Abstract: An unleaded gasoline composition comprises, based on the total volume of the unleaded gasoline composition, 50 to 96 vol. % of an unleaded gasoline; 2 to 20 vol. % of a mixed butanol; and 2 to 30 vol. % of a distillate oil fraction comprising a paraffin, an olefin, a naphthene, and an aromatic at an initial boiling point cut of 180° C., wherein the unleaded gasoline, the mixed butanol, and the distillate oil fraction are selected to provide the unleaded gasoline composition with a Research Octane Number of 90 to 101, determined in accordance with ASTM D 2699; and a Motor Octane Number of 81.4 to 90, determined in accordance with ASTM D 2700.

Abstract: Composition and methods of applying potassium mixtures are disclosed. Applications include: fertilizer and fertilizer additives, freeze conditioning, dust control, coating oil, and fire prevention.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an ethanol with an alcohol by volume between 85% and 99%, and comprising a Hydroxy-Alkyl-Cellulose, the dosage of Hydroxy-Alkyl-Cellulose being limited so as to obtain a dynamic viscosity of less than 100 Pa·s. This invention also concerns the use of such ethanol as combustible for cooking a foodstuff, or part of a foodstuff, in particular for safely cooking in the immediate vicinity of the person for whom the food is intended, so as to use cooking as a show.

Abstract: A lignin derivative including a unit of general formula (I): in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, which may be identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, a methoxy group —OMe, a hydroxyl group, where appropriate protected by a protective group of a hydroxyl function, or a unit R5 represents a hydrogen atom, a protective group of a hydroxyl function or a unit; A represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, an —NH group or an —NR? group; and R?1, R?2, R?3 and R?4 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent not including a mesomeric-effect electron-withdrawing group conjugated to the aromatic ring, a substituent from R?1, R?2, R?3 and R?4 representing the covalent bond with the benzylic carbon.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine comprising: (a) Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha at a level from 2 to 20% v/v; (b) at least one aromatic octane booster present at a level of 0.75 to 8% v/v or less; and (c) a gasoline base fuel; wherein the gasoline fuel composition comprises 40% v/v or less of aromatics. In a preferred embodiment, the Research Octane Number (RON) of the gasoline fuel composition is increased while maintaining the aromatic content of the gasoline fuel composition at a level of 40% v/v or less, based on the gasoline fuel composition.

Abstract: Unleaded aviation gasoline. High quality aviation alkylate, or similar base fuel is blended with selected alkyl benzenes to improve the functional engine performance to avoid harmful detonation in aircraft piston engines. Monoalkylated benzenes such as toluene and ethylbenzene are utilized in combination with dialkylated benzenes, such as xylenes. Aromatic amines, for example p-toluidine and m-toluidine, may be added to increase MON. Alcohols such as ethanol and/or methanol may be added in effective amounts to produce unleaded AVGAS which meets a required freeze point. Amounts of toluene to p-toluidine, and/or of the amount of p-toluidine to m-toluidine may be in a controlled ratio in amounts effective to produce unleaded AVGAS which meets a required freeze point. Isopentane and/or butane may be included to provide a required vapor pressure profile. Manufacturing may be achieved using an additive concentrate including aromatic solvents, aromatic amines, and alcohols.

Abstract: Methods for producing alcohols and oligomers contemporaneously from a hydrocarbon feed containing mixed butenes using an acid based catalyst are provided. Additionally, methods for producing fuel compositions having alcohols and oligomers prepared from mixed olefins are also provided as embodiments of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the catalyst can include a dual phase catalyst system that includes a water soluble acid catalyst and a solid acid catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to corrosion inhibitor additive combinations giving long acting performance in oxygenated gasoline blends comprising either low carbon number (<3) or high carbon number (greater than or equal to 4) alcohols or mixtures thereof and adapted for use in fuel delivery systems and internal combustion engines. The invention also is concerned with a process for conferring anti-corrosion properties to oxygenates in gasoline fuel mixtures wherein the oxygenate comprises biologically-derived butanol.

