurality of actuators which are operable to provide GO cues to a user in a simulated environment.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for automatic driver evaluation of a person's driving capabilities and render an outcome of pass, fail, or pass with restrictions without the need for a trained observer to evaluate driver's performance. In one embodiment, the automatic driver evaluation system facilitates the display of a predetermined driving route designed for a predetermined demography, observe simulated driving performance of a user on the predetermined driving route, record errors made by the user while performing the simulated drive, and compare the performance errors to at least one threshold value and generate a score based on the comparison.

Abstract: Disclosed is a driver training device that can be utilized to simulate the back of a moving vehicle. The training device can be utilized in a driver training program to help students learn proper distancing and how to avoid dangerous tailgating practices. A device can include a driver training apparatus comprising a taillight assembly that includes brake lights and/or other features to simulate the back of a moving vehicle. A training device can simulate the back of one or two vehicles, and can be powered by attachment to a lead vehicle or alternatively to a movable track. In addition, a training device can be adjustable to simulate a variety of differently sized vehicles and can be easily broken down into component sections for simple storage and transport.

Abstract: A training system for the solo operation of a powered vehicle, wherein the system includes: —providing means for electronic control of the speed and orientation of a ground vehicle or of the speed, orientation and height of a flying vehicle; —providing a virtual enclosure training area delineated by a plurality of spaced sensors; —providing means associated with said vehicle for communicating with, and receiving instructions from, each of said sensors; —whereby instructions received from said sensors may be used to control said means for electronic control such that movement of said vehicle is restricted to said virtual enclosure training area, and within said virtual enclosure training area, the speed and orientation of a ground vehicle or the speed, orientation and height of a flying vehicle controlled within preset parameters.

Abstract: A system for creating a coaching session comprises one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more processors are in communication with the event detector and configured to: receive data of a driving event from an event detector associated with a vehicle; analyze the driving event data to identify risky driving behavior; and create a coaching session in order to reduce the identified risky driving behavior. The coaching session incorporates at least a portion of the data of the driving event. The one or more memories are coupled to the one or more processors and configured to provide the one or more processors instructions.

Abstract: A method (400) of displaying video data using a video recording system (100). The method (400) records a first stream of video data captured by a first camera (e.g., 103) and a first event associated with the first camera (103). The method records a second stream of video data captured by a second camera (e.g., 104) and a second event associated with the second camera (104). A playback speed is determined based at least on a difference between a current play time position and a time position of a nearest one of the first event and the second event. The first stream and the second stream of video data are displayed in a synchronized manner. The first stream of video data and the second stream of video data are displayed at the playback speed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for creating and delivering courses of personalized traffic safety instruction. Instruction courses are generated based on combinations of identifying information and demographic information of a student, one or more citations issued to the student and State requirements for coursework required in traffic school, including courses associated with the one or more citations. The course of instruction includes required and elective materials and typically is configured to meet a minimum time requirement. Citations associated with the student can be retrieved from government databases and course requirements associated with citations can be obtained from Courts and State agencies. Systems are described whereby instruction is delivered to the student using a computer system.

Abstract: An activity device including an activity sensor generating an activity interaction signal responsive to a sustained large-muscle physical activity of a user operating the activity device; a controller, coupled to the activity monitor, generating a virtual environment supporting a virtual user frame-of-reference in the virtual environment, the controller generating a set of virtual education elements in the environment and a goal for the set virtual representation with respect to the virtual education elements wherein the controller is responsive to the activity interaction signal to produce an affected interaction of the virtual representation with the virtual education elements with the controller measuring a conformation of the goal by the affected interaction; and a feedback system, coupled to the controller, presenting the virtual environment with the frame-of-reference in relation to the virtual education elements providing the user with feedback regarding the goal and the conformation of the goal by the

Abstract: A vehicle simulation system equipped to display information on the rear side of a driver (rider). The simulation system includes a dummy bicycle operated by the rider, a monitor on the front side for displaying a scene based on the operations of the dummy bicycle, and a lamp unit connected to the dummy bicycle and provided on the rear side relative to the seated position of the rider. The lamp unit has a red lamp, a yellow lamp and a green lamp, and is controlledly turned ON under the action of a main control unit. An input device is provided on a steering handle of the dummy bicycle. The input device has a switch for red, a switch for yellow, and a switch for green. The rider checks behind, and operates the input device according to the ON/OFF conditions of the lamp unit.

