Abstract: An incubation station has a carousel for receiving a plurality of test sample cards. An even temperature and air flow distribution inside the carousel and incubation of the cards over time at the proper temperature was found to be critically dependent upon air flow characteristics within the incubation station. To optimize air flow, the carousel was given an open rear side that is exposed to an air distribution table having a cover plate placed adjacent to the rear surface of the carousel. The cover plate has a plurality of elongate slots positioned in a symmetrical ring-shaped pattern in registry with the carousel. The elongate slots are positioned at an angle relative to the slots in the carousel such that each carousel slot receives air from more than one slot. An extra fan was also added to the system to increase the flow of air into the air table. Scallop features on the carousel walls also promote even distribution of air flow over the cards.

Abstract: A resin composition comprising a poly(phenylene sulfide) resin and .alpha.-alumina, wherein the composition comprises (A) 15 to 45 wt. % of a poly(phenylene sulfide) resin having a melt viscosity of 5 to 100 Pa.multidot.s as measured at 310.degree. C. and a shear rate of 1200/sec, and (B) 85 to 55 wt. % of .alpha.-alumina which contains .alpha.-alumina composed of .alpha.-crystals having an average particle size of at least 5 .mu.m in a proportion of at least 40 wt. %.

Abstract: An automatic immunoassay method and apparatus which not only permit automatic operations of supplying and discarding reaction tubes, washing for B/F separation, dispensation of reagents, and measurement, but also permit the reaction time to be varied arbitrarily and can cope with any of the assay techniques including one-step and two-step noncompetitive sandwich techniques and competitive techniques.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the in vitro diagnosis of allergic, in particular also pseudo-allergic, immunological and environment-related disorders using live biopsy tissue samples. Also disclosed is a mobile incubation device for keeping the tissue samples alive and functioning. The samples can be, for example, skin or mucous membrane particles. The biopsy sample (14) once removed from the patient is placed in a temperature-controlled oxygen-containing incubating medium (16) and an allergen is introduced, triggering an immediate reaction (a so-called type 1 allergy). The secretion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) or a mediator is then determined qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Suitable mediators are histamine, tryptase, ECP, MPO, DAO, TPS, interleukins, prostaglandins or cytokines. The proposed mobile incubation device is provided with a temperature-controllable incubator for sample holders inside a housing. The sample containers can be filled with a nutrient solution.

Abstract: A cell culture apparatus is disclosed. The cell culture apparatus includes a chassis or supporting frame. The cell culture apparatus also includes a rotor releasably housing a plurality of cell culture vessels/roller bottles, the rotor being mounted about a substantially horizontal axis or shaft supported by said frame, with means provided to facilitate rotation of the rotor at a controlled speed. The cell culture apparatus also includes a reversible multi-channel pump or pumps, mounted on and rotating with the rotor. The cell culture apparatus also includes a manifold with one or more sealable external connections and a plurality of connections communicating with the individual channels of the multi-channel pump or pumps, each of the cell culture vessels being equipped with a microporous air vent to atmosphere and a dip tube. The dip tube is fixed with respect to the cell culture vessel and positioned to permit extraction of fluid when the cell culture vessel is stopped in a specific orientation.

Abstract: An anaerobic incubator providing for a consistently anaerobic and constant-temperature environment within an incubation jar for culture of root canal contents which comprises an incubator body, an open-top incubation jar disposed in said incubator body and comprising an outer cylindrical casing made of aluminum and, as fitted intimately therein, an inner cylindrical casing made of stainless steel, a planar heater disposed in intimate contact with the exterior surface of said outer cylindrical casing, and a temperature sensor mounted in the wall of said outer cylindrical casing. The anaerobic incubator of the invention does not require a time-consuming procedure particularly for changing water, is free from aging of heater and temperature sensor performances, and provides for improved responsiveness and controllability of the incubation jar.