Abstract: The invention relates in particular to an energy unit (1) for producing an operating material on board a vehicle, comprising a fuel cell unit (2) with at least one fuel cell (3) and a mobile storage unit (5), which is formed separately from the fuel cell unit (2), with a store (6) for storing at least one energy source necessary for operation of the fuel cell unit (2). The mobile storage unit (5) and the fuel cell unit (2) can be coupled with one another, wherein, in the state coupled to one another, at least one first terminal (7) of the mobile storage unit (5) is connected to a corresponding second terminal (8) of the fuel cell unit (2) in such a way that at least the at least one energy source can be supplied from the store (6) to the fuel cell (3).

Abstract: A process and apparatus provides for blending a heavy naphtha stream with a diesel stream to increase the yield of diesel. The diesel stream is recovered separately from a kerosene stream to leave the kerosene stream undiminished. The blended diesel provides a valuable composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides an unleaded, piston engine fuel formulation comprising a blend of mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane having a MON of at least 94 and an RVP of 38 to 49 kPa at 37.8° C. In certain aspects, the formulation comprises specific weight percentages of each of the mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane components, and varying MON ratings. In additional aspects, the formulations comprise a combination of mesitylene, isopentane, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of pseudocumene, toluene and xylenes. In certain embodiments, the formulations also include alkylates and or alkanes. The formulations have unusually high MON ratings, and desirable RVP and distillation curve characteristics for formulations not including additional components, particularly octane boosters.

Abstract: Unleaded fuel compositions is provided which comprise: 15 to 20 volume % of one or more alkanols having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; 20 to 75 volume % of one or more branched paraffins having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms; 0 to 25 volume % of one or more linear or branched olefins; 0 to 35 volume % of one or more mono-alkylated benzenes, The unleaded fuel composition increase engine efficiency or the brake specific fuel consumption of an engine when used.

Abstract: A method of introducing additives to an air intake system of an engine in order to overcome one or more of the various problems created by formulation of additives in fuels. The method controls at least one of the amount, aerosol particle size and timing of introduction of additives based on information relevant to operation of the engine. The introduced additives form an air-additive mixture and are carried by the airflow in the air-intake system to the combustion chamber of the engine. Another aspect of the invention is an additive introduction system that includes one or more containers for additives, a control system for determining at least one of the amount, aerosol particle size and timing of introduction of the additives, and a device to introduce the additives into the air intake system under the control of the control system.

Abstract: Motor fuel compositions containing ethanol, also known as gasohol, are disclosed, wherein the motor fuel is substantially in one phase and contains, 1 to 50, preferable 2 to 30 weight % of ethanol and an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol. Such motor fuel compositions can be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as feedstock. Furthermore such motor fuel compositions may be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol and anhydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as the sole feedstock. These motor fuel compositions may contain a second liquid phase that does not form a separate layer, and where no separate liquid phase can be detected by vision, and so meets with the specification that has become known as “clear and bright”.

Abstract: A process for preparing an E10 test fuel in accordance with 40 CFR 1065.710(b) includes steps of combining an aromatic pre-blend having an aromatic distribution in accordance with 40 CFR 1065.710(b), or a combination of aromatic blendstocks that if combined into a mixture would have an aromatic distribution in accordance with 40 CFR 1065.710(b), with at least one paraffinic refining blendstock, and optionally adding ethanol, butane, olefin-containing blendstocks, sulfur compounds or sulfur-containing blendstocks as needed to meet the requirements of 40 CFR 1065.710(b).

Abstract: The present invention provides an unleaded, piston engine fuel formulation comprising a blend of mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane having a MON of at least 94 and an RVP of 38 to 49 kPa at 37.8° C. In certain aspects, the formulation comprises specific weight percentages of each of the mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane components, and varying MON ratings. In additional aspects, the formulations comprise a combination of mesitylene, isopentane, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of pseudocumene, toluene and xylenes. In certain embodiments, the formulations also include alkylates and or alkanes. The formulations have unusually high MON ratings, and desirable RVP and distillation curve characteristics for formulations not including additional components, particularly octane boosters.