Abstract: A brake pedal simulator air gap filler system includes a brake pedal, a pedal feel simulator engaged by the brake pedal, a pedal push rod engaged by the brake pedal, a master cylinder/booster push rod spaced-apart from the pedal push rod, an air gap between the pedal push rod and the master cylinder/booster push rod, a master cylinder/booster engaged by the master cylinder/booster push rod and an air gap filling apparatus having an air gap filling head in adjacent proximity to the air gap and adapted to selectively engage and disengage the air gap.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic manual display device which helps the user understand the positions of and how to operate various switches that the user uses when driving a vehicle. The electronic manual display device is a program-controlled display device for displaying an electronic manual for operating a vehicle. When a button for requiring the explanation of the switches is selected from the menu screen of the electronic manual, the display device reads out a screen for explaining how to operate the switches, which is linked to the selected button, from a storage device, and displays the screen on a display unit. On the screen for explaining how to operate the switches, an illustration for explaining the operation positions of the switches and an illustration for showing the operating state of the vehicle obtained at the said operation positions of the switches are displayed side by side.

Abstract: The invention describes a simulated steering apparatus provided with a base (2), a driving shaft (11) with a first and second ends. A first plate (21) is rigidly mounted to the driving shaft and a second plate (18) is freely mounted to the driving shaft. The first plate is disposed at a close proximity to the second plate. A friction means (19) is disposed between the first plate and the second plate. A motor (34) is operably connected to the second plate. A force exerting means (20), which is disposed in the vicinity of the first and the second plate, holds them together. A position sensing means (40) operably connected to the driving shaft, actuates the motor when the driving shaft is not in a neutral position. The motor is actuated, such that, the second plate rotates in a direction opposite to that of the first plate.

Abstract: In a video game or simulator, suggested speed indicators are computed along a suggested driving line on a path (e.g., a race track) and displayed in a simple, progressive, and user-friendly format. The displayed speed indicators are based on a racer's current speed and target speeds attributed to individual locations along the suggested driving line on the path. The speed indicators provide a dynamic indication of where and how the player should slow down or speed up relative to their current speed as their racer travels along the path. The speed indicators are displayed (e.g., using color to represent different magnitudes of suggested acceleration and deceleration) along the suggested driving line in front of the racer so that the player can anticipate braking and acceleration actions as the path and the racer's speed change.

Abstract: A computer game depicts or represents actual or imaginary geographic locales as part of the play scenarios of the games. The computer game uses a map database that contains data that represent geographic features, such as roads, in a locale. A game engine program presents a game play scenario to a user via a user interface of the game. An application programming interface program accepts requests for data from the game engine program, accesses data from the map database, and provides the data in a suitable format to the game engine program for use in presenting the game scenario to the user.

Abstract: The invention consists of a prototype comprising three moving parts that can realistically simulate all the forces which subject a driver positioned in any moving vehicle. The first part has a circular motion with respect to its vertical axis of rotation and is supported by a fixed base, the second part, integral to the first part has a longitudinal movement (horizontal) perpendicular to the rotation axis of the first part. The third part, integral to the second part, acts as positioning for the user who is subject to the simulator's effects which has a circular motion with respect to its vertical axis of rotation that is parallel to the axis of rotation of the first part. The longitudinal movement of the second part in synergy with the first rotation of the first part and the instantaneous angular positioning of the third part, can continuously represent a development of any force such as acceleration, deceleration (braking) and lateral thrust present in any moving phase of a vehicle.

Abstract: In a video game or simulator, suggested speed indicators are computed along a suggested driving line on a path (e.g., a race track) and displayed in a simple, progressive, and user-friendly format. The displayed speed indicators are based on a racer's current speed and target speeds attributed to individual locations along the suggested driving line on the path. The speed indicators provide a dynamic indication of where and how the player should slow down or speed up relative to their current speed as their racer travels along the path. The speed indicators are displayed (e.g., using color to represent different magnitudes of suggested acceleration and deceleration) along the suggested driving line in front of the racer so that the player can anticipate braking and acceleration actions as the path and the racer's speed change.

Abstract: In a video game or simulator, suggested speed indicators are computed along a suggested driving line on a path (e.g., a race track) and displayed in a simple, progressive, and user-friendly format. The displayed speed indicators are based on a racer's current speed and target speeds attributed to individual locations along the suggested driving line on the path. The speed indicators provide a dynamic indication of where and how the player should slow down or speed up relative to their current speed as their racer travels along the path. The speed indicators are displayed (e.g., using color to represent different magnitudes of suggested acceleration and deceleration) along the suggested driving line in front of the racer so that the player can anticipate braking and acceleration actions as the path and the racer's speed change.