Abstract: A filtration apparatus for extracting particles from a fluid sample is provided. The filtration apparatus comprises a filtration well plate which forms one or more filtration wells. Each filtration well has a proximal chamber into which the fluid sample may be deposited and a distal channel into which a filter is fitted. Each filter comprises a plurality of vertically oriented cylindrical micro fibers defining a set of vertically oriented linear pores. Upon application of a sufficient downward force to the fluid sample, the fluid sample is driven into the filter and the particles are expelled from a lower end of the filter.

Abstract: A method in which a temperature gradient is generated across a "gradient" block, and an apparatus comprising a block across which a temperature gradient can be generated. By setting up such a gradient, multiple reaction mixtures held in wells on the gradient block can be simultaneously run at temperatures which differ only slightly, thereby permitting an optimum temperature for the reaction to be quickly identified. In a preferred embodiment the gradient block is integrated into a thermal cycler used for nucleic acid amplification reactions.

Abstract: The invention provides exemplary devices, systems and methods for mixing of fluids, such as biological fluids. One exemplary device comprises is particularly adapted for holding at least one cartridge having a chamber containing a biological fluid, with the chamber having a generally planar face. The device comprises a rotatable body having a rotational axis. The rotatable body includes at least one mounting element which is adapted to mount the rotatable body such that the face of the chamber is generally perpendicular to the rotational axis.

Abstract: An improved filter system and method for filtering the gaseous environment of an incubator in which volatile organic compounds and particulate material are filtered from the gaseous environment. A filter is provided which includes a first filter medium to filter volatile organic compounds and a second filter medium to filter solid particulate material. A pump may be provided which draws a gas stream from the gaseous environment of the incubator and passes it through the filter. The pump and filter may be contained within a filter unit which may be used either internally or externally of the incubator.

Abstract: An incubation station has a carousel for receiving a plurality of test sample cards. An even temperature and air flow distribution inside the carousel and incubation of the cards over time at the proper temperature was found to be critically dependent upon air flow characteristics within the incubation station. To optimize air flow, the carousel was given an open rear side that is exposed to an air distribution table having a cover plate placed adjacent to the rear surface of the carousel. The cover plate has a plurality of elongate slots positioned in a symmetrical ring-shaped pattern in registry with the carousel. The elongate slots are positioned at an angle relative to the slots in the carousel such that each carousel slot receives air from more than one slot. An extra fan was also added to the system to increase the flow of air into the air table. Scallop features on the carousel walls also promote even distribution of air flow over the cards.

Abstract: The cytogenetic chamber includes a chamber enclosure, a drying cavity in the enclosure, a door and a hand-insertion port through the door. A slide-supported, fixative-treated cell (prepared outside the chamber or in situ in the chamber) is in the drying area and air flows through the entirety of the drying area at a substantially uniform (and relatively low) flow rate. The fixative dries at substantially the same drying rate, irrespective of the location of the slide in the drying area. The invention is particularly useful for chromosome spreading and results in a significantly-increased percentage of metaphases having metaphase areas in the optimal range of 2,500 to 4,500 squared microns.

Abstract: A microplate assembly for use in analyzing samples captured on a filter medium comprises a carrier plate, a holding tray, a collimator, and a cover film. These elements are generally rectangular in shape and are sized to stack on top of one another. The holding tray is positioned within the carrier plate, the collimator and filter medium are positioned within the holding tray with the filter medium positioned beneath the collimator, and the cover film is sealed over the collimator. To prepare samples in the microplate assembly for analysis, the samples are captured on the filter medium and the filter medium is placed in the holding tray. After adding scintillation cocktail or luminescent substrate to the filter medium, the collimator is placed over the holding tray with the filter medium positioned between the collimator and the holding tray and the samples disposed in the sample wells.