Abstract: The invention relates to butanol compositions for fuel blending and fuel blends comprising such compositions. The compositions and fuel blends of the invention have desirable performance characteristics and can serve as alternatives to ethanol-containing fuel blends. The invention also relates to methods for producing such butanol compositions and fuel blends.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the use of a combination of ethanol and water in an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol, in gasoline based motor fuel for keeping the internal and external environment of internal combustion engines cleaner then when using gasoline or ethanol-gasoline blends, having the same ethanol-gasoline ratio.

Abstract: The present invention is related to hydrocarbon compositions comprising butanol that have substantially the same or improved performance properties than comparable hydrocarbon compositions comprising ethanol and to methods for identifying such compositions.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an alcoholic fermentation yeast having resistance to limonene, which is a fermentation inhibitor, and a method for producing ethanol using the alcoholic fermentation yeast. [Solution] An alcoholic fermentation yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Deposition No. NITE BP-890), which has resistance to limonene and can grow in the presence of limonene at a concentration of 0.1-0.5 wt %, and a method for producing ethanol using the alcoholic fermentation yeast.

Abstract: Balanced unleaded fuel compositions exhibiting: a pump octane rating of greater than 93; a T50 (maximum) of 104.4° C. (220° F.) and a T90 (maximum) of 165.6° C. (330° F.), as required under the CARB Phase 3 model; and, producing a higher average torque and/or higher average power output than commercially available fuels stated to meet the CARB Phase 3 model.

Abstract: Methods for efficiently converting carbohydrates into various oxygen-containing hydrocarbon derivatives, including straight-chain and cyclic aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, and heteroaromatic compounds, are described and provided. In some embodiments, the methods include combining a carbohydrate with a material having a high affinity for carbon dioxide in stoichiometric amounts and heating said combination at temperature effective to cause de-carbonation of the carbohydrate and the formation of the products. In more specific embodiments, the material is calcium oxide (CaO) and the carbohydrate is sucrose, and the reaction is performed at temperatures between about 150° C. and about 450° C.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it. The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol.-% paraffinic hydrocarbons originating from biological oils, fats, or derivatives or combinations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates, such as ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol.-%; or iso-butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol.-%, preferably about 10 to 17 vol.-%; or ETBE present in a concentration of 7 to 25 vol.-%, preferably about 15 to 22 vol.-%. The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 Energy equivalent percentage (Eeqv-%) calculated based on the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. By means of the invention, fuels with a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in conventional gasoline-fuelled automotive engines.

Abstract: The invention relates to butanol compositions for fuel blending and fuel blends comprising such compositions. The compositions and fuel blends of the invention have desirable performance characteristics and can serve as alternatives to ethanol-containing fuel blends. The invention also relates to methods for producing such butanol compositions and fuel blends.

Abstract: A method for controlling the manufacture and certification of an oxygenated gasoline product is carried out by manufacturing a gasoline Basestock for Oxygenate Blending (BOB) at a refinery site in accordance with an empirical relationship, valid for at that site under typical manufacturing conditions, between (i) a property value of the BOB stream such as octane as determined by an on-site online process analyzer and (ii) the corresponding instantaneous value or FPAPV property value as determined by the test method mandated by the product specification for the final gasoline stream when blended with the required proportion of oxygenate. The quality of fit of this empirical relationship is calculated according to the standard deviation of the residuals of the relationship and a confidence level is fixed so that the final oxygenated gasoline formulated with the BOB will meet the required property specification when measured by the test method mandated by the specification.