Abstract: A cell culture incubator has a chamber divided into an incubation portion and a control portion. The incubation portion is adapted to contain a cell culture receptacle. A cell culture receptacle agitator is located in the control portion of the incubator and linkage between the cell culture receptacle agitator and the incubation portion of the chamber causes agitation of the cell culture receptacle. A heater in the control portion of the chamber heats air from the external environment and transports the heated air to the incubation portion of the chamber. A wall divides the chamber into the incubation portion and the control portion. The heater may be a forced air heater that provides a positive pressure to the incubation portion of the chamber to reduce contamination in the incubation portion. A nutrient and gas circulation system communicates with the cell culture receptacle in the incubation portion of the chamber.

Abstract: A bottle retaining mechanism holds a culture bottle in place in a cell in an incubating apparatus which agitates the culture bottle and detects the growth of microorganisms in the culture bottle. When a bottle is not present in the cell of the apparatus, the retaining mechanism moves to a position which reflects light from the light emitter to the light detector in an amount greater than the amount of light reflected off of a bottle when present, so as to indicate when a bottle is not present in a cavity of the bottle holder. The retaining mechanism/reflectance flag also is capable of providing a reference signal for auto-calibration purposes. The amount of light reflected from the retaining mechanism/reflectance flag to the light detector in a cell when no bottle is present can be monitored in order to detect changes in the cell. By monitoring such changes in the empty cell, drift from the original cell calibration can be monitored.

Abstract: A gas concentration adjusting agent which allows a low oxygen concentration environment, such as an ischemic environment for tests of cultured cell damage caused by low oxygen or the like, to be conveniently created, as well as a method and a system for adjusting gas concentrations using this easily handled agent, are provided. During the culture of cultured cells under low oxygen-ischemic culture conditions in a sealed container, the gas concentration adjusting agent consisting of water, a carbon dioxide absorbent, and an ascorbic acid-based, carbon dioxide-generating type of oxygen-absorbing composition is sealed inside the sealed container, so as to adjust the oxygen concentration in the culture environment to no more than 1% and the carbon dioxide concentration to between 3 and 7%.

Abstract: A cell culture incubator has a chamber divided into an incubation portion and a control portion. The incubation portion is adapted to contain a cell culture receptacle. A cell culture receptacle agitator is located in the control portion of the incubator and linkage between the cell culture receptacle agitator and the incubation portion of the chamber causes agitation of the cell culture receptacle. A heater in the control portion of the chamber heats air from the external environment and transports the heated air to the incubation portion of the chamber. A wall divides the chamber into the incubation portion and the control portion. The heater may be a forced air heater that provides a positive pressure to the incubation portion of the chamber to reduce contamination in the incubation portion. A nutrient and gas circulation system communicates with the cell culture receptacle in the incubation portion of the chamber.

Abstract: In a holder for Petri dishes with a basic support at least partially surrounding the Petri dishes, the latter are secured against falling out of the basic support because said basic support has a substantially C-shaped cross-section and the Petri dishes are surrounded to the extent of over 180.degree. around their circumference.

Abstract: The cytogenetic chamber includes a chamber enclosure, a drying cavity in the enclosure, a door and a hand-insertion port through the door. A slide-supported, fixative-treated cell (prepared outside the chamber or in situ in the chamber) is in the drying area and air flows through the entirety of the drying area at a substantially uniform (and relatively low) flow rate. The fixative dries at substantially the same drying rate, irrespective of the location of the slide in the drying area. A related method is also disclosed. The invention is particularly useful for chromosome spreading and results in a significantly-increased percentage of metaphases having metaphase areas in the optimal range of 2,500 to 4,500 squared microns.

Abstract: The present invention describes an automated blood culture apparatus having a bell-shaped hollow rotatable drum for holding a number of blood culture bottles. All bottles are interrogated by sensor stations located within the drum with the whole system having only one moving part, and no flexible electric or optic cables. Consequently, the expected reliability is high, and the production cost should be low. The apparatus also includes an "auto-unloading" and sorting mechanism for sorting final "negative" and "positive" bottles.

Abstract: A controlled atmosphere incubator having an interior chamber surrounded by a heated water jacket. A glass access door of the chamber is directly heated by a clear, electrically conductive coating. The door is sealed against the perimeter of the opening by a readily replaceable gasket and is field reversible due to unique hinge mounting assemblies. An easily accessed blower assembly is located within the chamber and includes a HEPA filter readily replaceable by the user from within the chamber. A filtered air exchange system is provided for limiting the maximum level of humidity in the chamber. The incubator control maintains constant power output from the blower motor so that the heat output of the motor is also constant. A voltage compensated temperature control is also provided for the heaters associated with the water jacket. Compensation for environmental conditions inside the chamber is also provided by the control for producing more accurate readings of carbon dioxide levels.

Abstract: A forced air heating apparatus for providing automatic cyclical heating and cooling of biological samples includes a housing and a heating chamber within the housing. The heating chamber supports a biological sample tray for supporting a plurality of sample containers. A heating device and an impeller are provided to heat the heating chamber and to direct heated air over the sample containers. The heating chamber is sealed to prevent escape of materials and includes a vent coupled to a filter to maintain ambient pressure in the heating chamber and trap particulate materials passing through the vent.

Abstract: A method in which a temperature gradient is generated across a "gradient" block, and an apparatus comprising a block across which a temperature gradient can be generated. By setting up such a gradient, multiple reaction mixtures held in wells on the gradient block can be simultaneously run at temperatures which differ only slightly, thereby permitting an optimum temperature for the reaction to be quickly identified. In a preferred embodiment the gradient block is integrated into a thermal cycler used for nucleic acid amplification reactions.

Abstract: An aeration incubator achieves a high atmospheric humidity in the interior working space of the incubator by placing a heated water tub in the working space. In order to avoid condensation on the walls of the incubator tank, a condensate tub is also placed in the working space. The condensate tub is maintained at a temperature which is slightly lower than the temperature of the working space. The condensate tub produces a defined coldest location in the working space, so that condensation occurs primarily in the condensate tub.

Abstract: A system for analyzing sample liquids using dry reagents is configured for the determination of clinical parameters. The system including an analysis instrument containing the test elements to carry out the test. Form and design of the test elements are adjusted for use in the analysis system. The system is utilized for analyses where available test elements which are in contact with their environment exhibit a low storage stability.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Petri dish support device comprising two opposed portions, and a space defined between said opposed portions capable of receiving a sheet of material having marked thereon a matrix, the support being adapted to secure a Petri dish above the marked matrix, the matrix being visible through the base of the Petri dish.

Abstract: An apparatus for counting microorganism colonies on at least on disposable microorganism culturing medium having a substantially planar substrate. The apparatus has an imaging system for detecting colonies on the substantially planar substrate, and a holder positioning device for storing and queuing one or more holders, each adapted to support one of the substrates. The positioning device moves the holders sequentially into a predetermined position relative to the imaging system so that images can be obtained. The imaging system cooperates with a counting device for counting the colonies using information from several images provided by the imaging system taken at different times as the positioning device cycles the holders past the predetermined location to be imaged. Suitable holders, and a method of queuing and counting colonies on substrates, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A climate cabinet, turntable and use of the turntable. The climatic cabinet (1) can be loaded automatically and manually and has a conventional door (3) and a controllable door (2) as well as a turntable (4) which is connected via a releasable coupling (9) disposed in the interior of the climatic cabinet (1) with a positioning drive (5) and is seated on the floor of the climatic cabinet (1). The controllable door (2) is movably seated on two guide systems (6, 7) perpendicularly and parallel with the loading side (21). The positioning drive (5) is controllable by a higher system or by a user. The turntable (4) has a support shaft (45), tray disks (41) and spacer sleeves as well as spacer tubelets (47, 46) for spacing the tray disks apart, also positioning elements (51) for receiving storage pieces (50). The turntable (41) is suitable for use in a device, for example a climatic cabinet (1), or outside of this device.

Abstract: A cover slip holder for suspension of cover slips or slides in a biochemi reactor which includes a perimeter support constructed so that the outer surface of the support will engage the interior wall of the reactor, a plurality of coiled springs secured to the perimeter support and constructed so that cover slips can be held vertically between the coils of the springs.