Abstract: A fuel additive imparting high lubricity to gasoline and diesel fuels while concurrently increasing miles and reducing emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along with components increasing fuel lubricity which are mixed with a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: This invention provides co-cultures of photosynthetic microorganisms and biofuel producing microorganisms. In certain embodiments, polysaccharide-producing, photosynthetic microorganisms are microalgae having frustules provide a substrate on which biofuel-producing microorganisms can grow. In other embodiments, the photosynthetic microorganisms produce a lipid and the non-photosynthetic microorganisms produce a solvent in which the lipid is soluble.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an oxygenated gasoline-blend by blending a hydrocarbon Basestock for Oxygenate Blending (BOB) with an alcohol such as ethanol to a required octane specification first blends the BOB to an octane number, (RON+MON)/2 based on the octane sensitivity (RON?MON) of the BOB and the proportion of alcohol to be added to the BOB, such that when the BOB is blended with the specification proportion of alcohol to form the oxygenated gasoline blend, this blend will have the required octane specification. The blending of the BOB with the alcohol will typically be done at a location remote from that where the BOB is blended, e.g. at the product distribution terminal after being transported from the refinery by pipeline or tank car.

Abstract: A method that includes clarifying a thin stillage product in a mechanical processor to produce a fine suspended solids stream and a clarified thin stillage is provided. The method further includes providing the thin stillage product and the clarified thin stillage, separately or in a combined stream, to one or more evaporators to produce one or more reduced suspended solids streams, each stream having a reduced amount of suspended solids and a lower viscosity as compared to process streams having a comparable total solids content but containing a higher amount of suspended solids. The method can further included further processing of one or more of the reduced suspended solids streams to produce a bio-oil product.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of converting glycerol into organic reaction products. The method may include mixing glycerol with a monohydric alcohol. The mixture of glycerol and monohydric alcohol is then reacted in the presence of a heterogeneous nano-structured catalyst, wherein the monohydric alcohol is present at subcritical/supercritical temperatures and pressures. This converts the glycerol into one or more reaction products, wherein the reaction products include an oxygenated organic reaction product. Ninety percent or greater of the glycerol is converted.

Abstract: An alcohol product composition is provided that may be used directly for blending with existing fuel sources. More specifically, the alcohol product composition includes ethanol and organic compositions which act as a denaturant.

Abstract: Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for transport of energy and/or materials. In one aspect, a method includes generating gaseous fuel (e.g., from biomass dissociation) at a first location of a low elevation. The gaseous fuel can be self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A liquid fuel can be generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the gaseous fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The liquid fuel can be delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel composition comprising diesel fuel, a fusel oil distillate and ethanol, and to a method of its preparation by splash blending.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine is provided containing (a) from 50 to 90 % v/v of a C1-C4 alcohol; (b) from 10 to 50 % v/v of a Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha; and optionally (c) up to 10 % v/v of a C3-C6 hydrocarbon component. A process for preparing a liquid fuel composition and a method of operating an internal combustion engine is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to butanol compositions for fuel blending and fuel blends comprising such compositions. The compositions and fuel blends of the invention have desirable performance characteristics and can serve as alternatives to ethanol-containing fuel blends. The invention also relates to methods for producing such butanol compositions and fuel blends.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it. The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol.-% paraffinic hydrocarbons originating from biological oils, fats, or derivatives or combinations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates, such as ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol.-%; or iso-butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol.-%, preferably about 10 to 17 vol.-%; or ETBE present in a concentration of 7 to 25 vol.-%, preferably about 15 to 22 vol.-%. The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 Energy equivalent percentage (Eeqv-%) calculated based on the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. By means of the invention, fuels with a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in conventional gasoline-fuelled automotive engines.

Abstract: Processes for producing alcohols such as ethanol and propanol from a mixed acid feedstock in an integrated process. In one embodiment, the process comprises the step of carbonylating methanol in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst to form a mixed acid feedstock comprising acetic acid and one or more higher acids, preferably comprising propionic acid. The mixed acid feed is hydrogenated in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to form a crude alcohol product comprising ethanol and one or more higher alcohols, preferably including propanol.

Abstract: A gasoline blend and a method for producing a gasoline blend containing low concentrations of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: A high-power liquid fuel composition for spark-ignition engines is provided. The fuel composition has a RON greater than or equal to 95 and a MON greater than or equal to 85, the RON and MON values being measured according to the ASTM D 2699-86 standard or D 2700-86 standard, and includes at least one C4-C5 unsaturated alcohol. The disclosure also relates to the use of a C4-C5 unsaturated alcohol, preferably 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol or 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol, in a petrol fuel composition, for improving the power of a naturally-aspirated or turbocharged spark-ignition engine, during the combustion. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing such a fuel composition.