Abstract: An auxiliary holder of tubes intended for disintegration of living cells, such as yeast cells, in the presence of glass beads, as well as for mixing substances and pellet resuspension. The holder is installed on a vibrator. Due to specially-made gaps between the tubes and the main parts of the holder the processed cells and substances are subjected to a complex impact of vibration created by the vibrator and shocks created by the holder. The holder strongly enhances the effectiveness of the vibrator. During the disintegrating process the presence of a researcher is not required.

Abstract: An applicator device for a flat element (1) for sampling of microorganisms has a flat recess (3) for containing and retaining a culture medium (4), and with at least one border (5) arranged to the outside of the recess, wherein the applicator device has a plate (6), a base (7) for holding the plate at a distance from the surface (2) from which the sample is to be taken, defining a support surface (9), and forming an opening (7a) for engaging the sampling element (1) parallel with respect to the support surface (9), and with the free surface (4a) of the culture medium directed downwards, a pusher (10) mounted so as to be free in terms of translation on the plate (6) perpendicular to the support surface (9), with a bearing head (11) which protrudes from the inside of the base (7), a device (12) for returning the pusher towards the support surface (9) and at least one shoulder (13) defining a bearing surface (14) for retaining the border (5) of the sampling element (1).

Abstract: An incubator is provided wherein the individual wells of a Micro Titer Plate are heated by means of a continuous temperature regulated flow of warm air (typically 37.degree. C.) blowing through a series of holes from a plate underneath onto the bottom of the wells. A typical Micro Titer Plate can have 96 wells and is used, for example, in medical laboratories. The volume of a well is typically 0.35 milliliter. Both the end temperature and the way the end temperature is reached is the same for all individual wells and is not dependent on either the location of the well on the Micro Titer Plate or its surrounding by other wells.

Abstract: A system for incubating sample liquids is proposed where the incubating vessels are placed into the bores of an incubator block with the aid of a rack. The rack has bores in which the incubating vessels are hanging. The bores of the rack and the ones in the incubator block are adjusted to one another so that the incubating vessels fit into the bores of the incubator block when the rack is placed onto the incubator block.

Abstract: A system for processing a specimen to which fluid must be added includes a fluid dispensing work station within a housing. The work station holds the fluids that are to be added to the specimen. A nozzle dispenses fluid at the work station. The system also includes a carrier that moves within the housing. The carrier operates in a first mode at the fluid dispensing work station. The carrier also operates in a second mode outside the work station to perform a different processing function. A coupling mechanism attaches the nozzle to the carrier when the carrier enters its first operational mode to transport the nozzle around the fluid dispensing station. The coupling mechanism releases the nozzle from the carrier when the carrier enters its second operational mode, thereby freeing the carrier for movement outside the work station out of association with the nozzle.

Abstract: A hybridization vessel rotator can be used, without modification, in either a liquid bath or a conventional oven. The rotator includes a frame which supports a spindle to which hybridization vessels are attached. A motor turns the spindle to rotate the vessels. The motor is affixed to the frame at a position opposite to the bottom surface of the frame. The rotator can thus be inserted into a liquid bath, while the motor remains outside of the bath. If an oven is used, the entire rotator can be placed inside the oven. The vessel rotator is independent of the external source of heating or cooling. The vessel rotator also does not require that the bath or oven be specifically designed for use with the rotator.

Abstract: A holder useful for supporting a coverslip above the bottom surface of a vessel includes a lower portion with a surface for supporting a coverslip and an upper portion with at least one protuberance. The holder has an opening intermediate the lower portion and the protuberance for receiving the coverslip.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for holding and carrying a plurality of flexible medical containers. The carrier has a rack having a plurality of plates positioned in parallel spaced relation, the plates defining a chamber between each pair of adjacent plates. A plurality of spacer assemblies each extend through the rack to connect the plates and to maintain their spaced relationship. The spacer assemblies are spaced along marginal edges of the rack to define two opposed end walls, a bottom, and an opening to the rack to allow access to each of the chambers. A flange extends from one of the plates and has a hole that allows the carrier to be suspended. The invention further provides for a system for transferring fluids and a method for mixing solutions using the carrier.

Abstract: A plant propagation system and method are provided for promoting the growth of plant tissue into small plantlets. The plant propagation system includes sealed, semipermeable membrane vessels for completely enclosing plant material therein. The sealed vessels generally are translucent and permeable to gases and liquids while remaining impermeable to biological contaminates. Plant tissue originally extracted from a parent plant can be placed within the sealed vessels and grown heterotrophically. Once the plant material has developed the capability to photosynthesize, the sealed vessels can be transferred to a greenhouse environment for photoautotrophic growth. Once in a greenhouse environment, the sealed vessels are supported in trays and exposed to light, gases, water and a liquid nutrient solution for optimizing growth. A central controller can be included in order to automate the system for controlling the flow of fluids in and out of the vessel support trays while also monitoring system conditions.

Abstract: A system (10) and method of use for observation of microorganisms in a controlled environment is described. The system uses a diffusion gradient chamber (12) with reservoirs (24) which provide a compound or analyte (S) through a membrane (20) into a space in the chamber containing the microorganisms. The system preferably uses a camera (40) which records the observations of the microorganisms. The system enables study of microorganisms in gradients of compounds and the isolation of useful microorganisms.

Abstract: An apparatus for counting microorganism colonies on at least one disposable microorganism culturing medium having a substantially planar substrate. The apparatus is adapted to interact with a cassette holding a number of similar substrates at once. The apparatus includes an imaging device capable of detecting colonies on the substantially planar substrate, a cassette positioning device for moving the cassette so that the substrates supported within the cassette are moved sequentially into a predetermined position relative to the imaging device, and an ejecting device for ejecting a substantially planar substrate in turn from the cassette when that substrate is in the predetermined position from the cassette and into an imaging position adjacent the imaging device. Suitable cassettes and a method for counting colonies on substrates supported within a cassette are also disclosed.

Abstract: A magnetic capture rack is disclosed for holding a plurality of tubes, the magnetic capture rack including a primary housing member having a stepped upper surface, a substantially planar base surface, and a longitudinal bore formed in the primary housing. The longitudinal bore is open at least at one end thereof, and a plurality of linearly arranged wells are formed in the stepped upper surface of the housing on opposing sides of the longitudinal bore and along substantially an entire length of the primary housing. A slidable magnetic member is provided which conforms in outer surface shape to an inner surface shape of the longitudinal bore, the magnetic member being selectively slidable into and out of the longitudinal bore.

Abstract: A device for conducting biological analysis, such as cell culture, is disclosed having improved contamination prevention features. In a preferred embodiment, a microwell membrane plate for cell analysis is adapted to be inserted into a shallow rectangular tray with elevated side walls which form a single large reservoir for holding an appropriate liquid used in cell growth and analysis. The side surfaces of the tray include a raised ridge extending about the entire periphery of the tray. A series of uniform-height steps formed on the ridge serve as support for the microwell membrane plate when inserted into the tray and also create a narrow capillary gap between the plate and the tray. A ledge extending laterally from the base of the ridge forms a second, wider gap when the microwell membrane plate is inserted into the tray.

Abstract: A temperature controlled culture dish apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus consists of a culture dish assembly, a stage insert assembly, and a temperature controller. The culture dish assembly has a culture dish bottom which is manufactured from glass of high optical transmissivity coated with a transparent electrically conductive material. The biological specimen is grown directly on the culture dish bottom. The culture dish assembly is then placed into a recess in the stage insert assembly for microscopic examination. The biological specimen is not disrupted or transferred from the culture dish in which it was grown for purposes of examination. Power wires on the floor of the recess in the stage insert assembly contact bus bars on the transparent electrically conductive coating material. A thermistor on the floor of the recess in the stage insert assembly contacts the bottom of the culture dish bottom.