Abstract: Gasoline blends and methods for producing gasoline blends containing high concentrations of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for producing a gasoline blend having a high concentration of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability performance.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing a synthetic fuel are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods and systems include the following: thermally reforming methane and carbon dioxide to generate a syngas including a first quantity of carbon monoxide and a first quantity of hydrogen; oxidizing the quantity of first carbon monoxide with a metal to produce metal oxide and carbon thereby separating oxygen from the carbon monoxide; gasifying the carbon using steam to produce a second quantity of carbon monoxide and a second quantity of hydrogen; reacting the metal oxide with methane to produce metal oxide, carbon dioxide, and a third quantity of hydrogen; and synthesizing the first quantity of carbon monoxide, the first quantity of hydrogen, the second quantity of hydrogen, and the third quantity of hydrogen to form the synthetic fuel.

Abstract: Disclosed are polyisobutenyl alcohols and substituted polyisobuentyl alcohols of the formula: wherein n is an integer from 5 to 90, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and substituted aryl wherein at least one substituent group of the substituted aryl is selected from cyano, nitro and alkoxycarbonyl.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of alkyl(meth)acrylate polymers or copolymers of the formula (I) In-Poly-(E)y??(I) as cold flow improvers in biodiesel fuel (or bio-fuel) and biodiesel compositions incorporating said polymers or copolymers, obtained by nitroxyl mediated controlled free radical polymerization, wherein In is the initiator fragment starting the polymerization reaction; E is an end group bearing at least one stable free nitroxyl radical, which is bound via an oxygen atom to the polymer or copolymer; or a group which results from a substitution or elimination reaction of the attached stable free nitroxyl radical; Poly is any polymer or copolymer formed from ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s); and y is a number 1 or greater than 1 indicating the average number of end groups E attached to Poly.

Abstract: A Coal-to-Liquid Fuels production process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) exhaust by-products are significantly reduced, if not eliminated, through a system comprising the generation of a first hydrogen (H2) product and carbon from coal and generating carbon monoxide (CO) by reacting the Carbon (C) with CO2. A second hydrogen (H2) product is generated through catalyzation of water, methane reformation, electrolysis of water, or other reaction processes. Carbon monoxide (CO) is reacted with the first and second hydrogen (H2) products to form a first hydrocarbon group having Olefins. The first hydrocarbon group, as Olefins, are further reacted to form C1-40 alcohols, Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, and Jet Fuel, and combinations thereof. At least a portion of the finished fuel blends are optionally used to generate electricity for use in the fuels production process or for distribution to an external power grid.

Abstract: Methods for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: Gasoline blends and methods for producing gasoline blends containing high concentrations of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: A gasoline blend and a method for producing a gasoline blend containing low concentrations of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for producing a denatured ethanol composition comprising the steps of hydrogenating an acetic acid feed in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product comprising ethanol, and at least one denaturant and separating the crude ethanol product in one or more separation units into a denatured ethanol composition and one or more derivative streams. The denatured ethanol composition comprises from 0.01 wt. % to 40 wt % denaturant, based on the total weight of the denatured ethanol composition.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for removing and/or converting contaminants in water-miscible organic solvent mixtures by surface interaction effects to forms less objectionable with lesser metabolic impacts for humans. The process both changes distillation entrapped contaminant compounds in-situ and effects removal of the compounds and their reaction products. In what follows, water-miscible-organic-solvent and water mixtures can be substituted for alcohols. The alcohol to be treated is placed in a ventilated vessel leaving room for head space. Contaminant free air or a specific organic-contaminant-free gas is injected into or otherwise placed in contact with the alcohol. A vacuum is pulled within the vessel, which draws the gas through the alcohol into the head space creating gas bubbles. Energy within a specified range of frequencies is imparted to the fluid causing cavitation and reaction.