Abstract: An assembly and components therefor are disclosed for use in the field of cell and tissue culture. The assembly includes a base having one or more wells, and a cell culture insert which is mountable to the base such that the bottom wall of the insert is suspended within the well. Each well has a generally rectangular configuration such that openings are provided at each corner of the well for introducing fluid to the well. The base includes stepped portions for supporting a pair of flanges extending from diagonally opposite sides of the cell culture insert. A cover is provided for protecting the assembly and maintaining the position of the cell culture insert.

Abstract: An incubator includes a housing (1) and a set (2) of shelves (3) for sample containers (8) containing cell cultures, for instance, positioned therein. In order to make it possible to use the incubator together with a robotic manipulator or similar device, the shelves (3) are fitted with guide elements (4) for the sample containers (8), the guide elements defining the relative positions of the sample containers. A door (6) in the front of the incubator permits access by a robotic manipulator. When the door (6) in the front of the incubator is closed, a door (6) in the rear of the incubator permits access to the inside of the incubator by operating personnel.

Abstract: A method in which a temperature gradient is generated across a "gradient" block, and an apparatus comprising a block across which a temperature gradient can be generated. By setting up such a gradient, multiple reaction mixtures held in wells on the gradient block can be simultaneously run at temperatures which differ only slightly, thereby permitting an optimum temperature for the reaction to be quickly identified. In a preferred embodiment the gradient block is integrated into a thermal cycler used for nucleic acid amplification reactions.

Abstract: A plant propagation system and method are provided for promoting the growth of plant tissue into small plantlets. The plant propagation system includes sealed, semipermeable membrane vessels for completely enclosing plant material therein. The sealed vessels generally are translucent and permeable to gases and liquids while remaining impermeable to biological contaminates. Plant tissue originally extracted from a parent plant can be placed within the sealed vessels and grown heterotrophically. Once the plant material has developed the capability to photosynthesize, the sealed vessels can be transferred to a greenhouse environment for photoautotrophic growth. Once in a greenhouse environment, the sealed vessels are supported in trays and exposed to light, gases, water and a liquid nutrient solution for optimizing growth. A central controller can be included in order to automate the system for controlling the flow of fluids in and out of the vessel support trays while also monitoring system conditions.

Abstract: The present invention describes an apparatus for detecting biological activities in a large number of blood culture containers. The containers are placed in a plurality of wells arranged in concentric rows on a turntable that is rotated about a central axis. Each well is designed to receive and hold one of a plurality of sealable containers inserted base first, with each container having optical sensing means for sensing microorganisms therein and a bar code pattern attached thereto for identification purposes. Each well has an opening in its base to allow a sensor station to monitor a fluorescence chemical sensor in each container to determine whether there is microorganism growth within the container. Prior to inserting each container into a well on the turntable, a culture medium and blood specimen are introduced into the container and the bar code is scanned to identify the container.

Abstract: A thermal cycling system and method of use are described. The thermal cycling system is based on the-circulation of temperature-controlled water directly to the underside of thin-walled polycarbonate microtiter plates. The water flow is selected from a manifold fed by pumps from heated reservoirs. The plate wells are loaded with typically 15-20 .mu.l of reagent mix for the PCR process. Heat transfer through the thin polycarbonate is sufficiently rapid that the contents reach thermal equilibrium with the water in less than 15 seconds. Complete PCR amplification runs of 40 three-step cycles have been performed in as little as 14.5 minutes, with the results showing substantially enhanced specificity compared to conventional technology requiring run times in excess of 100 minutes. The plate clamping station is designed to be amenable to robotic loading and unloading of the system. It includes a heated lid, thus eliminating the need for mineral oil overlay of the reactants.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for performing automated sample preparation, DNA amplification and detection, which apparatus has heat-sinking, flat carriers for holding specimens and reagents, devices for heating and cooling and maintaining the specimen to or at any given temperature for any given time periods, and a computer to generate signals that control said temperatures and times.